G2 - Productive, profitable, resilient agriculture & aquaculture systems

1

West Bengal, IndiaSouth West Bangladesh

Patuakhali STU

Polder 43/2/F

Polder 30

Polder 3

North 24 Parganas

South 24 Parganas

Andy Nelson

“LOW SALINITY”• Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm

several weeks in aman• River water fresh 10-11

months• Mild soil salinity in dry season

“MEDIUM SALINITY”• Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm

several weeks in aman• River water saline mid-Feb-

Jun• Medium soil salinity in dry

season

“HIGH SALINITY”• Water “stagnation” 30-50

cm several weeks in aman• River water saline Dec-Jul• High soil salinity in dry

season

Objectives (5+1)1. Rice variety evaluation• aus (early rainy season) - low, medium• aman (main rainy season) - low, medium & high salinity • boro (dry season) - low, medium2. Rice-based cropping system intensification• Triple rice - low, medium• Rice-rice-rabi - low, medium• Rice+fish - brackish water aquaculture - high3. Homestead production systems analysis & options• literature review & surveys - low, medium, high• evaluation of options for increasing productivity, incomes4. Year-round brackish water aquaculture systems - high• Evaluation of improved management options5. Technology & policy recommendations6. Pilot community water management – CPWF Innovation Grant• 6 ha “compartment”

3

CPWF Innovation Project

4Jahangir

Alam

PatuakhaliSci & Tech Uni.

BAU

5

6

Updates1. Kabir & Subashis

Homestead production systems surveys2. Saha Opportunities for improving year-round aquaculture

& rice-aquaculture systems3. Akhlas Opportunities for improving rice–based cropping

systems4. Manoranjan Pilot community water management project5. Liz Key findings, future plans

7

G2, Output -3: Improved Homestead production system

Activity 3.2: Survey of homestead economy and farming system in coastal Bangladesh and India

Objectives:

To describe homestead farming system To understand current use of

resources and productivity To identify research questions for

improving homestead systems

West Bengal, IndiaBangladesh

Polder 43/2/F

Polder 30

Polder 3

North 24 Parganas

South 24 Parganas

Andy Nelson

Map of Survey Areas:

Survey of homestead economy and farming system in coastal

Bangladesh

Sampling design for Bangladesh

Household list for each survey area was collected from respective union parishad

6% of all households sampledSPSS software was used to select sample households randomly.

Sample Number

Areas # samples # households

Polder-30 380 5,500

Polder-3-High land 229 4,500

Polder-3-Low land 301 5,065

Polder-43 349 6,786

All polders 1,259 21,851

Data CollectionNumber of Data Enumerators: 10 (8 fishery graduate, 2 social science graduate)

Orientation and training: 2-4 January 2012Field test, group work, review and feedback incorporation in polder 30 and Khulna: 5-12 January 2012

Data Collection starts at each polder: 13 January 2012

Data collection ends: 20 March 2012

Data Entry, Analysis & Report

MS Access based data entry format was developed by WF on 22 February .

Trial data entry, feedback and modification of data entry format: 26-29 February 2012

Number of Data Entry Operator: 7Data entry started: 1 March 2012Data entry ended: 1 April 2012Data Cleaning: near completionAnalysis: At advanced stage Report: early draft completed

* Categories based on Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (2010)

More than 50% households are functionally landless

Polder 30 Polder 3-H Polder 3 L Polder 43 ALL Polder 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Functionally landless < 0.2 ha Small 0.2-0.6 ha Marginal 0.6 - 1.0 ha

Medium 1.0-3.0 ha Large >3 ha

# of

hou

seho

lds

Number of Households under Different Land Class in the Survey Areas

Shows the importance of homestead for the functionally landless group for the farm production and household

consumption

Average Land distribution Polder-30 Polder-3H Polder-3L Polder-

43All

polderField Land Area (%) 81.3 77 85.5 75.5 79.5Average Field Land Area (ha)

0.311 0.246 0.457 0.356 0.348Homestead Land Area (%) 18.7 23 14.5 24.5 20.5Average Homestead Land Area (ha) 0.068 0.072 0.076 0.121 0.085

Average Land distribution among the functionally landless category

Field Land Area (%) 36 27 23 30 29

Average Field Land Area (ha) 0.020 0.012 0.012 0.020 0.016

Homestead Land Area (%) 64 73 77 70 71

Average Homestead Land Area (ha) 0.036 0.032 0.040 0.048 0.040

Functionally Landless Small Marginal0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000Average off farm income (TK)

Average farm income from Homesteads (TK)

Average farm income from Field (TK)

Taka

Average Annual Household Income From Different Sources (Tk/household/year)

National (2005)

Surveyed Households

marginal small Functionally landless

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage of People Living Below National Poverty Line ( Income <1.25 $US/person/day)%

of p

eopl

e

Dwelling House

Yard

Poultry

Livesto

ck sh

ade

Fruit g

arden/tr

ees

vegetable garden

Pond

Tree co

vered are

a0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Average homestead land use pattern (in Decimal) by overall Polder

Area

(Dec

)

BCR (including household labor)Production System Polder-30 Polder-3H Polder-3L Polder-43 All PolderAquaculture 1.79 1.14 1.10 0.84 1.19Vegetable 0.44 0.76 1.78 0.51 0.68Poultry 0.27 0.49 0.27 0.17 0.26Livestock 0.72 0.86 1.03 0.43 0.73

Benefit cost ratio for different homestead farm components based on 2011 Production (preliminary!)

BCR (excluding household labor)

Production System Polder-30 Polder-3H Polder-3L Polder-43 All Polder

Aquaculture

3.1 2.1 1.7 1.1 1.8

Vegetable 2.2 3.5 4.6 2.7 3.1

Poultry 0.9 2.0 1.2 0.7 1.0

Livestock 1.4 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.8

Survey of homestead economy and farming system in coastal West

Bengal of India

Districts Blocks Gram Panchayats Villages

South 24 Parganas

Sagar

Dhablat Purusattampur,Shibpur, Prasadpur(Bisalakhshipur)

Ramkarchar Harinbari, Khasramkarchar, Krishnanagar

Namkhana

Namkhana Madangunj, Namkhana, Debnagar

Narayanpur Durganagar, Ganeshnagar, Ishwaripur

Kakdwip

Rishi Bankim Chandra Bamanagar, Gangadharpur, Gobindarampur

Madhusudhanpur Madhusudhanpur, Ramtanunagar, Shibkalinagar

North 24 Parganas

Sandeshkhali I Hatgachi Dakhin Kanmari, Semulhati,

Bermajur, Jupkhali, Daudpur and Durgamandap

Sandeshkhali II Bermajur-I, Bermajur-II & Durgamandap

Total 5 blocks 10 Gram Panchayat 30 Villages (under progress)

Survey on homestead production system, West Bengal (India)

Total no of households ((HH) to be surveyed = 720 noSurvey completed so far = 218 noSurvey completed in N 24 Parganas = 41 % Survey completed in South 24 Parganas = 25 %

Current status of survey

Survey design – Multistage Stratified Random Sampling

Components of HPS – South 24 Parganas

% of area under different components of HPS

Dwelling house

Pond Vegetable garden

Fruit tree Poultry Livestock Tree Yard0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

100 100

93

27

2023

40 40

% of respondents possess

Components of HPS – North 24 Parganas

*Respondents includes HH having at least one HPS

Next Steps for Bangladesh and India

Final cleaning of data and complete analysis

Exploring : relations between homestead production system and income and food security and nutrition

productivity gaps Session with Indian colleagues for final analysis and cross-country comparisons in Q1 2013

Completion of final reports by Q2 2013

Thanks

Output 2: Rice-aquaculture for high salinity zone

Output 4: Year round aquaculture for high salinity zone

BANGLADESH

Year round aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to medium in rainy season

Rice-aquaculture: Salinity fluctuates from high in dry season to low in rainy season

Research Objective

Improved management for enhanced productivity, profitability &

resilience in rice-aquaculture & year round aquaculture systems

24 mini-ghers for rice-aquaculture 12 mini-ghers for year round aquaculture

31

BeforeConstruction

Drain/Intake canalAround every gher

Aquaculture Treatments

3 aquaculture treatments (4 reps) in BOTH systems

1. Farmer’s Practice: Polyculture, shrimp+fish & farmer mgt

2. Improved mgt1: Monoculture shrimp, 2 cycles: shrimp - tilapia+prawn

3. Improved mgt 2: Polyculture, 2 cycles: shrimp+fish - prawn+fish

Tilapia + shrimp+ catfish

Prawn (fresh water) Shrimp (brackish water)

Management

Practice Farmer’s Practice Improved 1 & 2Liming 200 kg ha-1 200 kg ha-1

Water filtering Unfiltered FilteredWater depth 20-30 cm 50-100 cmPredatory Fish Not eradicated EradicatedFertilization No fertilizer Fertilizer & dolomiteShrimp seed Not PCR tested PCR testedFeed No feed Feeding Water replenishment When needed When neededPost stocking fertilization

Very insufficient When primary production is low

Fish seed Some wild All from hatcheries

Tradeoffs between water mgt for rice & aquaculture

Rice-aquaculture systemTherefore 2 water depth treatments (50 cm, 70 cm) in rice-aquaculture system

Saline water needs to be drained in July to allow leaching of salt by rainfall prior to rice transplantingHigher brackish water aquaculture production if saline water is kept for longer

Need shallow water after transplanting rice (<20 cm)This is shallow for aquaculture (importance of trenches)

Better aquaculture productivity with deeper water (70-100 cm)Better rice productivity with shallower water (<30 cm)

Timeline (Output 2 & 4)

Shrimp& fishStocking

Partialharvest

Shrimpdisease in

some ponds

Completeharvest

AprilFebruary June August October December

Stocking Fish & prawn

Rice planting(Output 2)

Preliminary Findings – rice-aquaculture

Results: Partial Harvest (Rice-aquaculture)

Farmer's Monoculture Polyculture0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600Shrimp (50cm)

Shrimp (70cm)

Tilapia (50cm)

Tilapia (70cm)

Yie

ld (

kg h

a-1)

Fish not harvested

At partial harvest, production of tilapia appears to be higher in deeper water (70cm)

25-70% mortality of shrimp due to virus despite improved management – potential 450 kg/haDelay of 1 week in disease in our ghers vs outside

Farmers expected tilapia to die – now very interestedPolyculture provides buffer against loss of shrimp – increased resilience

September – drainage congestion in whole region after heavy rain due to inadequate water conveyance system (drainage)October – water shortage - plenty of freshwater in river but inadequate conveyance system (irrigation)

Preliminary Findings - Year round aquaculture

Results: Partial Harvest (Output 4)

Farmer's Monoculture Polyculture0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Shrimp

Tilapia

Yie

ld (

kg h

a-1)

Fish not harvested Fish NA

AGAIN Polyculture provides buffer against loss of shrimp – increased resilience

25-50% mortality of shrimp despite improved management – potential 450 kg/ha

Summary: Preliminary Findings

Aquaculture

Productivity: 5-20 times higher total yield in polyculture systems

Profitability: Addressed after complete harvest Resilience: Polyculture reduces risk of loss of investment in the event of shrimp disease.

Disease: Need community-based approach if shrimp disease is to be controlled

Rice

3 HYV & 3 local varieties of rice have been transplanted but not yet harvested

Both

Need improved community water management for drainage & irrigation

Increasing productivity through improved varieties & cropping system intensification in low,

medium & high salinity areas of the coastal zone

Deep water for prolonged periods is a major challenge for the rainy season (aman crop) THROUGHOUT the coastal zone

Submergence tolerance

2nd transplanting submerged for 1 week shortly after transplanting – BRRI dhan52 survived well (sub1 gene)

Tolerance to water stagnation – this crop (BRRI dhan54 experienced deep water (up to 44 cm) for several weeks (Polder 30), but Tuong even more tolerant although harvest is proving difficult

Salinity is a problem in some locations in some or all seasons

Salinity tolerant varieties

Salt sensitive varieties

Work of BRAC & others show many promising high yielding &/or high value

rabi crop options instead of very low yielding crops (sesame, grasspea)

Productivity Improvement in Polder 43/2F (almost year-round FRESH water)

A M J J A S O N D J F M A

Existing15 Jul

T. Aman(Traditional: 2-3t/ha)

Fallow/ Aus (Mala)

Aus (BR55-4t/ha) 15 Jul15 Apr

Aus (BR55)15 Apr 15 Jul

Cropping Patterns: Aus-Aman-Boro or Aus/Fallow-Aman-Rabi

15 Nov

T. Aman(BR52/ BR54: 5 t/ha)

T. Aman(BR52/ BR545 t/ha)

Rabi (Sunflower-3 t/haMaize:7 t/ha)

Boro (BR47/ BINA87 t/ha)

Rabi (Grasspea:0.5 t/ha)

15 Nov Rice: 3-5 t/haRabi: 0.5 t/haRice: 16 t/ha

Rice: 9 t/haRabi: 3-7 t/ha

15 Nov

Achieved in cropping system trial in 1st year G2

Achieved 15 t/ha in cropping system trial

in 1st year of G2

All lands are fallow except varietal and cropping system trials in Bazarkhali, Amtali during boro 2011-12 (Polder 43/F/2)

Fallow area

Varietal trial

BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan29 BRRI dhan47 BRRI dhan50 BRRI dhan53 BRRI dhan55 BRRI dhan45 Alloran BRRI Hybrid dhan2

BRRI Hybrid dhan3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Performance of HYV at polder 43/2F, Boro 2011-12

P-43

Variety

Yiel

d (t

/ha)

Shorter duration varieties for triple cropping with farmer preferred

grain type

Farmers crop of HYV aman, Polder 43/2/F

A M J J A S O N D J F M A

Existing15 Jul

T. Aman(Traditional: 2-3t/ha)

Fallow

15 Jul15 Apr

15 Apr 15 Jul

Cropping Pattern : Aman-Boro or Aus-Aman-Rabi

15 Nov

T. Aman (BR49/BR52/BR54:5 t/ha)

T. Aman(BR49/BR52/ BR545 t/ha)

Boro (BR47/ BINA85.5 t/ha)

Rabi (Sesame:0.5 t/ha)15 Feb

Rice: 3t/haRabi: 0.5 t/ha

Rice: 5 t/haRabi: 3-7t/ha

Rice: 10.5 t/ha

15 Nov

15 Apr 15 Jul15 Nov

Rabi (Sunflower/Maize 7t/ha)

Rice:8.5 t/haRabi: 3-7 t/ha

Fallow

T. Aman(BR49/BR52/ BR54: 5 t/ha)

FallowRabi (Sunflower/3 t/haMaize 7 t/ha)

Aus (BR55: 3.5 t/ha)

Productivity Improvement in Polder 30 (Medium Saline Areas)

Aman - Polder 30: BATIAGHATA

Productivity Improvement in Polder 3(High salinity areas)

A M J J A S O N D J F M A

Existing15 Jul

T. Aman(BR23: 3 t/ha)

Fallow

15 Apr 15 Jul

Cropping pattern: Aman-Shrimp

15 Nov

T. Aman(BR44/BR52/ BR545 t/ha) + fish/prawn

Shrimp

15 NovRice: 3 t/haShr: 200 kg/ha

Rice: 5t/haShr+Fish: >>200 kg/ha

FallowShrimp + fish

Farmers field at Polder 3 (Sehara) Kaliganj

1st and 2nd set-submerged for 5 days and crop condition after drain out of water

3rd set –Not submerged

Varietal Trial after submergence

PVS Activities

58

2012 boro variety trials in India (12 in farmers’ fields) – need shorter duration salt tolerant varieties

Multiplication of Bangladeshi rice varieties at CSSRI, India in 2012 for Boro 2013

60

Kharif (wet season 2012) variety trials in India

Improved Community Level Water Management (G2): Progress report presented in the reflection workshop on 10 November 2012

Manoranjan MondalElizabeth Humphreys, T P Tuong

Rationale• The GoB has constructed 135 polders 50-60 years

back to prevent tidal surge and saline water intrusion to facilitate aman rice cultivation during July-January that generally do not need appreciable drainage and fertilizer application for optimum yield (2-3 t/ha).

• Most lands remain fallow in DS due to salinity and lack of knowledge on crop and water management.

• With improved water management food production can be significantly increased by adopting HYV rice in aman season and a second crop in the dry season.

Existing Water Management Scenario

M J J A S O N D J F M A M J

T. Aman (140-160 d)

Rabi (130-140 d)

Deep flooding at the beginning of rainy season constrains the establishment of aman rice and adoption of modern HYV rice

Prolonged water logging at the end of rainy season delay establishment of rabi crop

Key Issues in Achieving Food Security

• Key to increasing food production and improving rural livelihoods in the coastal region of Bangladesh is improved water management, – Improved drainage to reduce the depth of

inundation during the rainy season– Drain-out water from rice fields rapidly at the end

of the rainy season to allow timely establishment and safe of rabi crops

– Maximize use of available freshwater for crop production in the dry season.

High Tide

Low Tide

LandLand Surface

Embankment

River Bed

Sluice gate1-2 m

Can Drainage be Improved?

2-3 m

Study Site

Pol-43/2F

Pol-30

Polder 3 :High SalinityPolder 30 : Moderate SalinityPolder 43/2F : Low Salinity

Pol-3

Study Site: Polder 30, Khulna

River

Sluicegate

Drainage outlet

Road

Rural road

Sluice canal

Drainage canalOutside

sampling area

Outside sampling area

Outside sampling area

Study Site: Kismat Fultola, Polder 30, Khulna

Construction of drainage outlet and drainage canals

• Watershed boundary and internal drains was determined in consultation with the farmers.

• Internal drains/bunds were constructed to separate high and low land, together with a drain around the entire perimeter of the watershed.

• Drainage outlet was designed by a retired BWDB design engineer in collaboration with SCL.

• Constructed the drainage outlet under the supervision of the LGED engineer of Batiaghata upazila.

Baseline Information

• Surveyed 37 farmers within the watershed and 15 farmers outside

<40 40-60 >600

20

40

60

80WatershedOutside

Age group

Farm

er (%

)

Drainable Not easily drainable0

20

40

60

80

100

Watersheed Outside

Drainage pattern

Farm

er (%

)

None Primary (I-V) Secondary (VI-X)

Higher Secondary

(XI-XII)

Above0

10

20

30

40

50

60WatersheedOutside

Education level

Farm

er (%

)

Baseline Information

HYV Traditional0

20

40

60

80

100WatersheedOutside

Rice variety

Farm

ers

grow

n (%

)

Rice

-HYV

Rice

-Tra

ditio

nal

Sesa

me

Mun

gbea

n

Rice

-HYV

Rice

-Tra

ditio

nal

Sesa

me

Mun

gbea

n

Rice

-HYV

Rice

-Tra

ditio

nal

Sesa

me

Mun

gbea

n

Production Cost (Tk/ha) Gross Income (Tk/ha) Net Income (Tk/ha)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

Watershed Outside

Cost

and

Ret

urn

(Tk/

ha)

Development of collaborative arrangements to implement improved sluice gate management

• A series of informal meetings with the – Farmers (watershed and

neighboring)– Local water management

group (WMG) officials– Local UP officials

• Organized 3 formal meetings signed an agreement with the pilot watershed farmers on the roles and responsibilities of the farmers and IRRI.

Aman rice cultivation in 2012

• Provided HYV seeds and training on HYV rice cultivation to all the farmers.

• The majority (75% of 37 farmers) transplanted rice in the third week of August, a week earlier than traditional practice .

• But only about half of them actually planted HYV and about half cultivated traditional rice.

Training and Field Visit • Advise community on management of sluice gate• Provide information/training on aman varieties and

management to enable harvest in November, and on sluice operation to avoid prolonged periods with deep water in aman season and timely drainage for early establishment of rabi crops.

• Organized field visits the watershed farmers and the local WMG to identify drainage canals and outlets.

• Organized field visits for watershed farmers to– G2 research sites to show performance of HYV

aman rice and rabi crops following early drainage. – CSISA and BRAC demonstrated fields.

Outcome• 8-14 August 2012: About 264 mm rainfall occurred that

completely inundated the G2 and PhD research fields on 12 August, drained out on 16 Aug by opening sluice gate during LT and closing it during HT in collaboration with the WMG.

• 3-5 September 2012: Rice crop was submerged again by 246 mm rainfall, completely flooded almost the entire polder 30 area. Prior to rainfall, all the sluice gates were open to take river water in for irrigation that aggravated flooding. Water depth in the innovation research area varied from 25 to 30 cm.

• The WMA and WMGs have taken initiatives to make the rice field flood free, successfully done that within a week.

What We Want to Achieve?

15 July

15 Nov-15 Dec 15 Apr-15 May

Rabi (120-140 d)

15 Dec-15 Jan Aman (140 d)

M J J A S O N D J F M A M

Rainfall ~1500+ mm leaching down soil salinity

River water EC 1-4 dSm-1

Residual soil water

Terminal Drainage

TD Drainage

Farmer P = 2.5 + 0.5 t/ha

Improved = 4.5 + 1.0-7.0 t/ha

Irrigation

Thank You

Plan for the next season/year

• Field visit: 20-25 Nov 2012• Farmer training• Discuss with CIMMYT research groups on rabi

crop establishment under different tillage management

• Monitor/ supervise crop and sluice gate management

• Productivity and profitability of rabi crops

Key findings

80

• Very high poverty levels in coastal zone• Tremendous potential for increasing agricultural & agricultural

productivity through improved seed & management• Improved community water management & synchronisation of

agricultural & aquacultural activities needed to realise this potential

Future plans

81

Continue • On-farm rice variety evaluation & cropping system intensification

demonstrations• Rice seed distribution to farmers – follow up on what happens• Cropping system intensification experiments – 3 PhD students• Year round aquaculture & rice-aquaculture experiments • Pilot community water management activityComplete • Homestead production system (HPS) surveys, data analysis &

reports• Design of HPS research questions & activities