G RADE 8 STAAR S CIENCE R EVIEW Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D. © Hedgehog Learning.
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Transcript of G RADE 8 STAAR S CIENCE R EVIEW Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D. © Hedgehog Learning.
GRADE 8 STAAR SCIENCE REVIEW
Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D.
www.hedgehoglearning.com
© Hedgehog Learning
Grade 8 STAAR Science Review
© Hedgehog Learning
All clipart and images used in this review are either created by Hedgehog Learning, found in public domain, or used with permission from iStockphoto, iClipart, Microsoft, or 123RF
STAAR Review DAY 1MATTER AND ENERGYTEKS 8.5A (R), 8.5B (R), 7.5C (S), 7.6A (S), 7.6B (S)
© Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
Structure of AtomsProtons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Nucleus of the Atom- Contains Protons and NeutronsElectron Cloud of the Atom- Contains Electrons
© Hedgehog Learning
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Mass of Particle(1, 0)
Charge of Particle(-1, 0, +1)
Location of Particle
Take a minute to fill in the table below on a piece of paper…
© Hedgehog Learning
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Mass of Particle(1, 0)
1 1 0
Charge of Particle(-1, 0, +1)
+1 0 -1
Location of Particle
Nucleus Nucleus Orbitals or Electron
Cloud
Is this what you came up with?
© Hedgehog Learning
Makeup of an Element
The ATOMIC NUMBER indicates the number of PROTONS in an ELEMENT
The ATOMIC MASS (rounded) indicates the number of PROTONS plus NEUTRONS
Only Oxygen has 8 protons, which makes it a unique element.
To find the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass: 16 – 8 = 8
Electrons are normally equal to the number of protons if the charge of the atom is zero.
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory Tricks
tomic #
rotons(personality of atom)
lectrons
SAME#
ass (protons + neutrons)
tomic #
umber of ueutrons
rotons(personality of atom)
o charge ueutrons
lectrons
© Hedgehog Learning
Gaining (or Losing) a Charge!Element + Element = Compound
• Most elements will either gain or lose valence electrons and become charged.
• Nonmetals (right side of periodic table) typically gain electrons and are negatively charged.
• Metals (left side of the periodic table) typically lose electrons and are positively charged
• Because metals and nonmetals are oppositely charged, these individual elements will combine to form compounds.
© Hedgehog Learning
Gaining (or Losing) a Charge!
12 P 8 P
= VALENCE ELECTRON
Mg O
Lose 2 Electrons
+2 Charge
Gain 2 Electrons-2 Charge
© Hedgehog Learning
Reactivity
• The number of valence electrons will determine how reactive an element will be.
• If an element has valence electrons to gain or lose, it will be very reactive.
• If an element has all eight valence electrons, it is considered to be non-reactive.
© Hedgehog Learning
Chemical and Physical Changes in the Digestive System
Identify examples of physical and chemical changes that occur at each of these points.A
BC
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Chemical and Physical Changes in the Digestive System
A – Chewing and swallowing (physical) and saliva (chemical)B – Stomach acids breakdown proteins and fats (chemical)C – Absorption of water (physical) and breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (chemical). A
BC
© Hedgehog Learning
Energy and Food Webs
On a piece of paper, diagram the flow of energy through these organisms.
© Hedgehog Learning
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds are compounds containing carbon.
Organic compounds are the building blocks of life, including substances like fats, sugars, and protein.
Fossil fuels are also organic compounds.
Can you identify any other carbon-containing compounds?
CARBON
Hydrogen
Oxygen
SulfurNitrogen
Phosphorus
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory Tricks
NCHOPS
itrogen
arbon- must be present in an organic molecule!
ydrogen
xygen
hosphorus
ulfur
STAAR Review DAY 2MATTER AND ENERGYTEKS 8.5C (R), 8.5D (R), 6.5C (S), 6.6A (S), 6.6B (S)
© Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
Periodic Table
METALSAlkali and Alkaline MetalsTransition Metals
• Conducts heat• Conducts electricity• Solid• Lustrous• Malleable
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Periodic Table
METALLOIDS• Semiconductors of electricity
• Properties of metals and nonmetals
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Periodic Table
NONMETALS
• Gas or Liquid• Poor conductors
of electricity and heat
• Reactive with metals
• Noble gases (green column) are unreactive.
© Hedgehog Learning
Chemical ReactionsElements and Compounds
2AB + C2 2CB + 2A
Reactants
Products
Coefficient Subscript Compound Element
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Chemical Changes
a change when a new substance is formed from the reaction between two
or more different substances
CHEMICAL CHANGE
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Physical Changes
a change in the temperature, state of
matter, shape, density, or any other observable
characteristic of a substance
PHYSICAL CHANGE
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory TricksFill in the missing information
A new substance
Bubbles or odor (gas formation)
Color change (unexpected)
Different temperature
Same substance
Shape
Size
State of matter (phase change)
Solution (salt water)
© Hedgehog Learning
Law of Conservation of MassMass of Reactants = Mass of Products
Before
After
How does the mass of the egg change before and after cooking? Do the physical and chemical changes affect the mass?
© Hedgehog Learning
Law of Conservation of MassMass of Reactants = Mass of Products
Before
After
How does the mass of the egg change before and after cooking?A: THE MASS REMAINS THE SAMEDo the physical and chemical changes affect the mass?A: THE CHANGES DO NOT AFFECT THE MASS OF THE EGG
© Hedgehog Learning
Balancing of Chemical EquationsLaw of Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions
H2 + O2 H2O
On a piece of paper, balance this reaction between hydrogen and
oxygen gas.
© Hedgehog Learning
Balancing of Chemical EquationsLaw of Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions
2H2 + O2 2H2O
4 atoms of Hydrogen on both sides
2 atoms of Oxygen on both sides
Was this your answer?
STAAR Review DAY 4FORCE, MOTION, AND ENERGYTEKS 8.6A (R), 8.6B (S), 6.8C (S), 6.7D (S)
© Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
ForcesConsider the forces acting on these books.
Are the books moving?
Are the forces balanced or unbalanced?
Gravity pulling downward
Table pushing upward
Air pressu
re
Air pressu
re
© Hedgehog Learning
ForcesConsider the forces acting on these books.
Are the books moving?A: NO
Are the forces balanced or unbalanced?A: BALANCED
Gravity pulling downward
Table pushing upward
Air pressu
re
Air pressu
re
© Hedgehog Learning
ForcesBalanced Forces - occurs when multiple forces acting on an objects does not cause an object to change its speed
Unbalanced Forces - occurs when multiple forces acting on an object causes the object to increase or decrease speed
Identify if these items are examples of BALANCED or UNBALANCED forces.
Constant speed
© Hedgehog Learning
Balanced or UnbalancedWhat is the net force acting on these objects? Will these objects change speed?
15 N
25 N
3 N 1 N
2 N
2 N
© Hedgehog Learning
Balanced or UnbalancedWhat is the net force acting on these objects? Will these objects change speed?
15 N
25 N
3 N 1 N
2 N
2 N
NET: 10 N Down
NET: 2 N Forward
© Hedgehog Learning
Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
• Speed – the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time
• Velocity – the speed and direction of an object• Acceleration – a change in velocity
An airplane flies from Dallas to Boston, a distance of 1500 miles, in 4 hours. Describe the flight of the airplane in terms of average speed and velocity. When does the airplane
accelerate?
© Hedgehog Learning
Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
• Speed – the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time
• Velocity – the speed and direction of an object• Acceleration – a change in velocity
Average Speed: 375 miles/hourVelocity: 375 miles/hour to the northeastPositive acceleration occurs at takeoff; Negative acceleration occurs at landing
STAAR Review DAY 5FORCE, MOTION, AND ENERGYTEKS 8.6C (R), 7.7A (S), 6.8A (S), 6.9C (S)
© Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion
#3 – every action has an equal and opposite reaction
#1 – an object will only change speed if acted on by an unbalanced force - Law of Inertia
#2 – the acceleration of an object is related to the its mass and the force acting on it F=ma
© Hedgehog Learning
Which Law of Motion?Identify which law of motion is being represented.
• A moving red billiard ball hits the side bumper on the table and bounces backward at nearly the same speed.
• An airbag inflates to help cushion to rapid deceleration of the people inside the car during an accident.
• A powerful rocket engine producing more force is used on a more massive rocket to produce the same acceleration.
© Hedgehog Learning
Which Law of Motion?Identify which law of motion is being represented.
• A moving red billiard ball hits the side bumper on the table and bounces backward at nearly the same speed.
- 3rd Law of Motion• An airbag inflates to help cushion to rapid deceleration of
the people inside the car during an accident.- 1st Law of Motion
• A powerful rocket engine producing more force is used on a more massive rocket to produce the same acceleration.
- 2nd Law of Motion
© Hedgehog Learning
Energy
Potential EnergyThe energy that results due to an object’s position
Kinetic EnergyThe energy derived from an object’s motion
When is kinetic energy converted to potential energy during a roller coaster ride?
Highest Potential Energy
Highest Kinetic Energy
© Hedgehog Learning
This is so much WORK!
Work – the energy needed to move an object over a certain
distance
The woman had to pick up a box with a mass of 5 kg and lift it a distance of 2 meters.
How much work did she do?
Would the amount of work change if she used a ramp to help her?
2 m
5 kg
© Hedgehog Learning
This is so much WORK!
Work – the energy needed to move an object over a certain
distanceForce = mass x accelerationForce = 5 kg x 9.8 m/s2 (gravity)
Force = 49 Newtons
Work = force x distanceWork = 49 N x 2 mWork = 98 Joules
A ramp would reduce the required force, but the distance would increase. The amount of work would not change.
2 m
5 kg
© Hedgehog Learning
Energy Conversions
Name the energy conversions in each of the pictures to the right using the following terms:
Solar EnergyMechanical EnergySound EnergyChemical EnergyElectrical EnergyLight Energy
© Hedgehog Learning
Energy Conversions
Name the energy conversions in each of the pictures to the right using the following terms:
Solar EnergyMechanical EnergySound EnergyChemical EnergyElectrical EnergyLight Energy
solar to electrical
electrical to light
wind to electrical
electrical to sound
chemical to electrical
Rotation of Earth
ROTATION OF THE EARTH
© Hedgehog Learning
The Earth rotates once every 24 hours or 1 day.
The rotation of the Earth causes day and night since the side facing the Sun is always moving.
The rotation of the Earth does not cause seasonal changes.
sunlightDAYNIGHT
Revolution of Earth
REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
© Hedgehog Learning
The Earth revolves around the Sun every 365 days or 1 year.
The Earth’s revolution causes the changes in the seasons due to the tilt of the Earth.
The revolution of the Earth does not cause day or night.
SUMMER
SUMMER
WINTER
WINTER
© Hedgehog Learning
Phases of the Moon
The Moon revolves around the Earth about once every month.
What phase of the Moon will occur about two weeks after a full moon?
What phase of the Moon will occur about one week after the first quarter?
© Hedgehog Learning
Phases of the Moon
The Moon revolves around the Earth about once every month.
What phase of the Moon will occur about two weeks after a full moon?A: New Moon
What phase of the Moon will occur about one week after the first quarter?A: Full Moon
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory TricksFill in the missing parts of the memory tricks on your own paper
Nina’sCousinQuit GamblingForever
RLNL
F
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory Tricks
Nina’s- New Moon
Cousin- crescent
Quit- quarter
Gambling- gibbous
Forever- full moon
RLNL
F
eft IghteavingIl’ wane
ew moono moonear the sun
ull moonull of lightar from sun
ight lighteturning waxing
© Hedgehog Learning
Please understand the GRAVITY of the situation…Mass = Gravity
Gravity is the force that holds the solar system together.
The mass (and thus gravity) of the Sun keeps all the planets orbiting around it.
The mass (and thus gravity) of the Earth keeps the Moon orbiting around it.
© Hedgehog Learning
Tidal Forces – Moon and Sun
The Moon has much greater affect on the Earth’s tides because it is closer to the Earth.
When the Moon, Sun, and Earth are aligned (new and full Moon), the tides are the greatest (Spring Tide)
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory Tricks
Fill in the missing parts of the memory tricks on your own paper
pring tidetraight across
eap tideInety degrees
ow tide
© Hedgehog Learning
We are just a speck…
1 second Moon
8 minutes Sun
1 hour Saturn
4.2 years Nearest Star (Proxima Centauri)
6,500 years Crab Nebulae
26,000 years Center of the Milky Way
2,500,000 years Nearest galaxy (Andromeda)
93,000,000,000 years
Other side of the universe
If we were traveling at the speed of light, it would take us _________ to reach ________.
© Hedgehog Learning
Solar SystemOur own personal star
Our solar system is extremely tiny compared to the Milky Way Galaxy.
© Hedgehog Learning
StarsThe stars we see at night are located “nearby” in the Milky Way galaxy.
Stars in other galaxies are too far away for us to see them individually.
Stars have “life cycles” similar to plants and animals. Average stars, like our Sun, are born in nebulas and die as red giants.
© Hedgehog Learning
Life Cycles of Stars
Models, like a Hertzsprung‐Russell diagram, show us how stars change over time.
Based on this diagram, what would you say about the age of our Sun compared to other stars on the main sequence?
Hotter Cooler
Bri
ghte
r
© Hedgehog Learning
Galaxies
Our galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy, is made up of BILLIONS of stars.
There are BILLIONS of galaxies in the universe.
Types of galaxies include:• Spiral galaxies• Barred spiral
galaxies• Elliptical galaxies• Dwarf galaxies• Ring galaxies
STAAR Review DAY 8EARTH AND SPACE TEKS 8.9B (R), 8.9C (R), 8.9A (S), 8.10A (S), 8.10B (S), 8.10C (S), 7.8C (S)
© Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
Crustal Features
Which of these two landscapes is hundreds of miles away from a crustal boundary?
Give a reason to support you answer.
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory TricksFill in the missing parts of the memory tricks
CD
TonvergentolliderashCome together
ivergentivide
ransform l i d e
© Hedgehog Learning
Plate Tectonics
1 23
At which number on the map are the following crustal features occurring?
A. Tall mountain range formed from one plate moving into another plate.
B. A mid-ocean ridge where two plates are separating.
C. Earthquakes where two plates are moving past each other.
© Hedgehog Learning
Plate Tectonics
1 23
At which number on the map are the following crustal features occurring?
A.2 - Tall mountain range formed from one plate moving into another plate.
B.1 - A mid-ocean ridge where two plates are separating.
C.3 - Earthquakes where two plates are moving past each other.
© Hedgehog Learning
Erosion and WeatheringConstant reshaping of our planet
What features can you identify in this satellite picture?
What are the brown areas?
Where does this come from?
Where is it going?
© Hedgehog Learning
Erosion and WeatheringConstant reshaping of our planet
What features can you identify in this satellite picture?
What are the brown areas?A: Sediment
Where does this come from?A: Erosion from landscapeWhere is it going?A: Deposited at river deltas
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory TricksFill in the missing information
Weathering __________it!
Erosion ______________it!
Deposition ___________it!
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory TricksFill in the missing information
Weathering breaks it!
Erosion takes it!
Deposition drops it!
Weather Symbols
Identify these weather symbols and describe what they mean.
In which direction to high pressure systems rotate in Texas? Where is the world would they rotate the other direction?
What is responsible for all moving currents, both in the atmosphere and in the ocean?
H L© Hedgehog Learning
Weather Symbols
In which direction to high pressure systems rotate in Texas?A: Clockwise
Where is the world would they rotate the other direction?A: Southern Hemisphere
What is responsible for all moving currents, both in the atmosphere and in the ocean?A: Energy from the Sun
H L© Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
Hurricanes
Hurricanes occur in the Atlantic ocean during the summer and fall. Why do they occur during this time and not during the winter?
Where does the energy for hurricanes come from?
In which direction to hurricanes rotate in the Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere?
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory Tricks
Fill in the missing information
H L
Looks like icicles– cold frontLooks like teeth- violent storms that PUSH through
Looks like suns- warm frontLook like gums- gentle storms that glide through
igh pressureappy weather
s ine
ow pressureousy weather
c ouds
© Hedgehog Learning
Hurricanes
Hurricanes occur in the Atlantic ocean during the summer and fall. Why do they occur during this time and not during the winter?A: Oceans are warmer; provide energy
Where does the energy for hurricanes come from?A: Energy from the Sun
In which direction to hurricanes rotate in the Northern Hemisphere? Counter-clockwise. Southern Hemisphere? Clockwise.
STAAR Review DAY 9ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENTSTEKS 8.11A (R), 8.11B (R), 7.10B (S), 7.10C (S), 7.11C (S), 8.11D (S)
© Hedgehog Learning
Food Webs and Energy
In the food web to the left, what role does the Sun play?
Identify the producers, consumers, and decomposers.
How does the ant play a part in the food web?
What would happen to the snake population if the rabbits were over-hunted?
© Hedgehog Learning
Food Webs and Energy
SUN – Source of Energy
PRODUCERS – Plants
CONSUMERS – Rabbit, Grasshopper, Snake, Mouse, Eagle
DECOMPOSER – Ant
If the rabbit population decreased, the snake population would as well. © Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
Parasites
A parasite is an organism that must get its energy from another organism.
Sometimes the relationship is mutually beneficial.
Sometimes one organisms causes the other harm.
Can you think of a parasite that benefits it host?
What about the mosquito in the picture?
© Hedgehog Learning
Memory Tricks
Fill in the missing information
Parasitism- one benefits, the other is harmed
Commensalism- one benefits, the other is not harmed
Mutualism- both benefit
Ecosystems
Look at the ecosystem in the picture to the left.
Suppose a fire disturbed this area 10 years ago. How has ecological succession occurred since then.
How is competition for resources occurring in this ecosystem?
© Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
Ecosystem
In this ocean ecosystem, how are organisms are competing for:
• Sunlight• Living space• Food• Oxygen
© Hedgehog Learning
Natural SelectionHow does natural selection explain why giraffe’s have long necks?Why is biodiversity important to natural selection?
© Hedgehog Learning
Natural SelectionHow does natural selection explain why giraffe’s have long necks?Why is biodiversity important to natural selection?
Natural selection would suggest that only the giraffes with long necks would be able to reach the leaves on the trees.
Biodiversity indicates there are many gene traits among all the giraffes for natural selection to “choose” from.
STAAR Review DAY 10ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENTSTEKS 8.11C (R), 7.11A (S), 7.12B (S), 7.12D (S), 7.12F (S), 7.14B (S), 7.14C (S), 6.12D (S)
© Hedgehog Learning
© Hedgehog Learning
Traits and Environmental Changes
Why did the environmental changes in the early 1900’s in England cause the “gray” peppered moth to decline, but the “black” peppered moth increased in population?
© Hedgehog Learning
Traits and Environmental ChangesGenetic trait for skin tone and skin cancer risk
People with a genetic trait for fair skin are more likely to get skin cancer during their lifetime.
Fairer-skin humans generally originated further away from the equator than darker-skin humans.
Explain how the environment influenced early human traits for skin tone.
© Hedgehog Learning
Dichotomous Keys
Dichotomous keys help us to identify organisms based on their physical characteristics.
What is the dichotomous key in the picture used to identify?
© Hedgehog Learning
Reproduction
Sexual ReproductionRequires male and femaleFewer offspringGreater genetic variation
Asexual ReproductionRequires only one parentMany offspringLess genetic variation
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction in fighting off certain illnesses over multiple generations?
Some plants can reproduce asexually.
Animals reproduce sexually and produce fewer offspring.
© Hedgehog Learning
Parts of a Cell
Parts of a Cell
Looking at the diagram on the right:
1. Where is the genetic material contained?
2. Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
3. Is this cell autotrophic or heterotrophic?
4. Would this cell be found in the animal kingdom?
© Hedgehog Learning
Parts of a Cell
Parts of a Cell
Looking at the diagram on the right:
1. Where is the genetic material contained? Nucleus
2. Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic
3. Is this cell autotrophic or heterotrophic? Autotrophic
4. Would this cell be found in the animal kingdom? No
© Hedgehog Learning
Human Interaction with the OceansBuilding artificial reefs to replace those damaged by humans
Many coral reefs have been damaged or destroyed by human activity and pollution.
In an effort to restore destroyed reefs, scientists have created artificial reefs like the one in the picture.
What other ways have humans influenced the ocean habitat?
Best wishes for success on the Grade 8 Science STAAR!
Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D.
www.hedgehoglearning.com
© Hedgehog Learning