g H/media/Documents/Research... · 2012. 7. 16. · 0 20 40 60 80 100 Artificial Natural Site...

Report for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Department of Environment and Resource Management (DERM)

Biological monitoring of the Ex-HMAS Brisbane Artificial Reef

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fig. 22. Sessile invertebrate assemblages on the wreck at a & b) vertical surfaces at 12 metres; c & d) vertical surfaces at 18 metres e & f)horizontal surfaces at 12 metres; g & h) horizontal surfaces at 18 metres.

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QM Technical Reports | 003

fig. 23.comparison of the number of species based on a Rapid Ecological Assessment technique (REA) between: a) different parts of the wreck, and b) the wreck in 2006 and 2008 and the adjoining natural reef in 2008.

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fig. 24. a) Number of species of the six most speciose fish families, according to occurrence in the respective sectors of the wreck in 2008. b) Number of species of the six most speciose fish families, recorded on the wreck in 2006 and 2008, and on nearby natural reefs in 2008.

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fig. 25. Species accumulation curves for the difference in total species richness of ‘fouling communities’ among natural and artificial reefs in 2006 and 2008.

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fig. 26. nMDS ordination for the difference between exposures (port - sheltered & starboard - exposed) and depths (12 & 18 m).

12m Port12m Starboard

18m Port18m Starboard

Stress: 0.2

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fig. 27. Differences in the: a) percent coverage (mean ± SE) of sessile epifauna; b) species density (mean ± SE number of species per 625 cm2); and c) percent coverage (mean ± SE) of selected taxonomic groups, between exposures (port - sheltered & starboard - exposed) and depths (12 & 18 m).

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Bivalvia Balanus sp. 1

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fig. 28. nMDS ordination for the difference between surface orientations (horizontal & vertical) and depths (12 & 18 m).

Stress: 0.16

12m Horizontal 18m Horizontal12m Vertical 18m Vertical

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fig. 29. Differences in the: a) percent coverage (mean ± SE) of sessile epifauna; b) species density (mean ± SE number of species per 625 cm2); and c) percent coverage (mean ± SE) of selected taxonomic groups, between surface orientations (horizontal & vertical) and depths (12 & 18 m).

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fig. 30. nMDS ordination for the difference in composition of epifaunal assemblages between the artificial reef sampled in 2006 and 2008, and natural reefs sampled in 2008 a) on horizontal and b) vertical surfaces at 18 m depth.

Stress: 0.08A) Horizontal

Artificial 2008Natural 2008 Artificial 2006

Stress: 0.15B) Vertical

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fig. 31. Differences in the: a) percent coverage (mean ± SE) of sessile epifauna; b) species density (mean ± SE number of species per 625 cm2), and c) images illustrating the difference between epifaunal assemblages on natural and artificial reefs sampled in 2008 on horizontal & vertical surfaces.

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group / Species common names / descriptions Abundance

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aLgaE:

Peyssonnelia capensis encrusting redalgae - - - 4 4Coraline redalgae encrusting redalgae 3 - 3 2 4

TuBEWOrmS:

Filograna implexa Tubeworm 4 - 3 3 -Sabellastarte indica Tubeworm 4 - 3 3 1Serpula sp.1 Tubeworm 2 - - - -Protula sp.1 Tubeworm 1 - - 3 -Spirobranchus giganteus christmas tree worm 2 - - - -

POriFEra:

Aplysilla sulfurea 224 Encrusting yellow 2 - 3 - 1Batzella sp. 2175 Encrusting red, slimy - - 3 2 -Batzella sp. 4217 Encrusting thick, soft, red 3 - 3 4 -Batzella sp. 4329 Encrusting purple 1 - - - -Batzella sp.4215 Encrusting thick, yellow 3 - - - -Callyspongia sp. 456 Encrusting thick grey, soft - - - - -Chondropsis sp. 4218 Encrusting, orange-pink, slimy - - - - -Chondropsis sp. 4331 Massive bluish-grey, conulose - - - - -Chondropsis sp. 4332 Encrusting Beige-pink - - 1 - -Cliona sp. 4216 Encrusting, yellow - - 4 2 -Dysidea sp. 1 Encrusting grey - - - - -Dysidea sp.16 Encrusting thick, purple, web 2 - - - -Euryspongia arenaria Encrusting thick, white, web - - - - 1

TaBLE 1. Ex-HmaS BRISBANE: SPEciES LiST-aLgaE and iNvErTEBraTES.

abundances of invertebrates visually recorded in swimming transects and from photo quadrats taken on the wreck of the ex-HmaS Brisbane in November/December 2008 by sector of ship.

(abundance scales: no entry (= 0) = absent; 1 = rare (one or two); 2 = occasional (three to five); 3 = frequent (six to ten); 4 = common (eleven to twenty-five); 5 = dominat (over twenty-five); modified from Fabricius K.E & Mccorry D., 2006).

Black: species found in the 2006 and 2008 surveyBlue: new species from the 2008 surveyRed: species which dissapeared or are strongly reduced in numbers since 2006* refer to biological baseline survey final report 2006 (Schlacher-Hoenlinger et al., 2006); no abundance classification for 2006.** not recorded here, but recorded on site before by gary cobb (www.nudibranch.com.au).

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Haliclona (Haliclona) sp.3573 Encrusting on shells, pink, fluffy - - - - -Hymedesmia sp. 4326 Encrusting yellow - - - 1 -Mycale (Mycale) sp. 1566 Encrusting-pink - - - - -Amphimedon sp.2776 Massive grey, smooth 4 - - 4 1Batzella sp. 4407 Massive orange, yellow honeycomb 4 - - 1 -Callyspongia (C) sp. 3491 Massive pink conulose tubes - - - - -Callyspongia (C) sp. 4328 Massive grey with big oscules - - - - -Callyspongia (C) sp. 4330 Massive beige - - - - -Callyspongia (C.) 3148 Massive beige tubular 1 - - 1 -Callyspongia manus Massive beige 1 - - 2 -Chondropsis 4131 Massive grey-brown-blue 4 2 3 1 -Cribrochalina sp. 2666 Massive grey, uneven 4 - - 2 -Dactylia sp. 1823 Massive, orange-pink 4 - 2 3 2Dysidea sp. 4327 Massive yellow - - 1 - -Echinochalina (E) sp. 272 Massive pink, convoluted 2 - - 2 -Euryspongia deliculata Massive, pink conulose 3 - 1 3 -Holopsamma crassa Massive beige - - 1 1 -Phoriospongia sp.1080 Massive yellow 2 - - 1 -Phyllospongia sp. 2899 Massive black arborescent 1 - - 4 1Siphonochalina deficiens 582 Massive pink tubular - - 1 1 -Clathrina sp. 519 calcarea, cushion - - - - -Grantiopsis sp. 1582 calcarea, white tubes 1 - 4 2 3

cNiDaria:

Hydroidea sp. 1 Sea fir: fluffy bushes - - - - 1Macrorhynchia philippina Sea fir: white stinging 2 - 3 - -Macrorhynchia phoenicea Sea fir: brown 2 1 3 1 1Plumularia sp. 1 Sea fir: delicate; white 2 - - 1 3Sertularella diaphana Sea fir: yellow - - 2 - -Anemones sp. Anemone: on mooring line 3 - - - -Boloceroides mcmurrichii Anemone: muddy shore 3 - - - -Entacmaea quadricolor Anemone: bulb-tentacle 3 - - - -Heteractis crispa Anemone: leathery 2 2 - - -Acanthastrea lordhowensis Hard Coral: Ringed fleshy coral - 2 - - -Acropora solitaryensis Hard coral: Solitary isles branching - 4 - - -Tubastrea faulkneri Hard coral: Orange tube 1 - - - 1Tubastrea micrantha Hard coral: green tubes 1 - - - -Turbinaria frondens Hard coral 1 - - - -Carijoa sp.1 Soft coral: fouling 3 2 2 1 1Chironephtya sp.1 Soft coral - - 1 - -



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Dendronephthya sp.1 Soft coral: inside, pink - - 1 - -Dendronephthya sp.2 Soft coral: pink-yellow-blue 3 - 3 2 1Dendronephthya sp.3 Soft coral: white 1 - - - -Mopsella sp.1 Soft coral fan 1 - - - -Sansibia sp.1 Soft coral: Blue mats - 4 - - -Polythoa sp. Zooanthid: brown 1 - - - -

mOLLuSca:

Bivalvia:Dendostrea folium leaf oyster 3 2 - 2 1Pinctada maculata Spotted pearl oyster 5 5 - 4 3Pteria penguin Pinguin wing oyster 2 4 2 4 2Pteria coturnix Quail wing oyster - - - - -Pteria lata Red wing oyster 1 - - - -Pteria falcata Sickle-sword wing oysters - - - - -Pteria brevialata Short-winged wing oyster - - - - -Mediolus sp. Mussel 1 - - - -Scaeochlamys livida Scaly scallop 1 - - - -Chama fibula Brooch jewel-box clam - - - - -Streptopinna saccata Wavy transparent razor clam 2 - - - -Pinna deltodes Razor clam 1 - - - -gastropoda: - - - - -Cronia aurantiana Almond rock-whelk 2 - 3 - -Thais alouina yellow mouthed rock-whelk 1 - - - -Cymatium parthenopium Broad-ripped triton 2 2 1 - 1Hexabranchus sanguineus Nudibranch - - - 1 -Chromodoris cf. tinctoria Nudibranch - - - - 1Chromodoris sp.1 Nudibranch 1 - - - -Chromodoris splendida Nudibranch 2 - 1 3 2Hypselodoris jacksoni Nudibranch 1 - - - 1Hypselodoris obscura Nudibranch - - - - 1Mexichromis macropus Nudibranch 1 - 1 - -Roboastra luteolineata Nudibranch 1 - - - -Tambia affinis Nudibranch 1 - - - 1Tambja morosa Nudibranch 1 - - - -Tambja victoriae Nudibranch 1 - - - -Chromodoris cf. reticulata** Nudibranch - - - - -Chromodoris daphne** Nudibranch - - - - -Hypselodoris emmae -** Nudibranch - - - - -Jorunna sp.3** Nudibranch - - - - -

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Noumea romeri** Nudibranch - - - - -Plocamopherus imperialis** Nudibranch - - - - -Polycera sp.1** Nudibranch - - - - -Scyllaea pelagica** Nudibranch (on buoy) - - - -Aplysia sowerbyi** Sea hare - - - - -Octopus sp. 1 - - 1 -

cruSTacEa:

Megabalanus tintinnabulum Barnacle: Bell b.; large, pink 2 4 - 5 5Balanus sp. 1 Barnacle - - 5 - -Balanus amphitrite Barnacle: purple acorn b. - - - - -Megabalanus trigonus Barnacle: triangular acorn b. 5 - - - -Lepas anserifera Barnacle: goose b., on mooring line - - - - -Panulirus versicolor Painted spiny lobster 1 - 1 - -Plagusia chabrus cleft-fronted bait crab - 1 - - -Stenopus hispidus Banded coral shrimp - 1 1 - -Other mobile crustaceans* mainly small crabs and shrimp 1 - - - -

BryOZOa:

Catenicella uberrima Delicate sea moss 1 - - - -Idmidronea sp.1 Delicate, white-branched 4 - - 2 -Celleporaria sp.1 Encrusting blue-grey 5 5 3 5 4Schizoporella sp.1 Encrusting black-brown-purple 2 - - 3 3Reteporella graeffei Massive orange mesh Phidoloporidae 4 2 3 2 3Triphillozoon sp. 1 Massive white mesh Phidoloporidae 4 2 4 5 3Biflustra sp. 1 Massive pink-red, leaf-structure 1- - 1 - -Biflustra sp. 2 Massive pink-grey - - - - -Membranipora savertii Massive white branched, coral like - - - - -Bryozoa 1 Massive white-grey , Halimeda-like - - - - 1Bryozoa 2 Massive white, branched, globular - - - - -

EcHiNODErmaTa:

Temnopleurus alexandri Urchin: white with purple spines - - 2 - 1Diadema setosum Urchin: black sea urchin 2 1 2 - -Tripneustes gratilla Urchin: cake sea urchin 1 1 - - -Salmacis belli Urchin: White, purple-yellow striped - - 1 - -Cenolia sp. feather star: black 4 3 2 1 -Comanthina nobilis feather star: yellow 1 1 - - -Himerometra robustipinna feather star: orange 1 - - - -



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Culcita novaeguineae Starfish: pincushion star (in sand) - - - - 1Ophiothela sp. Brittle star 1 - - - -

aSciDiacEa:

Phallusia obesa Solitary: white spotted 1 - 2 3 2Phallusia julinea Solitary: small, yellow, transparent 5 3 3 5 3Phallusia millari Solitary: white shiny 1 - 3 3 -Phallusia arabica Solitary: white, very shiny 1 - 1 - -Cnemidocarpa stolonifera Solitary: white-red 4 2 3 1 -Polycarpa ovata Solitary: orange tracts 4 2 4 3 -Polycarpa sp.1 Solitary: yellow, big, uneven - - - 1 -Polycarpa sp.2 Solitary: yellow, black spots 1 - - - -Polycarpa sp. 3 Solitary: grey mottled, big 1 - - - -Microcosmus exasperatus Solitary: white-orange - - 4 2 2Pyura stolinifera Solitary: brown/blue, orange siphon 4 5 4 4 2Polyclinum vasculosum Solitary: black - - - - -Rhopalaea crassa Solitary: transparent 2 - - - -Ascidia archaia Solitary: transparent in clumps - - 1 1 -Ascidia sp. (unidet.) Solitary: shiny, transparent 1 - - - -Herdmania grandis Solitary: yellow - - 1 - -Symplegma brakenhielmi colonial: white-grey 2 - - 2 1Eusynstyela latericius colonial: purple-orange - - 1 - -Symplegma rubra colonial: orange to white with rings 1 - - - -Didemnium sp.1 colonial: white 1 - - - -Didemnium sp.2 colonial: white-green 1 - - - -

Total Species 87 25 49 49 36

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aLgaE:

Peyssonnelia capensis Encrusting redalgae * 5 2 2 2Coraline redalgae encrusting redalgae * 5 5 5 5Mesophyllum mesomorphum Redalgae leafy - - 1 - 2Metagoniolithon sp. Redalgae segmented - - 1 - 1Delisea pulchra Redalgae - - 1 1 1Rodophyta sp. (undet.) Red algae, bushy with knobbed ends - - 1 2 -Codium sp. green algae - - 1 1 -Halimeda discoidea green algae - - 2 2 2Lobophora variegata Brownalgae - - 2 3 -

TuBEWOrmS:

Filograna implexa Tubeworm * 4 2 2 -Sabellastarte indica Tubeworm * 4 2 2 -Serpula sp.1 Tubeworm - 2 - - -Protula sp.1 Tubeworm - 2 - - -Spirobranchus giganteus christmas tree worm - 2 3 4 2

POriFEra:

Halichondria (H.) 3764 Burrowing white - - 2 1 3Spheciospongia cf. vagabunda Burrowing brown - - 2 - 4Halichondria (H) sp. Burrowing yellow - - 1 - 1Aplysilla sulfurea 224 Encrusting yellow * 3 3 3 2Batzella sp. 2175 Encrusting red, slimy * 3 1 - 2Batzella sp. 4217 Encrusting to massive, soft, red * 5 3 4 3

TaBLE 2. Ex-HmaS BRISBANE and iNNEr gNEEriNgS: SPEciES LiST-aLgaE and iNvErTEBraTES. abundances of invertebrates visually recorded in swimming transects and from photo quadrats taken on the wreck of the ex-HmaS Brisbane and on the inner gneerings Shoals in November/December 2008 and January/February 2009.

(abundance scales: no entry (= 0) = absent; 1 = rare (one or two); 2 = occasional (three to five); 3 = frequent (six to ten); 4 = common (eleven to twenty-five); 5 = dominat (over twenty-five); modified from fabricius k.E & Mccorry D., 2006).

* species found on the ex-HMAS Brisbane in the 2006 survey** these Genera are notoriously difficult to identify to species without thourough taxonomic investigation, and therefore could consist of severel species.



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Batzella sp. 4329 Encrusting purple * 1 - - -Batzella sp.4215 Encrusting thick, yellow * 3 - - -Batzella sp. 4407 Encrusting to massiv yellow

honeycomb* 5 1 1 1

Callyspongia sp. 456 Encrusting thick grey, soft * - - - -Chondropsis sp. 4218 Encrusting, orange-pink, slimy * - - - -Chondropsis sp. 4332 Encrusting Beige-pink * 1 - - -Cliona sp. 4216 Encrusting, yellow * 4 - - -Dysidea sp. Encrusting grey * - - - -Dysidea sp. 16 Encrusting thick, purple web - 2 1 1 -Euryspongia arenaria Encrusting thick, white web - 1 - - -Haliclona (H.) sp.3573 Encrusting on shells, pink, fluffy * - - - -Hymedesmia sp. 4326 Encrusting yellow * 1 - - -Iotrochota coccinea Encrusting black - - 1 - 1Mycale (M.) sp. 1566 Encrusting-pink * - - - -Amphimedon sp. 2776 Massive grey, smooth - 5 3 3 3Chondropsis sp. 4331 Massive bluish-grey, conulose * - - - -Callyspongia (C.) sp. 4330 Massive beige * - - - -Callyspongia (C.) sp. 3148 Massive beige tubular - 1 1 1 -Callyspongia manus Massive beige - 2 2 2 2Holopsamma crassa Massive beige - 1 - - -Phyllospongia sp. 2899 Massive black arborescent - 4 1 - 2Callyspongia (C.) sp. 4328 Massive grey with big oscules * - 1 2 1Siphonochalina deficiens 582 Massive pink tubular * 2 1 2 -Chondropsis sp. 4131 Massive grey-brown-blue - 5 4 4 4Cribrochalina sp. 2666 Massive grey, uneven * 5 2 - 3Callyspongia (C.) sp. 3491 Massive pink conulose tubes * - - - -Dactylia sp. 1823 Massive, orange-pink * 5 1 1 -Echinochalina (E.) sp. 272 Massive pink, convoluted * 3 1 2 -Dysidea sp. 4327 Massive yellow * 1 - - -Euryspongia deliculata Massive, pink conulose - 4 4 5 4Phoriospongia sp. 1080 Massive yellow - 2 - - -Clathrina sp. 519 calcarea, cushion * - - - -Grantiopsis sp. 1582 calcarea, white tubes * 4 2 1 2Leucetta chagosensis calcarea yellow - - 3 4 3Acanthella carvernosa Massive yellow-orange - - 3 3 2Agelas mauritiana Massive red - - 2 1 1Aplysinella sp.1194 Massive green-yellow - - 1 - 1Axynissa sp. 2929 Massive: white with lips - - 1 - 1

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Carteriospongia sp. Massive grey fan to barrel - - 1 - 2Ceratopsion clavata Massive orange - - 1 - 1Cinachyrella enigmatica Massive white-pink - - 2 2 2Cliona orientalis Massive brown - - 3 4 2Haliclona (H.) sp. 2584 Massive yellow tubes - - 1 1 1Ianthella quadrangulata Massive fans, beige-yellow - - 1 2 -Ircinia sp. 1255 Massive: grey - - 1 1 -Myrmekioderma granulata Massive yellow - - 1 1 -Neopetrosia pacifica Massive brown - - 1 - 1Phyllospongia papyracea Massive grey cups - - 1 - 2Psammocinia sp. 1191 Massive: white-grey - - 1 - 2Pseudoceratina sp. 2973 Massive white-pink - - 1 - 1Pseudoceratina clavata Massive black - - 3 2 2Pseudoceratina sp. 1247 Massive yellow with big oscules - - 2 2 2Trachycladus laevispirulifer Massive orange fingers - - 2 1 2Xestospongia testudinaria Massive grey, barrel - - 3 2 3

cNiDaria:

Hydroidea sp. 1 Sea fir: fluffy bushes * 1 - - -Macrorhynchia philippina Sea fir: white stinging * 4 2 2 1Plumularia sp. 1 Sea fir: delicate; white * 4 1 2 -Macrorhynchia phoenicea Sea fir: brown * 5 1 1 1Sertularella diaphana Sea fir: yellow - 2 1 1 -Anemones sp. Anemone: on mooring line * 3 - - -Heteractis crispa Anemone: leathery - 3 2 1 2Boloceroides mcmurrichii Anemone: muddy shore - 3 2 2 1Entacmaea quadricolor Anemone: bulb-tentacle - 3 1 1 1Acanthastrea echinata Hard Coral: Ringed fleshy coral - - 2 2 2Acanthastrea lordhowensis Hard Coral: Ringed fleshy coral - 2 1 1 -Acropora solitaryensis Hard coral: Solitary isles branching - 4 4 4 4Acropora sp. Hard coral: branching - - 5 5 5Cyphastrea serailia Hard coral: - - 3 4 3Echinophyllia sp.1 Hard coral - - 1 - 2Favia speciosa Hard coral:brain coral - - 3 3 3Favites sp. Hard coral: - - 3 3 3Goniapora sp. Hard coral: - - 4 3 3Goniastrea sp. Hard coral: - - 3 3 3



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Oulophyllia crispa Hard coral:large meandroid brain coral

- - 3 3 3

Pocillopora damicornis Hard coral: - - 1 2 -Seriatopora hystrix Hard coral: - - 2 2 2Stylasterid coral Hard coral - - 3 2 2Tubastrea faulkneri Hard coral: Orange tube - 1 3 5 -Tubastrea micrantha Hard coral: green tubes - 1 2 3 -Turbinaria frondens Hard coral - 1 - - -Tubinaria mesenterina Hard coral:Plate coral - - 4 4 4Turbinaria peltata Hard coral: - - 3 3 3Acanthogorgia sp. Soft coral: - - 1 1 -Capnella sp.1 Soft coral: - - 1 1 -Carijoa sp.1 Soft coral: fouling , yellow-white - 5 2 2 2Carijoa sp.2 Soft coral: fouling, yellow-purple - - 1 - 1Cespitularia sp.1 Soft coral: - - 1 1 -Chironephtya sp.1 Soft coral - 1 1 1 -Chironephtya sp.2 Soft coral: - - 1 1 1Clavularia sp.1 Soft coral: - - 3 3 3Dendronephthya sp.1 Soft coral: inside, pink - 1 - - -Dendronephthya sp.2 Soft coral: pink-yellow-blue - 5 4 4 3Dendronephthya sp.3 Soft coral: white - 1 1 2 -Dendronephthya sp.4 Soft coral: bright yellow - 1 1 2 -Echinogorgia sp.1 Soft coral: yellow - - 2 2 1Echinogorgia sp.2 Soft coral: white - - 1 2 1Echinogorgia sp.3 Soft coral: yellow-black - - 1 1 -Echinogorgia sp.4 Soft coral: white-pink - - 1 - 1Echinogorgia sp.5 Soft coral: white-pink - - 1 - 1Gladiella sp.1 Soft coral: - - 2 2 2Iciligorgia sp.1 Soft coral: purple-white - - 2 1 2Isis hippuris Soft coral: green - - 2 3 2Jasmininisis sp.1 Soft coral: Bamboo coral - - 1 - 1Junceella sp.1 Soft coral: whip-like - - 1 - 2Klyxum sp.1 Soft coral: - - 1 - 1Lobophytum sp.** Soft coral: - - 5 5 5Mopsella sp.1 Soft coral fan - 1 2 2 2Rumphella sp.1 Soft coral: - - 1 - 2Sansibia sp.1 Soft coral: Blue mats - 4 4 4 4Sarcophyton sp.** Soft coral: - - 5 5 4Sinularia sp.** Soft coral: - - 5 5 5

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Tubipora sp.** Soft coral: - - 2 2 2Antipathes sp. 1 Black coral - - 2 2 2Palythoa sp.1 Zooanthid: brown - 1 2 2 2

mOLLuSca:

Bivalvia:Dendostrea folium leaf oyster * 5 4 5 4Pictada maculata Spotted pearl oyster * 5 5 4 4Pteria penguin Pinguin wing oyster * 5 1 2 -Pteria coturnix Quail wing oyster * - - - -Pteria lata Red wing oyster * 1 2 - 2Pteria falcata Sickle-sword wing oysters * - - - -Pteria brevialata Short-winged wing oyster * - - - -Mediolus sp. Mussel * 1 - - -Scaeochlamys livida Scaly scallop * 1 - - -Chama fibula Brooch jewel-box clam * - - - -Streptopinna saccata Wavy transparent razor clam - 2 - - -Pinna deltodes Razor clam - 1 2 2 2gastropoda:Cronia aurantiana Almond rock-whelk * 3 - - -Thais alouina yellow mouthed rock-whelk - 1 - - -Chicoreus ramosus giant Murex - - 1 1 -Cymatium parthenopium Broad-ripped triton * 3 1 1 -Cypraea sp. cowrie shell - - 1 1 1Conus sp. cone shell - - 1 1 1Bornella anguilla Nudibranch - - 1 1 1Chromodoris cf. tinctoria Nudibranch - 1 - - -Chromodoris elisabethina Nudibranch - - 1 1 -Chromodoris kuiteri Nudibranch - - 2 1 2Chromodoris sp.1 Nudibranch - 1 - - -Chromodoris splendida Nudibranch - 4 1 1 -Fabellina rubrolineata Nudibranch - - 1 - 1Glossodoris atromarginata Nudibranch - - 1 1 1Glossodoris cincta Nudibranch - - 1 1 -Glossodoris vespa Nudibranch - - 1 - 1Halgerda aurantiomaculata Nudibranch - - 3 - 3Hexabranchus sanguineus Nudibranch * 1 - - -Hypselodoris bullocki Nudibranch - - 1 - 1



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Hypselodoris jacksoni Nudibranch - 1 - - -Hypselodoris obscura Nudibranch - 1 1 1 -Mexichromis macropus Nudibranch - 1 - - -Phyllidia elegans Nudibranch - - 1 - 1Phyllidia ocellata Nudibranch - - 1 1 1Phyllidia varicosa Nudibranch - - 1 1 1Phyllidiella lizae Nudibranch - - 2 1 2Roboastra luteolineata Nudibranch - 1 2 1 2Tambia affinis Nudibranch - 1 - - -Tambja morosa Nudibranch - 1 - - -Tambja victoriae Nudibranch - 1 - - -Thuridilla splendans Nudibranch - - 2 1 2Octopus sp. * 1 1 1 1

cruSTacEa:

Megabalanus tintinnabulum Barnacle: Bell b.; large, pink * 5 - - -Balanus sp. 1 Barnacle * 5 - - -Balanus amphitrite Barnacle: purple acorn b. * - - - -Megabalanus trigonus Barnacle: triangular acorn b. * 5 - - -Lepas anserifera Barnacle: goose b., on mooring line * - - - -Panulirus versicolor Painted spiny lobster * 1 1 1 1Plagusia chabrus cleft-fronted bait crab - 1 - - -Stenopus hispidus Banded coral shrimp * 2 2 2 -Other mobile crustaceans* mainly small crabs and shrimp * 1 2 1 2

BryOZOa:

Catenicella uberrima Delicate sea moss - 1 - - -Idmidronea sp.1 Delicate, white-branched - 4 2 - 3Celleporaria sp.1 Encrusting blue-grey * 5 2 2 -Schizoporella sp.1 Encrusting black-brown-purple * 5 - - -Reteporella graeffei Massive orange mesh Phidoloporidae * 5 1 - 2Triphillozoon sp. 1 Massive white mesh Phidoloporidae * 5 2 2 2Philodoridae sp. Massive purple mesh Phidoloporidae - - 4 3 2Biflustra sp. 1 Massive pink-red, leaf-structure * 1 3 2 2Biflustra sp. 2 Massive pink-grey * - - - -Membranipora savertii Massive white, branched, coral like * - - - -Bryozoa 1 Massive white, branched, globular * 1 2 1 2

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Bryozoa 2 Massive white-grey , Halimeda-like * - - - -

EcHiNODErmaTa:

Temnopleurus alexandri Urchin: white with purple spines * 2 - - -Diadema setosum Urchin: black sea urchin * 3 - - -Tripneustes gratilla Urchin: cake sea urchin - 1 1 - 1Salmacis belli Urchin: white, purple-yellow striped

spines- 1 - - -

Asthenosoma periculosum Urchin: stinging sea urchin, orange - - 1 1 -Echinostrephus aciculatus Urchin: burrowing sea urchin, black - - 1 2 -Cenolia sp. featherstar: black * 5 2 2 2Comanthina nobilis featherstar: yellow - 1 2 2 2Oxycomanthus bennetti_ featherstar: black-yellow - - 2 2 2Himerometra robustipinna featherstar: robust featherstar, orange - 1 - - -Culcita novaeguineae Starfish: pincushion star (in sand) - 1 - - -Formia indica Starfish: Indian seastar - - 1 1 1Gomophia mamillifera Starfish: ornamented seastar - - 1 - 2Pentagonaster dubeni Starfish: Vermillion seastar - - 1 - 1Ophidiaster sp. Starfish: banded - - 2 2 2Echinaster luzonicus Starfish: Luzon seastar, orange - - 2 2 1Echinaster callosus Starfish: Warty seastar - - 1 1 1Tamaria sp. Starfish: cream, brown spots - - 1 1 -Ophiothela sp. Brittle star * 1 1 1 1Astrobrachion constrictum Brittle star: grasping brittlestar - - 2 2 1Holothuria difficilis Sea cucumber, black - - 1 - 1

aSciDiacEa:

Phallusia obesa Solitary: white spotted, smooth or warty

* 5 2 1 2

Phallusia julinea Solitary: small, yellow, transparent * 5 5 5 5Phallusia millari Solitary: white shiny * 4 - - -Phallusia arabica Solitary: white, very shiny - 1 3 2 3Cnemidocarpa stolonifera Solitary: white-red * 5 5 4 4Polycarpa ovata Solitary: orange tracts * 5 1 - 1Polycarpa sp.1 Solitary: yellow, big, uneven - 1 - -Polycarpa sp.2 Solitary: yellow, black spots - 1 - - -Polycarpa sp. 3 Solitary: grey mottled, big - 1 - - -



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Microcosmus exasperatus Solitary: white-orange * 4 - - -Pyura stolinifera Solitary: brown/blue, with orange

siphon* 5 5 5 5

Polyclinum vasculosum Solitary: black * - - - -Rhopalaea crassa Solitary: transparent * 2 1 1 -Ascidia archaia Solitary: transparent in clumps * 1 - - -Ascidia sp. 1 (undet.) Solitary: shiny, transparent - 1 - - -Ascidia sp. 2 (undet.) Solitary: bright yellow, shiny - - 1 2 -Herdmania grandis Solitary: yellow - 1 - - -Symplegma brakenhielmi colonial: white-grey * 3 - - -Eusynstyela latericius colonial: purple-orange * 1 1 1 -Symplegma rubra colonial: orange to white with rings - 1 - - -Didemnium sp.1 colonial: white - 1 2 2 -Didemnium sp.2 colonial: white-green - 1 1 1 -Lissoclinum bistratum colonial: white-green - - 3 3 3Polycitor giganteus colonial: white - - 2 3Lissoclinum sp.1 colonial: white-grey - - 1 1 1

cumulative Total Species recorded

77 120 173 137 129

Sampling Effort (# of dives) 16 16 16 8 8

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Family genus Species

common Name Abundance

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OdontaspididaeCarcharias taurus greynurse Shark - - - 1# 1 - 1+

HemiscyllidaeChiloscyllium punctatum grey carpetshark - - * - - 1 -

rhinidaeRhynchobatus australiae Whitespotted Guitarfish - - - 1 1 - -

DasyatididaeDasyatis kuhlii Bluespotted Maskray - - - * - - 1Taeniura meyeni Blotched fantail Ray * - - 1 1 2 1

myliobatididaeAetobatus narinari Whitespotted Eagle Ray 2 1 - - 2 - 1

SynodontidaeSynodus dermatogenys Banded Lizardfish - * - - - - 1

FistulariidaeFistularia petimba Rough flutemouth - - - * - - 1

ScorpaenidaeDendrochirus zebra Zebra Lionfish - - 2 - 2 - -Pterois volitans Common Lionfish * 1 2 * 2 2 2Scorpaena cardinalis Eastern Red Scorpionfish 1 2 - * 2 - 1Scorpaenopsis venosa Raggy Scorpionfish - 1 - - 1 - -

SynanceiidaeInimicus caledonicus Demon Stingerfish - - - * - 1 -

PlatycephalidaeCymbacephalus nematophthalmus fringe-eye flathead - - - * - 2 1Platycephalus fuscus Dusky flathead - - - 3 3 3 -

Table 3. Abundance of fishes visually recorded on wreck of HMAS Brisbane, by sector of ship in November 2008, compared to November and July 2006

(abundance in log 5 scale: 1=1 fish, 2=2-5, 3=6-25, 4=26-125, 5=126-625, 6=626-3125, 7=3126+; # = photographed by third party in January 2009; + = recorded by third party in July 2006; * = not recorded at this time, but recorded in this sector during an earlier study period); ∞ not separated from A. capricornis at this time.



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SerranidaeCephalopholis boenak Brownbarred Rockcod - - - 1 1 - -Diploprion bifasciatum Barred Soapfish * - 1 1 2 1 -Epinephelus areolatus yellowspotted Rockcod - - - * - 1 1Epinephelus coioides goldspotted Rockcod - - 2 2 3 - -Epinephelus cyanopodus Purple Rockcod 2 3 3 2 3 3 3Epinephelus fasciatus Blacktip Rockcod - 1 - - 1 - -Epinephelus lanceolatus Queensland groper - - - 1 1 - -Epinephelus undulostriatus Maori Rockcod 2 3 3 3 3 3 3Hypoplectrodes maccullochi Halfbanded Seaperch - 1 - - 1 - -Plectropomus leopardus common coral Trout - * - - - - 1Pseudanthias rubrizonatus lilac-tip Basslet 3 3 2 3 3 - -Pseudanthias squamipinnis Orange Basslet 3 3 - - 3 3 4Triso dermopterus Oval Rockcod * * 1 2 2 3 4

PseudochromidaeOgilbyina novaehollandiae Multicolour Dottyback - 1 2 - 2 - -

apogonidaeApogon capricornis Capricorn Cardinalfish 6 5 6 5 6 6 7Apogon cavitiensis Whiteline Cardinalfish - * - * - - 2Apogon cookii Cook’s Cardinalfish - * * * - - 3Apogon doederleini Fourline Cardinalfish - - - * - - 4Apogon flavus Yellow Cardinalfish 3 5 5 5 5 5∞ 5∞Apogon limenus Sydney Cardinalfish * * 1 1 2 3 4Apogon semilineatus Blacktip Cardinalfish - - - 3 3 - -Rhabdamia gracilis Slender Cardinalfish - - 5 4 5 4 -

PriacanthidaePriacanthus hamrur lunartail Bigeye * * * * - 4 5Priacanthus macracanthus Spotted Bigeye * * * * - 4 6

EcheneididaeEcheneis naucrates Sharksucker 1 - - - 1 - 1

carangidaeCarangoides chrysophrys longnose Trevally 4 4 3 4 5 5 5Carangoides ferdau Blue Trevally - * - - - - 3Carangoides fulvoguttatus Turrum - 3 - * 3 - 4Carangoides gymnostethus Bludger Trevally * - - 4 4 4 3Carangoides orthogrammus Thicklip Trevally - * - * - - 3

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Caranx melampygus Bluefin Trevally - - - * - - 3Caranx papuensis Brassy Trevally - 2 - * 2 - 4Caranx sexfasciatus Bigeye Trevally - - - * - - 3Decapterus russelli Indian Scad * - 3 - 3 2 3Gnathanodon speciosus golden Trevally - * - 2 2 4 1Seriola dumerili Amberjack * 3 * 2 3 4 4Seriola lalandi Yellowtail Kingfish 3 3 2 3 3 3 4Trachurus novaezelandiae yellowtail Scad * - - - - - 3Trachinotus coppingeri Swallowtail Dart 3 - - - 3 - -

LutjanidaeCaesio caerulaurea goldband fusilier * 4 * - 4 4 3Dipterygonotus balteatus Mottled fusilier - * - - - 1 -Lutjanus adetii Hussar - 3 * 2 3 3 3Lutjanus argentimaculatus Mangrove Jack 2 3 2 * 3 2 3Lutjanus bohar Red Bass 1 - - - 1 - -Lutjanus carponotatus Stripey Snapper - - - * - - 2Lutjanus fulviflamma Blackspot Snapper * * - * - 1 2Lutjanus quinquelineatus fiveline Snapper - 2 3 * 3 3 2Lutjanus russelli Moses’ Snapper 2 3 3 2 4 4 3Lutjanus sebae Red Emperor - - * 2 2 4 4Lutjanus vitta Brownstripe Snapper - 3 2 2 3 2 2Paracaesio xanthura false fusilier 2 - - - 2 - -Pterocaesio chrysozona yellowband fusilier 4 4 * * 4 3 5Pterocaesio digramma Doubleline fusilier 5 5 2 5 6 6 6

HaemulidaeDiagramma pictum labiosum Painted Sweetlips - 2 2 3 3 3 4Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus goldspotted Sweetlips - * 1 * 1 - 2Plectorhinchus gibbosus Brown Sweetlips - - - * - - 2Plectorhinchus lessoni Striped Sweetlips - * - - - - 1

SparidaeAcanthopagrus australis Yellowfin Bream 3 3 3 2 3 1 -Pagrus auratus Snapper 3 3 2 3 4 3 3Rhabdosargus sarba Tarwhine 3 3 3 3 4 3 3

LethrinidaeLethrinus genivittatus Threadfin Emperor - - - * - 2 2Lethrinus laticaudis grass Emperor 3 3 3 3 4 4 3Lethrinus miniatus Redthroat Emperor * * - * - 1 3



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Lethrinus nebulosus Spangled Emperor 3 3 3 3 4 3 2

NemipteridaePentapodus paradiseus Paradise Threadfin Bream - - - * - 3 3Scolopsis monogramma Rainbow Monocle Bream - - - 2 2 - 2

mullidae Parupeneus spilurus Blacksaddle Goatfish 2 3 2 3 4 5 5

PempherididaePempheris affinis Blacktip Bullseye 2 - 4 - 4 3 -Pempheris schwenkii Silver Bullseye 3 - 3 - 3 - -Parapriacanthus ransonneti golden Bullseye - 3 4 - 4 - -

monodactylidaeSchuetta scalaripinnis Eastern Pomfret * - - - - - 3

chaetodontidaeChaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish * * - - - 2 2Chaetodon citrinellus Speckled Butterflyfish * * - - - 2 3Chaetodon flavirostris Dusky Butterflyfish - - 2 - 2 - -Chaetodon guentheri Guenther’s Butterflyfish * 3 2 3 3 3 2Chaetodon kleini Klein’s Butterflyfish 3 3 2 - 3 3 3Chaetodon vagabundus Vagabond Butterflyfish - * - - - - 2Chelmon rostratus Beaked Coralfish - 1 - * 1 1 1Chelmonops truncatus Eastern Talma - * 1 * 1 2 3Coradion altivelis Highfin Coralfish - - 1 * 1 1 -Heniochus acuminatus Longfin Bannerfish 3 3 3 4 4 4 5

PomacanthidaeChaetodontoplus meredithi Qld Yellowtail Angelfish 2 2 2 2 3 2 1

EnoplosidaeEnoplosus armatus Old Wife - - - 1 1 - -

kyphosidaeAtypichthys strigatus Mado * * - - - - 3Microcanthus strigatus Stripey - 3 3 2 3 3 3Scorpis lineolata Silver Sweep 3 4 - 3 4 3 3

cirrhitidae

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Cirrhitichthys aprinus Blotched Hawkfish 3 3 2 2 3 3 3Cyprinocirrhites polyactis Lyretail Hawkfish * 2 - - 2 2 2

cheilodactylidaeCheilodactylus vestitus crested Morwong 2 4 3 3 4 3 4

LabridaeAustrolabrus maculatus Blackspotted Wrasse * * - - - 1 2Bodianus axillaris Coral Pigfish - 1 1 - 2 1 -Bodianus frenchii Foxfish - - 1 - 1 - -Choerodon cephalotes Purple Tuskfish - - - * - 1 1Choerodon schoenleinii Blackspot Tuskfish - - - 1 1 - -Choerodon venustus Venus Tuskfish - * - * - - 2Cirrhilabrus punctatus finespot Wrasse * 2 - - 2 3 3Coris pictoides Pixy Wrasse - - - - 1 - -Halichoeres nebulosus cloud Wrasse - 1 - - 1 - -Labroides dimidiatus Common Cleanerfish 3 4 2 3 4 4 4Leptojulis cyanopleura Shoulderspot Wrasse - 3 - - 3 - -Pseudolabrus guentheri gunther’s Wrasse 3 4 2 * 4 4 4Pteragogus enneacanthus cockerel Wrasse - * - - - 1 2Pteragogus flagellifer cocktail Wrasse - 2 - - 2 - -Stethojulis bandanensis Redspot Wrasse - * - - - 1 3Suezichthys gracilis Slender Rainbow Wrasse - - - 4 4 - -Thalassoma amblycephalum Bluehead Wrasse * 1 - - 1 3 3Thalassoma lunare Moon Wrasse 4 4 2 3 4 3 4Thalassoma lutescens green Moon Wrasse 3 3 - 2 3 2 3Thalassoma nigrofasciatum Jansen’s Wrasse 3 3 - - 3 1 1

ScaridaeScarus ghobban Bluebarred Parrotfish - 3 - 1 3 - 3Scarus sp. Parrotfish (unident.juv.) 1 1 - - 2 - -

PomacentridaeAbudefduf bengalensis Bengal Sergeant 3 4 - 2 4 1 1Abudefduf sexfasciatus Scissortail Sergeant * * - - - 3 4Abudefduf vaigiensis Indo-Pacific Sergeant * * - - - 4 -Abudefduf whitleyi Whitley’s Sergeant * - - - - 2 -Amphiprion akindynos Barrier Reef Anemonefish 2 2 - - 2 - -Amphiprion latezonatus Wideband Anemonefish - 2 - - 2 - -Chromis nitida yellowback Puller 4 4 3 4 5 5 6Chrysiptera flavipinnis Yellowfin Demoiselle 3 3 - - 3 2 3



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Dascyllus trimaculatus Threespot Humbug 3 3 - - 3 3 2Neopomacentrus bankieri chinese Demoiselle 4 4 3 3 4 5 6Neopomacentrus cyanomos Regal Demoiselle * 3 1 3 3 3 3Parma oligolepis Bigscale Scalyfin 3 3 3 3 4 3 4Parma unifasciata Girdled Scalyfin 3 3 1 - 3 3 3Plectroglyphidodon leucozona Whiteband Damsel 3 3 - - 3 - -Pomacentrus australis Australian Damsel 3 3 2 * 4 4 5Pomacentrus coelestis Neon Damsel * 3 - 3 3 4 3Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Blue-scribbled Damsel * 2 - - 2 2 3Pristotis obtusirostris gulf Damsel * * * * - 4 4Stegastes gascoynei coral Sea gregory 1 2 - - 2 - -

PinguipedidaeParapercis nebulosa Pinkbanded Grubfish - - - 2 2 1 -Parapercis stricticeps Whitestreak Grubfish - - - 1 1 - -

TripterygiidaeNorfolkia squamiceps Scalyhead Threefin - 2 1 - 2 - -

BlennidaeAspidontus dussumieri lance Blenny 1 2 - - 2 3 3Ecsenius bicolor Bicolor combtooth Blenny - 2 - - 2 - 2Laiphognathus multimaculatus Manyspot Blenny - * - - - - 1Meiacanthus lineatus lined fangblenny * * - - - - 2Parablennius intermedius Horned Blenny * 2 - - 2 2 3Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos Bluestriped fangblenny * * - 2 2 - 3Plagiotremus tapeinosoma Piano fangblenny 3 3 - 2 3 3 3

gobiidaeEviota albolineata Whitelined Eviota - - - 1 1 - -Eviota prasites Hairfin Eviota - 2 - 2 2 - -Fusigobius neophytus Neophyte Sandgoby - - - 1 1 - -Istigobius nigroocellatus Blackspotted Sandgoby - - 1 1 2 - -Istigobius rigilis Orangespotted Sandgoby - - - 2 2 - -Valenciennea immaculata Immaculate glidergoby - - - 3 3 - -

EphippidaePlatax teira Roundface Batfish 4 2 - * 4 3 4

SiganidaeSiganus fuscescens Black Rabbitfish 5 5 2 5 5 5 6

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ZanclidaeZanclus cornutus Moorish Idol - 1 - 1 2 - 2 acanthuridaeAcanthurus dussumieri Pencil Surgeonfish * 2 - 2 2 3 3Acanthurus grammoptilus Inshore Surgeonfish * 1 - - 1 3 -Acanthurus mata Pale Surgeonfish 4 4 1 3 4 3 4Acanthurus nigrofuscus Dusky Surgeonfish * * - - - 1 2Acanthurus xanthopterus Yellowmask Surgeonfish - * - * - - 4Naso annulatus Ringtail Unicornfish * 2 - - 2 2 3Prionurus maculatus Spotted Sawtail 2 1 2 - 2 3 -Prionurus microlepidotus Australian Sawtail 3 4 2 3 4 4 4

SphyraenidaeSphyraena obtusata Striped Barracuda - - * - - - 4

BalistidaeAbalistes stellatus Starry Triggerfish - - - * - 1 -Rhinecanthus rectangulus Wedgetail Triggerfish * * - - - 1 2Sufflamen bursa Pallid Triggerfish - - - 1 1 - -Sufflamen chrysopterum Eye-stripe Triggerfish * 2 - - 2 3 2Sufflamen fraenatus Bridled Triggerfish 3 3 - 3 3 3 3

monacanthidaeAluterus monoceros Unicorn leatherjacket * * - * - 3 4Aluterus scriptus Scrawled leatherjacket - * - * - - 2Cantherhines pardalis Honeycomb leatherjacket - 2 - - 2 - -Cantheschenia grandisquamis largescale leatherjacket - * - - - 2 -Meuschenia trachylepis Yellowfin Leatherjacket 1 - - - 1 1 1Monacanthus chinensis fanbelly leatherjacket - * - - - - 2Paramonacanthus otisensis Dusky leatherjacket * * * * - - 3

OstraciidaeOstracion cubicus Yellow Boxfish * - 1 - 1 1 -

TetraodontidaeArothron hispidus Stars and Stripes Puffer - * * 1 1 1 2Arothron stellatus Starry Puffer - - 1 * 1 1 2Canthigaster valentini Blacksaddle Toby - 1 2 - 2 1 2Feroxodon multistriatus ferocious Puffer - - - * - - 1



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Diodontidae Dicotylichthys punctulatus Threebar Porcupinefish * * 1 * 1 2 -Diodon hystrix Spotted Porcupinefish - * - 1 1 - 2

Total Species (Nov 2008) 58 91 63 74 139Total Species (Nov 2006) 68 66 34 47 - 111Total Species (July 2006) 55 95 30 80 - - 133cumulative (all surveys) 101 133 76 118 - - 192

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OdontaspididaeCarcharias taurus greynurse Shark 1+ - 1# 0-1 - - -

OrectolobidaeOrectolobus maculatus Spotted Wobbegong - - - - 1 - 1Orectolobus ornatus Banded Wobbegong - - - - 1 - 1

HemiscyllidaeChiloscyllium punctatum grey carpetshark - 1 - 0-1 - - -

rhinidaeRhynchobatus australiae Whitespotted Guitarfish - - 1 0-1 - - -

DasyatididaeDasyatis kuhlii Bluespotted Maskray 1 - - 0-1 - - -Taeniura meyeni Blotched fantail Ray 1 2 1 1-2 1 - 1

myliobatididaeAetobatus narinari Whitespotted Eagle Ray 1 - 2 0-2 - - -

PlotosidaeParaplotosus albilabris Whitelip Catfish - - - - - 2 2

SynodontidaeSynodus dermatogenys Banded Lizardfish 1 - - 0-1 2 - 2Synodus variegatus Variegated Lizardfish - - - - 3 2 3

HolocentridaeMyripristis murdjan Crimson Soldierfish - - - - 2 - 2Sargocentron melanospilos Blackspot Squirrelfish - - - - 2 - 2Sargocentron rubrum Red Squirrelfish - - - - 2 2 2

aulostomidaeAulostomus chinensis Trumpetfish - - - - 2 - 2

Table 4. Abundance of fishes visually recorded at the wreck of ex-HMAS Brisbane during 2006 and 2008, and at the adjacent inner gneering Shoals in January/march 2009.

(abundance in log 5 scale: 1=1 fish, 2=2-5, 3=6-25, 4=26-125, 5=126-625, 6=626-3125, 7=3126+; + = recorded by third party in July 2006; # = photographed by third party in January 2009; ∞ not separated from Apogon capricornis at this time.



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FistulariidaeFistularia petimba Rough flutemouth 1 - - 0-1 3 - 3

ScorpaenidaeDendrochirus zebra Zebra Lionfish - - 2 0-2 1 - 1Pterois volitans Common Lionfish 2 2 2 2-2 - - -Scorpaena cardinalis Eastern Red Scorpionfish 1 - 2 0-2 - 1 1Scorpaenopsis venosa Raggy Scorpionfish - - 1 0-1 1 1 1

SynanceiidaeInimicus caledonicus Demon Stingerfish - 1 - 0-1 - - -

PlatycephalidaeCymbacephalus nematophthalmus fringe-eye flathead 1 2 - 0-2 - - -Platycephalus fuscus Dusky flathead - 3 3 0-3 - - -

SerranidaeCephalopholis boenak Brownbarred Rockcod - - 1 0-1 - - -Cephalopholis miniata coral Rockcod - - - - 1 - 1Diploprion bifasciatum Barred Soapfish - 1 2 0-2 3 3 3Epinephelus areolatus yellowspotted Rockcod 1 1 - 0-1 - - -Epinephelus coioides goldspotted Rockcod - - 3 0-3 1 - 1Epinephelus cyanopodus Purple Rockcod 3 3 3 3-3 1 2 2Epinephelus fasciatus Blacktip Rockcod - - 1 0-1 2 2 2Epinephelus lanceolatus Queensland groper - - 1 0-1 - - -Epinephelus maculatus Highfin Grouper - - - - - 1 1Epinephelus undulostriatus Maori Rockcod 3 3 3 3-3 2 2 2Hypoplectrodes maccullochi Halfbanded Seaperch - - 1 0-1 - - -Plectropomus leopardus common coral Trout 1 - - 0-1 2 2 2Pseudanthias rubrizonatus lilac-tip Basslet - - 3 0-3 - - -Pseudanthias squamipinnis Orange Basslet 4 3 3 3-4 2 - 2Rainfordia opercularis Rainfordia - - - - 1 - 1Triso dermopterus Oval Rockcod 4 3 2 2-4 - - -

PlesiopidaeParaplesiops poweri Northern Blue Devil - - - - - 1 1

PseudochromidaeOgilbyina novaehollandiae Multicolour Dottyback - - 2 0-2 3 3 3

apogonidaeApogon capricornis Capricorn Cardinalfish 7 6 6 6-7 5 3 5

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Apogon cavitiensis Whiteline Cardinalfish 2 - - 0-2 - - -Apogon cookii Cook’s Cardinalfish 3 - - 0-3 - - -Apogon doederleini Fourline Cardinalfish 4 - - 0-4 4 4 4Apogon flavus Yellow Cardinalfish 5∞ 5∞ 5 5-5 3 - 3Apogon limenus Sydney Cardinalfish 4 3 2 2-4 3 3 3Apogon properuptus Coral Cardinalfish - - - - 3 3 3Apogon semilineatus Blacktip Cardinalfish - - 3 0-3 - - -Archamia leai Lea’s Cardinalfish - - - - - 3 3Cheilodipterus macrodon Tiger Cardinalfish - - - - 1 - 1Rhabdamia gracilis Slender Cardinalfish - 4 5 4-5 4 6 6

PriacanthidaePriacanthus hamrur lunartail Bigeye 5 4 - 0-5 - - -Priacanthus macracanthus Spotted Bigeye 6 4 - 0-6 - - -

EcheneididaeEcheneis naucrates Sharksucker 1 - 1 0-1 - - -

carangidaeCarangoides chrysophrys longnose Trevally 5 5 5 5-5 - - -Carangoides ferdau Blue Trevally 3 - - 0-3 - - -Carangoides fulvoguttatus Turrum 4 - 3 0-4 3 3 3Carangoides gymnostethus Bludger Trevally 3 4 4 3-4 - 3 3Carangoides orthogrammus Thicklip Trevally 3 - - 0-3 - - -Caranx melampygus Bluefin Trevally 3 - - 0-3 - - -Caranx papuensis Brassy Trevally 4 - 2 0-4 - - -Caranx sexfasciatus Bigeye Trevally 3 - - 0-3 - - -Decapterus russelli Indian Scad 3 2 3 2-3 - - -Gnathanodon speciosus golden Trevally 1 4 2 1-4 1 - 1Seriola dumerili Amberjack 4 4 3 3-4 - - -Seriola lalandi Yellowtail Kingfish 4 3 3 3-4 - - -Trachurus novaezelandiae yellowtail Scad 3 - - 0-3 - - -Trachinotus coppingeri Swallowtail Dart - - 3 0-3 - - -

LutjanidaeCaesio caerulaurea goldband fusilier 3 4 4 3-4 - - -Dipterygonotus balteatus Mottled fusilier - 1 - 0-1 - - -Lutjanus adetii Hussar 3 3 3 3-3 - - -Lutjanus argentimaculatus Mangrove Jack 3 2 3 2-3 3 3 3Lutjanus bohar Red Bass - - 1 0-1 - 2 2Lutjanus carponotatus Stripey Snapper 2 - - 0-2 2 2 2Lutjanus fulviflamma Blackspot Snapper 2 1 - 0-2 - - -



95

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Lutjanus monostigma Onespot Snapper - - - - 1 - 1Lutjanus quinquelineatus fiveline Snapper 2 3 3 2-3 - - -Lutjanus russelli Moses’ Snapper 3 4 4 3-4 3 3 3Lutjanus sebae Red Emperor 4 4 2 2-4 - - -Lutjanus vitta Brownstripe Snapper 2 2 3 2-3 - - -Paracaesio xanthura false fusilier - - 2 0-2 - - -Pterocaesio chrysozona yellowband fusilier 5 3 4 3-5 1 - 1Pterocaesio digramma Doubleline fusilier 6 6 6 6-6 5 5 5

HaemulidaeDiagramma pictum labiosum Painted Sweetlips 4 3 3 3-4 - 2 2Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus goldspotted Sweetlips 2 - 1 0-2 2 2 2Plectorhinchus gibbosus Brown Sweetlips 2 - - 0-2 - 3 3Plectorhinchus lessoni Striped Sweetlips 1 - - 0-1 - - -Plectorhinchus picus Dotted Sweetlips - - - - 1 - 1

SparidaeAcanthopagrus australis Yellowfin Bream - 1 3 0-3 - 1 1Pagrus auratus Snapper 3 3 4 3-4 - - -Rhabdosargus sarba Tarwhine 3 3 4 3-4 2 - 2

LethrinidaeLethrinus genivittatus Threadfin Emperor 2 2 - 0-2 - - -Lethrinus laticaudis grass Emperor 3 4 4 3-4 1 3 3Lethrinus miniatus Redthroat Emperor 3 1 - 0-3 2 2 2Lethrinus nebulosus Spangled Emperor 2 3 4 2-4 2 - 2

NemipteridaePentapodus aureofasciatus Yellowstripe Threadfin

Bream- - - - 2 2 2

Pentapodus paradiseus Paradise Threadfin Bream

3 3 - 0-3 2 3 3

Scolopsis bilineatus Two-line Monocle Bream - - - - 3 2 3Scolopsis monogramma Rainbow Monocle Bream 2 - 2 0-2 2 3 3

mullidae Parupeneus multifasciatus Banded Goatfish - - - - 2 2 2Parupeneus spilurus Blacksaddle Goatfish 5 5 4 4-5 3 3 3Upeneus tragula Bartail Goatfish - - - - - 1 1

PempherididaePempheris affinis Blacktip Bullseye - 3 4 0-4 5 4 5

96


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Pempheris schwenkii Silver Bullseye - - 3 0-3 - - -Pempheris ypsilychnus ypsilon Bullseye - - - - 5 4 5Parapriacanthus ransonneti golden Bullseye - - 4 0-4 3 - 3

monodactylidaeMonodactylus argenteus Diamondfish - - - - - 5 5Schuetta scalaripinnis Eastern Pomfret 3 - - 0-3 - - -

chaetodontidaeChaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish 2 2 - 0-2 2 - 2Chaetodon citrinellus Speckled Butterflyfish 3 2 - 0-3 - - -Chaetodon flavirostris Dusky Butterflyfish - - 2 0-2 2 2 2Chaetodon guentheri Guenther’s Butterflyfish 2 3 3 2-3 2 2 2Chaetodon kleini Klein’s Butterflyfish 3 3 3 3-3 3 3 3Chaetodon lunulatus Pinstripe Butterflyfish - - - - - 1 1Chaetodon plebeius Bluespot Butterflyfish - - - - - 3 3Chaetodon rainfordi Rainford’s Butterflyfish - - - - 5 3 5Chaetodon trifascialis Chevron Butterflyfish - - - - 3 3 3Chaetodon unimaculatus Teardrop Butterflyfish - - - - 2 - 2Chaetodon vagabundus Vagabond Butterflyfish 2 - - 0-2 - - -Chelmon rostratus Beaked Coralfish 1 - 1 0-1 2 3 3Chelmonops truncatus Eastern Talma 3 2 1 1-3 - 1 1Coradion altivelis Highfin Coralfish - 1 1 0-1 2 2 2Heniochus acuminatus Longfin Bannerfish 5 4 4 4-5 3 3 3Heniochus chrysostomus Pennant Bannerfish - - - - - 1 1Heniochus monoceros Masked Bannerfish - - - - 1 - 1Heniochus varius Horned Bannerfish - - - - - 1 1

PomacanthidaeCentropyge bicolor Bicolor Angelfish - - - - 2 2 2Centropyge tibicen Keyhole Angelfish - - - - 4 2 4Centropyge vroliki Pearlscale Angelfish - - - - 2 - 2Chaetodontoplus meredithi Qld Yellowtail Angelfish 1 2 3 1-3 2 3 3

EnoplosidaeEnoplosus armatus Old Wife - - 1 0-1 - - -

kyphosidaeAtypichthys strigatus Mado 3 - - 0-3 - - -Microcanthus strigatus Stripey 3 3 3 3-3 2 2 2Scorpis lineolata Silver Sweep 3 3 4 3-4 2 - 2



97

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cirrhitidaeCirrhitichthys aprinus Blotched Hawkfish 3 3 3 3-3 - - -Cyprinocirrhites polyactis Lyretail Hawkfish 2 2 2 2-2 - - -

cheilodactylidaeCheilodactylus vestitus crested Morwong 4 3 4 3-4 3 3 3

LabridaeAnampses caeruleopunctatus Diamond Wrasse - - - - 2 2 2Anampses geographicus Scribbled Wrasse - - - - - 2 2Anampses neoguinaicus Blackback Wrasse - - - - 3 3 3Austrolabrus maculatus Blackspotted Wrasse 2 1 - 0-2 - - -Bodianus axillaris Coral Pigfish - 1 2 0-2 2 3 3Bodianus dictynna False Diana’s Pigfish - - - - 1 - 1Bodianus frenchii Foxfish - - 1 0-1 - - -Cheilinus chlorourus floral Maori Wrasse - - - - 1 - 1Choerodon cephalotes Purple Tuskfish 1 1 - 0-1 - - -Choerodon fasciatus Harlequin Tuskfisk - - - - 3 3 3Choerodon graphicus Graphic Tuskfish - - - - 2 2 2Choerodon schoenleinii Blackspot Tuskfish - - 1 0-1 - - -Choerodon venustus Venus Tuskfish 2 - - 0-2 2 2 2Cirrhilabrus punctatus finespot Wrasse 3 3 2 2-3 3 4 4Coris aurilineata goldlined Wrasse - - - - 2 3 3Coris batuensis Variegated Wrasse - - - - 3 3 3Coris pictoides Pixy Wrasse - - 1 0-1 - 1 1Gomphosus varius Birdnose Wrasse - - - - 3 3 3Halichoeres hortulanus chequerboard Wrasse - - - - 2 2 2Halichoeres margaritaceus Pearly Wrasse - - - - 3 3 3Halichoeres marginatus Dusky Wrasse - - - - 1 - 1Halichoeres melanurus Hoeven’s Wrasse - - - - - 1 1Halichoeres nebulosus cloud Wrasse - - 1 0-1 2 - 2Hemigymnus fasciatus fiveband Wrasse - - - - 2 2 2Labroides dimidiatus Common Cleanerfish 4 4 4 4-4 3 3 3Labropsis australis Southern Tubelip - - - - 2 2 2Leptojulis cyanopleura Shoulderspot Wrasse - - 3 0-3 - 3 3Macropharyngodon choati choat’s Wrasse - - - - 2 3 3Macropharyngodon meleagris leopard Wrasse - - - - 2 2 2Macropharyngodon negrosensis Black leopard Wrasse - - - - 2 2 2Oxycheilinus bimaculatus little Maori Wrasse - - - - - 1 1Oxycheilinus diagrammus Violetline Maori Wrasse - - - - 1 - 1Pseudocheilinus hexataenia Sixline Wrasse - - - - 2 - 2Pseudolabrus guentheri gunther’s Wrasse 4 4 4 4-4 4 4 4

98


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Pteragogus enneacanthus cockerel Wrasse 2 1 - 0-2 - - -Pteragogus flagellifer cocktail Wrasse - - 2 0-2 - - -Stethojulis bandanensis Redspot Wrasse 3 1 - 0-3 - 2 2Stethojulis interrupta Brokenline Wrasse - - - - 2 3 3Suezichthys gracilis Slender Rainbow Wrasse - - 4 0-4 3 3 3Thalassoma amblycephalum Bluehead Wrasse 3 3 1 1-3 - - -Thalassoma lunare Moon Wrasse 4 3 4 3-4 4 4 4Thalassoma lutescens green Moon Wrasse 3 2 3 2-3 4 4 4Thalassoma nigrofasciatum Jansen’s Wrasse 1 1 3 1-3 3 2 3

ScaridaeScarus ghobban Bluebarred Parrotfish 3 - 3 0-3 - - -Scarus sp. Parrotfish (unident.juv.) - - 2 0-2 3 3 3

PomacentridaeAbudefduf bengalensis Bengal Sergeant 1 1 4 1-4 4 3 4Abudefduf sexfasciatus Scissortail Sergeant 4 3 - 1-4 - - -Abudefduf vaigiensis Indo-Pacific Sergeant - 4 - 0-4 1 - 1Abudefduf whitleyi Whitley’s Sergeant - 2 - 0-2 - - -Amblyglyphidodon curacao Staghorn Damsel - - - - 4 3 4Amphiprion akindynos Barrier Reef Anemonefish - - 2 0-2 2 - 2Amphiprion latezonatus Wideband Anemonefish - - 2 0-2 - 2 2Chromis atripectoralis Blackaxil Puller - - - - 4 2 4Chromis margaritifer Whitetail Puller - - - - 1 - 1Chromis nitida yellowback Puller 6 5 5 5-6 6 6 6Chromis weberi Weber’s Puller - - - - 3 4 4Chrysiptera flavipinnis Yellowfin Demoiselle 3 2 3 2-3 4 4 4Chrysiptera rollandi Bluehead Demoiselle - - - - 1 - 1Chrysiptera talboti Talbot’s Demoiselle - - - - 1 - 1Dascyllus reticulatus Headband Humbug - - - - 5 2 5Dascyllus trimaculatus Threespot Humbug 2 3 3 2-3 - - -Neoglyphidodon melas Black Damsel - - - - 2 - 2Neoglyphidodon nigroris Scarface Damsel - - - - 2 1 1Neopomacentrus azysron yellowtail Demoiselle - - - - 3 3 3Neopomacentrus bankieri chinese Demoiselle 6 4 5 4-6 4 4 4Neopomacentrus cyanomos Regal Demoiselle 3 3 3 3-3 3 - 3Parma oligolepis Bigscale Scalyfin 4 4 3 3-4 4 4 4Parma unifasciata Girdled Scalyfin 3 3 3 3-3 2 - 2Plectroglyphidodon dickii Dick’s Damsel - - - - 2 - 2Plectroglyphidodon leucozona Whiteband Damsel - - 3 0-3 4 - 4Pomacentrus amboinensis Ambon Damsel - - - - 4 4 4Pomacentrus australis Australian Damsel 5 4 4 4-5 4 5 5



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Pomacentrus bankanensis Speckled Damsel - - - - 4 3 4Pomacentrus brachialis charcoal Damsel - - - - 2 3 3Pomacentrus coelestis Neon Damsel 3 4 3 3-4 4 3 4Pomacentrus lepidogenys Scaly Damsel - - - - 4 4 4Pomacentrus moluccensis lemon Damsel - - - - 4 4 4Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Blue-scribbled Damsel 3 2 2 2-3 4 5 5Pomacentrus wardi Ward’s Damsel - - - - 5 5 5Pristotis obtusirostris gulf Damsel 4 4 - 0-4 3 - 3Stegastes apicalis yellowtip gregory - - - - 3 3 3Stegastes fasciolatus Pacific Gregory - - - - 2 - 2Stegastes gascoynei coral Sea gregory - - 2 0-2 3 3 3

PinguipedidaeParapercis nebulosa Pinkbanded Grubfish - 1 2 0-2 - - -Parapercis stricticeps Whitestreak Grubfish - - 1 0-1 2 2 2

TripterygiidaeEnneapterygius sp. Unidentified Triplefin - - - - - 1 1Norfolkia squamiceps Scalyhead Threefin - - 2 0-2 - - -

BlennidaeAspidontus dussumieri lance Blenny 3 3 2 2-3 1 1 1Cirripectes sp. Unidentified Blenny - - - - 2 - 2Crossosalarias macrospilos Triplespot Blenny - - - - 1 - 1Ecsenius bicolor Bicolor combtooth

Blenny2 - 2 0-2 2 - 2

Laiphognathus multimaculatus Manyspot Blenny 1 - - 0-1 - - -Meiacanthus lineatus lined fangblenny 2 - - 0-2 - - -Parablennius intermedius Horned Blenny 3 2 2 2-3 - - -Petroscirtes fallax yellow Sabretooth Blenny - - - - 2 2 2Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos Bluestriped fangblenny 3 - 2 0-3 3 3 3Plagiotremus tapeinosoma Piano fangblenny 3 3 3 3-3 3 3 3

gobiidaeAmblyeleotris wheeleri Burgundy Shrimpgoby - - - - - 2 2Eviota albolineata Whitelined Eviota - - 1 0-1 1 - 1Eviota prasites Hairfin Eviota - - 2 0-2 - - -Fusigobius neophytus Neophyte Sandgoby - - 1 0-1 - - -Istigobius decoratus Decorated Sandgoby - - - - 1 2 2Istigobius nigroocellatus Blackspotted Sandgoby - - 2 0-2 2 2 2Istigobius rigilis Orangespotted Sandgoby - - 2 0-2 - - -Valenciennea immaculata Immaculate glidergoby - - 3 0-3 3 2 3

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Valenciennea strigata Blueband glidergoby - - - - 2 - 2

EphippidaePlatax teira Roundface Batfish 4 3 4 3-4 - - -

SiganidaeSiganus fuscescens Black Rabbitfish 6 5 5 5-6 4 5 5

ZanclidaeZanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 2 - 2 0-2 2 2 2 acanthuridaeAcanthurus dussumieri Pencil Surgeonfish 3 3 2 2-3 2 4 4Acanthurus grammoptilus Inshore Surgeonfish - 3 1 0-3 - - -Acanthurus mata Pale Surgeonfish 4 3 4 3-4 2 2 2Acanthurus nigricans Velvet Surgeonfish - - - - 1 - 1Acanthurus nigrofuscus Dusky Surgeonfish 2 1 - 0-2 3 2 3Acanthurus xanthopterus Yellowmask Surgeonfish 4 - - 0-4 - - -Naso annulatus Ringtail Unicornfish 3 2 2 2-3 2 2 2Naso unicornis Bluespine Unicornfish - - - - 2 2 2Prionurus maculatus Spotted Sawtail - 3 2 0-3 - - -Prionurus microlepidotus Australian Sawtail 4 4 4 4-4 3 4 4Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang - - - - - 2 2

SphyraenidaeSphyraena obtusata Striped Barracuda 4 - - 0-4 - - -

BalistidaeAbalistes stellatus Starry Triggerfish - 1 - 0-1 - - -Rhinecanthus rectangulus Wedgetail Triggerfish 2 1 - 0-2 - - -Sufflamen bursa Pallid Triggerfish - - 1 0-1 - - -Sufflamen chrysopterum Eye-stripe Triggerfish 2 3 2 2-3 2 3 3Sufflamen fraenatus Bridled Triggerfish 3 3 3 3-3 2 2 2

monacanthidaeAluterus monoceros Unicorn leatherjacket 4 3 - 0-4 - - -Aluterus scriptus Scrawled leatherjacket 2 - - 0-2 - - -Cantherhines pardalis H o n e y c o m b

leatherjacket- - 2 0-2 2 2 2

Cantheschenia grandisquamis largescale leatherjacket - 2 - 0-2 2 2 2Meuschenia trachylepis Yellowfin Leatherjacket 1 1 1 1-1 - - -Monacanthus chinensis fanbelly leatherjacket 2 - - 0-2 - - -



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Oxymonacanthus longirostris Harlequin Filefish - - - - 2 - 2Paramonacanthus otisensis Dusky leatherjacket 3 - - 0-3 - - -

OstraciidaeOstracion cubicus Yellow Boxfish - 1 1 0-1 1 1 1

TetraodontidaeArothron hispidus Stars and Stripes Puffer 2 1 1 1-2 2 2 2Arothron stellatus Starry Puffer 2 1 1 1-2 - - -Canthigaster valentini Blacksaddle Toby 2 1 2 1-2 2 1 2Feroxodon multistriatus ferocious Puffer 1 - - 0-1 - - -

Diodontidae Dicotylichthys punctulatus Threebar Porcupinefish - 2 1 0-2 - - -Diodon hystrix Spotted Porcupinefish 2 - 1 0-2 - 2 2

cumulative Total Species recorded

133 111 139 192 165 141 193

Sampling Effort (# of dives) 12 12 12 8 8 16

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Table 5. Species density % coverage

factor df MS f/Sig. MS f/Sig.Depth 1 105.63 26.71*** 16.40 0.05Exposure 1 2.03 0.51 12010.60 39.84***Depth x Exposure 1 2.50 0.63 133.70 0.44Error 231 3.96 301.50(Significance level: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)

Table 6. Porifera Bryozoa Bivalvia Balanus sp. 1

df MS f/Sig MS f/Sig MS f/Sig MS f/SigDepth 1 1595.93 26.44*** 3123.81 13.40*** 36.32 1.59 11.19 0.50Orientation 1 5121.89 84.86*** 12211.95 52.40*** 24.60 1.08 664.66 29.41***Depth x Orientation

1 1499.58 24.85*** 736.29 3.16 0.01 0.00 39.02 1.73

Error 231 60.36 233.03 22.83 22.60(Significance level: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)

Table 7. Species density % coverage

factor df MS f/Sig. MS f/Sig.Depth 1 12.08 3.76 465.70 1.59Orientation 1 502.29 156.47*** 39346.60 133.92***Depth x Orientation 1 66.10 20.59*** 289.10 0.98Error 231 3.21 293.80(Significance level: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)

Table 8. Porifera Bryozoa Bivalve Balanus sp. 1

df MS f/Sig. MS f/Sig MS f/Sig MS f/SigDepth 1 1.82 69.47*** 1.27 24.84*** 0.03 2.97 0.00 0.00location 1 0.06 2.13 1.97 38.66*** 0.03 3.44 0.39 36.01***Depth x location

1 0.02 0.69 0.00 0.04 0.04 3.56 0.14 13.32***

Error 156 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.01All data were arcsine transformed to correct for heterogeneous variance following cochran’s test. (Significance level: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)

Table 9. Natural Artificial

A) Vertical Surfaces 2008 2008Reef yearArtificial 2006 0.84*** 0.82***Artificial 2008 0.52***

B) Horizontal Surfaces Artificial 2006 0.65*** 0.37***Artificial 2008 0.37***

(Significance level: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)

Table 5: ANOVA results for the difference in species density (species per 625 cm2) and % coverage of epifaunal a s s e m b l a g e s between depth (12 & 18 m) and exposure (starboard & port) on the wreck.

Table 6: ANOVA results for the difference in % coverage of taxonomic groups between depth (12 & 18 m) and exposure (starboard & port) on the wreck.

Table 7: ANOVA results for the difference in species density (species per 625 cm2) and % coverage of epifaunal a s s e m b l a g e s between depth (12 & 18 m) and surface orientation (horizontal & vertical) on the wreck.

Table 8: ANOVA results for the difference in % coverage of taxonomic groups between depth (12 & 18 m) and exposure (starboard & port) on the wreck.

Table 9: R-values for pairwise comparisons of the difference in assemblage composition on a) vertical and b) horizontal surfaces of the wreck in 2006 and 2008 with assemblages found in similar orientation on natural reefs.



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Appendix 1. Sessile invertebrate assemblages on the wreck at a) vertical surfaces at 12 metres in 2006; b) vertical surfaces at 12 metres in 2009; c) vertical surfaces at 18 metres in 2006; d) vertical surfaces at 18 metres in 2009; e) vertical surfaces at 25 metres in 2006; f) vertical surfaces at 25 metres in 2009.

2006 2008A) B)

c) D)

E) f)

12 m 12 m

18 m 18 m

25 m 25 m

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