G ENETICS !. G REGORY M ENDEL Born 1822; Died 1884 Monk and a teacher Work not recognized until 1900...
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Transcript of G ENETICS !. G REGORY M ENDEL Born 1822; Died 1884 Monk and a teacher Work not recognized until 1900...
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GENETICS!
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GREGORY MENDEL
Born 1822; Died 1884 Monk and a teacher Work not recognized
until 1900 Studied heredity by
studying pea plants What is heredity?
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MENDEL’S PEA PLANTS Observed seven
characteristics of pea plants with two different traits
Controlled how each plant was pollinated Self-pollination or
cross-pollination What’s the
difference?
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MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS
Grew true-breeding plants What does it mean to be true breeding?
Starting strain called parent generation or P generation
Cross-pollinated P generation to produce offspring called the first filial generation or F1 generation
F1 generation self-pollinated and produce the second filial generation or F2 generation
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xP generation
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xP generation
F1
generation
All of the F1 showed one color
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x
F2 produced plants about ¾ one trait and ¼ the other trait
P generation
F1
generation
F2
generation
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RESULTS Factor was controlling the traits since there were two
traits there were two factors Alleles: represent the factors - dominant CAPITAL
LETTERS; recessive lower case letters; They are alternate forms of genes.
Dominant trait: Able to repress the other trait Recessive trait: repressed by the dominant Homozygous: same alleles; RR or rr – also called
purebred or true breeding Heterozygous: one of each allele forming a hybrid Rr Genotype: allele pairs/actual DNA: RR, Rr, or rr Phenotype: physical appearance; red, yellow, green,
tall, short, etc. *You only see the recessive phenotype when there are two of the recessive alleles. Whenever you see the dominant phenotype, you cannot tell the genotype.*
Lead to the modern study of molecular genetics, the study of chromosomes and genes.
Y
y
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LAWS OF GENETICS Law of Segregation: a
pair of factors is segregated or separated during the formation of gametes (i.e. the homologous chromosomes are separated during anaphase I of meiosis I into different gametes.)
Law of Independent Assortment: factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently – factor for different traits do not follow each other into the same gamete
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PROBABILITY
Probability that a specific event will occur; expressed as a decimal, fraction, or percent
Probability = Number of times an event happened
Number of possible opportunities The predicted results are more likely to occur the
more trials that are performed
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MONOHYBRID CROSSES
Monohybrid cross: between individuals with one pair of contrasting traits ( mono = one)
Punnett squares are used to help predict the probability of a trait
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HOMOZYGOUS X HOMOZYGOUS
Crossing two plants homozygous for color (P)
One dominant one recessive
PP x pp Genotype
4 Pp Phenotype
4 purple
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HOMOZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS
Crossing a homozygous dominant with a heterozygous plant for color (P)
PP x Pp Genotype
2 PP 2 Pp
Phenotype 4 purple
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HOMOZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS
Crossing a heterozygous plant with a homozygous recessive for color (P)
Pp x pp Genotype
2 Pp 2 pp
Phenotype 2 purple 2 white
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HETEROZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS
Both heterozygous for color (P)
Pp x Pp Genotype
1 PP 2 Pp 1 pp
Phenotype 3 purple 1 white
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TESTCROSS
Used to determine the genotype of a individual with an unknown genotype
Must use an organism of an known genotype hence use a homozygous recessive