G B ? < N B A B D M I E : A F Uachirkov/fileman/download/Физика...G B ? < N B A B D M I E : A...
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Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɇɗ. Ȼɚɭɦɚɧɚ Ⱥɘ. ɑɢɪɤɨɜ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɎɂɁɂɄɍ ɉɅȺɁɆɕ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɇɇɕɃ ɄɈɇɋɉȿɄɌ ɅȿɄɐɂɃ ɉɈ ɎɂɁɂɄȿ ɉɅȺɁɆɕ) Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2011 Ʉɨɧɫɩɟɤɬ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ 2 ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ……………………………………………………………………… 3 1. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɉɈɇəɌɂə ɂ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌȺɊɇɕȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɉɅȺɁɆɕ ... 5 1.1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɜɚɡɢɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ………...5 1.2. Ⱦɟɛɚɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ. Ⱦɟɛɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ………………… 6 1.3. ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɧɝɦɸɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ……………………………………7 1.5. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ………………………………………………………10 Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ …………………………………………………………………………….11 2. Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂȿ ɁȺɊəɀȿɇɇɕɏ ɑȺɋɌɂɐ ȼ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɂ ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕɏ ɉɈɅəɏ …………………………………………………………12 2.1. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ………………………………..12 2.2. ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ……………………………….12 2.3. Ⱦɪɟɣɮ ɜ ɫɤɪɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɹɯ ɢ ɞɪɟɣɮ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ …………………………………………………………………14 2.4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɣ ……………16 2.5. Ⱦɪɟɣɮ ɜ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ …………………………………..18 2.6. ɂɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɪɟɣɮ ………………………………………………………...21 2.7.Ⱥɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ P – ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ……………………….22 Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ……………………………………………………………………………..23 3.ɆȺȽɇɌɈȽɂȾɊɈȾɂɇȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂȿ ɉɅȺɁɆɕ …………….25 3.1. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ …………………………………….25 3.2. Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɛɟɬɚ …………………...26 3.3. Ⱦɢɚɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɞɪɟɣɮ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ………………………………………………28 3.4 Ⱥɦɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ …………………………………………………..29 3.5. ȼɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ………………………….31 Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ……………………………………………………………………………..32 4. ɄɂɇȿɌɂɄȺ ɉɅȺɁɆɕ ……………………………………………………….33 4.1. Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ Ȼɨɥɶɰɦɚɧɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɚ±Ȼɨɥɶɰɦɚɧɚ ………………………………33 4.2. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ Ȼɨɥɶɰɦɚɧɚ …………………………………………………………35 4.3. Ʉɭɥɨɧɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ. Ʉɭɥɨɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ Ɏɨɤɤɟɪɚ±ɉɥɚɧɤɚ ……………………….. 36 4.4. Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ȼɥɚɫɨɜɚ …………………………………………. 41 Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ……………………………………………………………………………..42 5. ȼɈɅɇɕ ȼ ɉɅȺɁɆȿ …………………………………………………………..43 5.1. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɨɥɧ ɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ………………………………….43 5.2. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ. Ɂɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɟ Ʌɚɧɞɚɭ ……………………...45 5.3. Ɂɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ...50 5.4. Ⱥɥɶɮɜɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ……………………………………………………….52 5.5. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ……………………………………………………54 5.6. ɇɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɟɦ ………………………………………………………………55 ɐɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ……………………………………………………….59 ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɚ ………………………..60
Transcript of G B ? < N B A B D M I E : A F Uachirkov/fileman/download/Физика...G B ? < N B A B D M I E : A...
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2011
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……………………………………………………………………… 31. ... 51.1. . . ………...51.2. . ………………… 61.3. ……………………………………71.5. ………………………………………………………10
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…………………………………………………………122.1. . ………………………………..122.2. ……………………………….122.3.
, …………………………………………………………………14
2.4. ……………162.5. …………………………………..182.6. ………………………………………………………...212.7. – ……………………….22
……………………………………………………………………………..233. …………….253.1. …………………………………….253.2. . …………………...263.3. ………………………………………………283.4 …………………………………………………..293.5. ………………………….31
……………………………………………………………………………..324. ……………………………………………………….334.1. . .
………………………………334.2. …………………………………………………………354.3. .
. ……………………….. 364.4. …………………………………………. 41
……………………………………………………………………………..425. …………………………………………………………..435.1. ………………………………….435.2. . ……………………...455.3. ...505.4. ……………………………………………………….525.5. ……………………………………………………545.6.
………………………………………………………………55 ……………………………………………………….59
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0
Bp . (3.15)
(3.13), B0. - ( )
10
* BB . (3.16)
, -, ,
.
3.3.
. (3.1), ,
Vj nq ( V – ):
EBV nqpnq . (3.17)
(3.17) B :
BEBBBV nqpnq (3.18)
22 BB VVBBVBBV . (3.19)
(3.19) (3.17),
., 2011 29
22 BBnqp BEBV . (3.20)
(3.20) -
2*Bnq
p BV , (3.21)
– ( .(2.19)).
-
,2**Bpennq ee*iii
BVVj (3.22)
ei ppp – .
n1
n2 > n1
j*
B
p
. 3.2.
( -),
( . 3.2).
. -.
, , .
3.4
..
,
30
. ,
, -. -
E -. ( )
iiiii nDn E , (3.23)
eeeee nDn E , (3.24)
iiii enZ/ iee en/ – , i e – , Di De – -
.
eiB
eieiei Tk
qD
,
,,, . (3.25)
( iie nZn ) -iie Z . ,
(3.23) (3.24),
iai nD , (3.26)
eae nD , (3.27)
11
11
ei
eeiia
DDD (3.28)
– ( -). (3.25),
, ie , ie TT ia DD 2 .
., 2011 31
3.5.
, (3.4) –(3.6) :
)( BvEj . (3.29)
(3.4), (3.4) – (3.6)
)(0 BvEB , (3.30)
BvBE0
1 , (3.31)
)()(1
0BvBEB
t, (3.32)
BBBB 22)()( . (3.33)
(3.33) , 0B . (3.33) (3.32),
)(1 2
0BvBB
t, (3.34)
, – .
0
1MD . (3.35)
-.
:
02
2L
DL
M. (3.36)
32
-:
,1
0
MD (3.37)
– . ( )
. , » , . .
3.1. Ti = Te = 10, B = 5 , = 0,1.
.3.2. ,
B , :
)/exp( 20
20 rrnnn ei .
,
)/exp(0 eBei Tkennn .
-,
.3.3. 3.2
. B = 5 , n0 = 1019 –3,Ti = Te = 100 , r = r0 = 10 .
3.4. (3.25) , -,
. -
( 0 ),Tk
qnnB
exp0 .
E .
., 2011 33
4.
4.1. . .
),,( tf rv.
– . ,
, , :
vrv 3),,( dtfn ; (4.1)
vrvvv 3),,( dtfn ; (4.2)
vrvv23),,(
2dtfmn ; (4.3)
vrvvvvvQ2
3),,(2
dtfmnn . (4.4)
( -) .
, . ,
- ( )
)(1 fStfm
ftf
vFv , (4.5)
m – ; v – .
St(f) – ,
.-
34
*'*dduufffffStB vv 33* )()*''()( , (4.6)
),,( tff rv , ),,'(' tff rv , ),*,(* tff rv , ),,*'(*' tff rv ; (u) – -; *vvu –
. * , . -, ,
. (4.6) ( – + )
. , = 0 = .
(4.6) :
'*'* pppp , (4.7)
*''* . (4.8)
, -
). (4.6) *ff . , -
, *'' ff . , , .
, -, , , St(f) = 0.
(4.6) ,
*)ln()ln()*'ln(*)ln( ffff , (4.9)
(4.9) (4.7), (4.8), -,
constmbf2
)ln(2
21vpb , (4.10)
b1 b2 – . , Cu, (4.10)
2)(exp)(
2
2uvv mbCf . (4.11)
., 2011 35
(4.1) – (4.3),
TkB23 (4.12)
C, u b2. , vu – -.
Tkm
Tkmnf
BB 2)(exp
2)(
22/3uvv . (4.13)
, ,
.St(f) = 0, .
. , , .
, , St(f) = 0, –
.
4.2.
. , x. -
:
01 fm
f p vv , (4.14)
p = p(x) – .
TkmxXf
B2exp)(
2v . (4.15)
, , (4.14)
36
0Tk
XXB
pvv , (4.16)
X.
Tkm
constxfB
p2/exp),(
2vv . (4.17)
(4.1)
Tknxn
B
pexp)( 0 , (4.18)
n0 – , p = 0.)(xep , ,
Tkxenxn
B
)(exp)( 0 . (4.19)
, , , -
. 3.4.
4.3. ..
- ( , 1964). , , -
,. ,
, , -, . , ,
, (4.7) (4.8).
( ) -
., 2011 37
min
sin2),(* duundtd pp , (4.20)
min
sin2),(* duundtd , (4.21)
n* – ; u – -; p –
; ),(u – ; – .. 4.1.
, - ( min ), , (4.20) (4.21)
b, ,rD. 0min (4.20) (4.21) -
, min
Drbmax .
( . 4.2):
up M , (4.22)
uVM , (4.23)
**
mmmmM – ,
***
mmmmV vv –
, sinsin' uuu , )cos1(cos'|| uuuu .
b
v
v*
. 4.1. -
u' u
u||
u
u. 4.2. -
38
),(u
2/sin4 4
2bR , (4.24)
20
2
4*MueZZb – ,
/2. (4.21):
min|| sin2* duMVun
dtd
R
dbuVMn sin2sin4
)cos1(*min 2
4
2
2sin
cos*4
min 2
222 dVMbun
1min222
sinln*4 VMbun , (4.25)
br
bb Dlnln
2sinln max
1min (4.26)
– . - (4.20).
b(4.26) . -
., -
– , -.
. , Ti Te -
., 2011 39
2118 1010n –3
2010 .-
, :
dtd , (4.27)
||||||
p
pdt
dp, (4.28)
pp
dtdp , (4.29)
-,
pp|| .:
2/3
422
2023
mTk
mTk
neZZ
mm BB , (4.30)
( = ) (4.30) -2 . ,
4
2/32026
enTkm
eee
eBeee , (4.31)
, ie nn eiiiee :
e
i
e
i
e
ieiiiee m
mTT
mm
21::1::
2/3
.
40
, eiiiee . , --
( ei TT ).,
( )
0fffSt , (4.32)
f0 – ( , ) ;– , . -
, f0. ,
(4.32) ., -
. - ( v ) ( -
):
||
2vvvD , (4.33)
2
D (4.34)
||v
vA . (4.35)
|| -, || -
( ) ( ).
.
. -v :
., 2011 41
fDfAfDfStFP sinsin11)( 2
22 vv
vvv
vvv . (4.36)
(4.36) . , , (4.36),
, , , -f . ,
., , -
, . , –
, – .
–.
4.4.
( , 1938) -,
, -. -
:
0)( fmqf
tf
vBvEv , (4.37)
E B – , -, , -
.,
St(f) = 0. -.
, , (
). -.
( , 1946). , .
42
4.1. , = (0, , 0), .
. , -
TkupW
fB
yexp~ ,
22vmW ; eAmp yy v . u. ,
0e
e
i
iTu
Tu
.
TTT ei uuu ei , ,
TkeuAnzxn
Bexp, 0 .
4.2. () Ti = Te = 15 , ni = ne = 1020 –3.
4.3. , - ( ), .
. -Bmin = 3 , – Bmax = 9 . -
T = 15 , = 0,4. -?
,
20105n –3 ( ei nnn – ; – )?
., 2011 43
5.
5.1.
, -. -
( , , -, , -
.) . , , ( -
)
)exp()exp( 11~ zikyikxiktiiti zyxrk , (5.1.1)
1 – ; i – ; – ; k – ;kx, ky, kz – ; x, y z – -
; t – . (5.1.1) .
kph /v , -k. (k)
kg /v . .
, -.
(5.1.1) ,
. ,
(5.1.1) ~~
it
,
it
. , -
ik, - – -
ik, . , ki . -, ~ E~ -
~~ ki , ~~ EkE i , ~~ EkE i .,
/2k , – .
, .
44
iR , R = Re( ) – , = Im( ) – -. (5.1.1)
)exp()exp(1~ rkitit R . (5.1.2)
1 , (5.1.2) ,
)exp( t . 0 ( ), 0.
( 0 ) , , -.
. -, k -
. -, -
.,
rD ( krD << 1), --
.
~~iie nZn , (5.1.3)
~en – , ~
in – -, iZ – , .
( ), -, -
, -
Tkqnnn
B
~~ exp , n, q
T – , -, kB – .
, Tkq B~
Tkq
Tkq
BB
~~1exp .
Tkq
nn
B
~~. (5.1.4)
., 2011 59
-.
, , , . -
, - – . -
( . -: , , 1976). -
, -.
. // .1938. . 8, 3. .291; : . . .:
, 1950.. // . 1946. . 16.
. 574.. -
// . 1964. . 4. . 81-187.., . -
// . 1976. . 118, .2. . 273–306.
Scott B. Low frequency fluid drift turbulence in magnetised plasma. Dus-seldorf: Heinrich–Heine–Universitat, 2000. – 354 p.
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., ., . ..: , 1977.
. . .: , 1996.
., . : . . .:1996.
. . .: . . -, 1997.
., . . .: , 1975.. ., . .
. .: , 1999.. . .: , 1992.
. . : , 1996.., . -
. .: .- . . , 2009.. : . . .: , 1987.
. . .: .- . ., 2006.
