Definition of Terms

Distance Measurement - In plane surveying, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance. If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points.

Equipment

Markers- Steel chaining pins are used to mark the end of the tape during the chaining process between two points which are more than a tape length apart. These pins are used only as temporary points. The pins are usually 10 to 14 in. long and a full set consists of 11 pins. Pins are more of a convenience and not a required item of equipment. Road nails or P-K nails are other types of markers used on hard surfaces. These nails may be marked with keel, pencil, or even spray paint. A short piece of adhesive tape may also be stuck to the pavement or hard, smooth surface, and a point marked on the tape with a pencil or ball point pen. More commonly, a wooden stake or hub, usually 2 in. x 2 in. x 18 or 24 in. in length, is driven into the ground to mark the more permanent points along a surveyed line.

Range Poles- Range poles are wooden, metal, or fiberglass poles usually 8 ft in length. These poles are used as temporary markers to indicate the location of a point or the direction of a line which is required to be seen from a relatively long distance. Range poles are painted with alternate bands of one foot red and white sections. The range pole is not used to provide a precise indicator of line, especially in a short distance. They are intended to provide a foresight or backsight which does not require constant attendance

Tape- Tapes are made in a variety of materials, lengths, and weights. Those more commonly used are the heavy steel tape, sometimes called the Engineer’s tape or the highway drag tape, and the metallic tape.

Mean- Average when the context is clear, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the collection

Pacing- The method of measuring distance with the help of pace length is known as pacing. This type of method is used where approximate results are required.

Pace Factor Formula

P.F.= length of coursemeannumber of paces

m / pace

A. SKETCH

A Distance B

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In surveying, finding the distance between two points is understood as to mean the horizontal distance. Often, the distance of it is not uniform or the elevation of the two points is very different. And so equipment and techniques are used to accurately determine the distance. One convenient and useful technique is through pacing. Pacing is a rapid means of approximately checking more precise measurements of distance. The natural pace of each individual normally varies from 2 ½ to 3 ft. A convenient relation between the pace and the foot is 40 paces approximately equal 100 ft. Technicians involved in surveying standardize their pace by walking over known distances on level, sloping, and uneven ground.

First field work was done last 26th of July 2014 in Rizal Park. The activity was split into two parts- to determine individual pace factor and finding the horizontal distance of two points through pacing. The group completed the first task by designating a 50 meter course on a level ground and then each member were tasked to walk naturally from points A to B and vice versa in five trials. Afterwards, compute your mean, then divide the length of course through your mean for you to get your pace factor. The objective of the second part was to determine the horizontal distance of two points by the use of pacing. Each member walked concurrently again in five trials within the two points. Afterwards, the group gathers the data then computed its mean and pace factor.

OBSERVATION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Fieldwork Number 1: Pacing on Level Ground covers about getting the distance through the use of pacing. Pacing simply involves counting steps or paces while walking naturally along the line to be measured. While providing only a crude measurement of distances, pacing has the significance advantage of requiring no equipment. It is a skill the one surveyor must possess.

Although pacing provides a simple yet useful way to make distance measurement, one might still encounter problems and difficulties that can be your sources of error that may mislead your data, examples of these are: producing a curved line instead of straight path, miscalculations of the footsteps and irregularity in elevation of the location.

Thus, to be able to produce an accurate data, the group recommends: first to make sure that the horizontal line is flawlessly straight and not curvy. Mark each end point with markers because the meter tape is needed to be removed to prevent oneself from using the tape as a basis for the straight course. Individual is recommended to rest for a bit when reached the endpoint so that one will walk naturally and not consciously when he or she tries again. Lastly, acquiring boundless concentration and self-awareness can be a great tool when doing this activity. It can aid you to perfectly calculate your steps, do the work faster and help to prevent the discrepancies in your data.

RELATED STUDY AND LITERATURE

Estimating distances

We often need to estimate distances in forest stewardship. The need to estimate the length of a boundary line, the area of a management unit, or the length of a road segment arises in many situations. A quick and reasonably accurate way of estimating distance is counting the number of paces it takes to walk the distance.

Pacing is useful when exact measurements are not necessary. For example, when trying to locate a marked property corner, start from a known corner. Take a bearing with a compass, and pace off the approximate distance. This should put you close enough to find the missing corner without taking a great deal of time to use a steel tape.

You can also use pacing to estimate the number of acres treated by a contractor. For example, if you are paying for an operator to thin a stand on a per acre basis, you can estimate the number of acres treated by pacing the perimeter.

Setting your pace

Everyone has a different pace. You need to establish your pace before it can become a useful measurement. A pace is usually counted as 2 steps, each time your right or left foot hits the ground. Be consistent here-always use the same foot.

To set your pace:

• Accurately measure a pacing course on level ground. Put stakes at each end. About 200 feet or 3 chains is about right. If you put the course somewhere convenient, you can calibrate your pace often. • Repeatedly pace off the course, counting off the number of paces it takes to complete the distance. • Keep a natural comfortable pace that can be held all day. Don't try to adjust to even standard, but try to count your pace to the course distance.

It is usually easier to adopt the number of paces per distance, say 13 paces per 1 chain (66 feet) or 20 paces per 100 feet, than it is to calculate the number of feet per pace. Check your pacing against known distances whenever possible. Your pace may change between the mornings when you are fresh and the afternoon as you get more tired. On steep terrain, or in dense brush skip a pace now and then rather than trying to maintain your standard pace. That is, On moderate slope count every 10th pace twice. On steeper slopes count every 5th pace twice. Some people carry a counter to keep track of the number of paces, especially over long distances. The counter is clicked at every pace or every 10th pace.

Under very difficult conditions, steep cliffs or deep ravines, estimate the number of paces from the edges of the obstacle until where you can begin pacing again. Remember pacing is an approximation, errors of 50-100' per mile are considered reasonable accuracy for the method. If You need more accuracy, use a steel tape.

Some Useful Conversions

• 1 Pace is about 5' (varies greatly)

• 13 Paces is about 1 Chain (varies greatly)

• 20 Paces is about 100 feet (varies greatly)

• 1 Chain (Engineers or Gunters) = 66 Feet or 4 rods (16.5 feet per rod) or 100 Links (each link

is 7.92 inches)

• 1 Acre = 43,560 square feet or 208.7 feet X 208.7 feet (a square 208.7' on a side) or 10 square

chains

REFERENCES

http://www.in.gov/indot/files/proced1chapter4.pdf

ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/cdrom/fao_training/FAO_Training/General/x6707e/x6707e02.htm

http://www.wnps.org/npsp/king/documents/EstimatingDistancesbyPacing.pdf

http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/surveying/surveying_distance.pdf

http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/

env_health_science_students/Surveying.pdf