FVCC Fire Rescue Nozzles and Fire Streams. OBJECTIVES 2-13.1Identify a fire stream. (3-3.7)...

FVCC Fire RescueFVCC Fire Rescue

Nozzles and Fire Streams

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

2-13.1 Identify a fire stream. (3-3.7)2-13.2 Identify the purposes of a fire

stream. (3-3.7)2-13.3 Identify the advantages of using

water as an extinguishing agent.2-13.4 Identify the disadvantages of

using water as an extinguishing agent.


2-13.5 Identify three major types of fire stream patterns. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)

2-13.6 Identify three sizes of fire streams (3-3.6, 3-3.9)

2-13.7 Identify the design of the three major types of fire stream nozzles and tips (3-3.6, 3-3.9)


2-13.8 Identify the required nozzle pressure of fire streams. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)

2-13.9 Identify the major parts of a fog nozzle (3-3.7)

2-13.10 Identify the water flow through various types of fog nozzles. (4-3.1)

2-13.11 Identify the operations of fire stream nozzles. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)


2-13.12 Identify the nozzle pressure effects and the flow capabilities of fire stream nozzles. (3-3.9)

2-13.13 Identify nozzle reaction (3-3.6, 3-3.9)

2-13.14 Identify water hammer and one method of its prevention. (3-3.9)


2-13.15 Identify three observable results that are obtained when the proper application of a fire stream is accomplished (3-3.9)

2-13.16 Identify the safe procedures in the handling of fire hose and associated equipment. (3-3.9)


2-13.17 Identify methods of preventing damage to a nozzle and associated equipment. (3-3.9)

2-13.18 Identify the types of ground cover fires. (3-3.8)

2-13.19 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires. (3-3.8)


2-13.20 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires (3-3.8)

2-13.21 Identify the equipment necessary for foam application. (3-3.15)

2-13.22 Identify the following methods of water application. (3-3.7)◦2-13.22.1 Direct◦2-13.22.2 Indirect◦2-13.22.3 Combination


2-13.23 Identify the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed, (3-3.9)◦2-13.23.1 Open and close a fog nozzle.◦2-13.23.2 Adjust the stream pattern on a fog

nozzle◦2-13.23.3 Adjust the flow setting on an

adjustable gallonage fog nozzle◦2-13.23.4 Open and close a solid stream

nozzle.


2-13.24 Identify the use of adapters carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus.

2-13.25 Identify the procedures for inspecting nozzles for damage. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)


2-13.26 Identify the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)

2-13.27 Identify the procedures for extinguishing or controlling the following live fires working as a member of a team and using appropriate protective equipment, firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents:◦2-13.27.1 Piles/stacks of Class A combustible

materials (exterior)


◦2-13.27.2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior)

◦2-13.27.3 Vehicle fires◦2-13.27.4 Storage containers (exterior

dumpster/trash bin)◦2-13.27.5 Class A combustible materials

within a structure (interior attack)◦2-13.27.6 A hidden fire within a structure◦2-13.27.7 Ground cover fire


2-13.28 Identify assembling the components of a foam fire stream. (3-3.15)

2-13.29 Identify the application technique of Class B foam. (3-3.15)

2-13.30 Demonstrate the following methods of water application: (3-3.7(b), 3-3.9(b))


2-13.30.1 Direct 2-13.30.2 Indirect 2-13.30.3 Combination

◦Demonstrate the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed. (3-3.9(b)) 2-13.31.1 Open and close a fog nozzle. 2-13.31.2 Adjust the stream pattern on a fog

nozzle 2-13.31.3 Adjust the flow setting on an adjustable

gallonage fog nozzle. 2-13.31.4 Open and close a solid stream nozzle


2-13.32 Demonstrate the use of adapters carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus.

2-13.33 Demonstrate the procedures for inspecting nozzles for damage (3-3.6(b), 3-3.9(b))


2-13.34 Demonstrate the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (3-3.6(b), 3-3.9(b))

2-13.35 Demonstrate extinguishing or controlling the following live fires working as a member of a team and using appropriate protective equipment, firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents:◦2-13.35.1 Piles/stacks of Class A combustible

materials (exterior)


◦2-13.35.2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior)

◦2-13.35.3 Vehicle fires◦2-13.35.4 Storage containers (exterior

dumpster/trash bin)◦2-13.35.5 Class A combustible materials

within a structure (interior attack)


◦2-13.35.6 A hidden fire within a structure◦2-13.35.7 Ground cover fire

Demonstrate assembling the components of a foam fire stream (3-3.15)

Demonstrate application technique of Class B foam (3-3.15)

IFSTA, Essentials, 4th ed, Chapters 12-13 Delmar, Firefighter’s Handbook, copyright 2000,

Chapters 10-11

IDENTIFY A FIRE STREAMIDENTIFY A FIRE STREAM

A stream of water or other extinguishing agent, after it leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired point.

PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAMPURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM

Applying water or foam directly to burning material to reduce its temperature.

Applying water or foam over an open fire to reduce the temperature so firefighters can advance hand lines closer to effect extinguishment.

Reducing high atmospheric temperature.

PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAMPURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM

Dispersing hot smoke and fire gases from a heated area by using a fire stream.

Creating a water curtain to protect firefighters and property from heat.

Creating a barrier between a fuel and a fire by covering with a foam blanket.

EXTINGUISHING EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATERPROPERTIES OF WATER

Is readily availableIs inexpensiveHas great heat-absorbing capacityAbsorbs a large amount of heat when

converting to steamThe greater its surface area, the greater

the heat absorption◦Chipped ice vs. single ice cube◦Fog stream vs. solid stream◦Steam vs. liquid

TS 13–2a

EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER (cont.)WATER (cont.)

Is unique in that it expands both upon freezing and upon changing into its vapor state

◦Water in pipes subject to freezing may rupture Undrained automatic sprinkler piping in unheated

buildings Wet barrel hydrants Shallowly buried underground pipes

◦Its 1700:1 expansion ratio during vaporization allows it to absorb more heat

TS 13–2b

PHYSICAL STATES OF WATERPHYSICAL STATES OF WATERVS 13-2

Solid Ice

Liquid Water

Gas Invisible Water Vapor

32°F (0°C) 32°F to 212°F (0°C to 100°C)

Above 212°F (100°C)

Increasing Temperature

WATER AS STEAMWATER AS STEAMVS 13-3

• At 212ºF (100ºC) water expands to approximately 1,700 times its original volume.

• Steam absorbs more heat faster, cooling fuel below ignition temperature.

• Steam displaces hot gases, smoke, and other products of combustion.

• In some cases, steam may smother fire by excluding oxygen.

20 cubic feet (0.57 m3) of water @ 500°F (260°C)

converts to 48,000 feet (1 359 m) of steam

96 feet (29 m)

10 f

eet

(3 m

)

50 fe

et (1

5 m

)

FRICTION LOSSFRICTION LOSSVS 13-4

Velocity: Rate of motion of particle in a a given direction; speed

Friction Loss: Pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters.

Critical Velocity: Turbulence caused when a stream is subjected to excessive velocity

ADVANTAGES OF USING WATERADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

Greater heat absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents◦One BTU is the amount of heat required to raise

the temperature of one pound of water one degree F.

◦Cools fuel below ignition temperatureA relatively large amount of heat is

required to vaporize liquid water to steam – 970 BTU’s are required to vaporize water, changing it to steam.

ADVANTAGES OF USING WATERADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

The greater the surface area of the water exposed, the more rapidly heat will be absorbed

Water converted to steam occupies 1700 times the original volume occupied by the liquid◦Displaces hot gases, smoke and other products

of combustion.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING DISADVANTAGES OF USING WATERWATER

Water has a considerable amount of surface tension◦Will not readily penetrate certain porous

materials.◦Will react with combustible materials

Certain metals◦Freezing will occur at 32 degrees F (0 degrees

C)◦Water has low viscosity; it will not cling or

readily coat materials◦May conduct electricity under certain

conditions

CAUSES OF FRICTION LOSSCAUSES OF FRICTION LOSS

Rough hose lining

Damaged couplings

Sharp bends/kinks in hose

Adapters

Partially closed valves/nozzles

Wrong size gasket

Excessive hose length

Excess flow for hose size

TS 13–3

CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS OTHER THAN FRICTION LOSSOTHER THAN FRICTION LOSS

Broken hoseline

Mechanical problem due to poor water supply

Error in hydraulics calculation

Obstructions from the pump or water main

Elevation of nozzle above pump

TS 13–4

SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE LOSSLOSS

VS 13-5

DamagedCouplings

Kinks or Sharp Bends

Adapters

Hose Length

ElevationLoss

Hose Diameter/Length

1 ½ 2 ½

30 psi Lossper 100 ft.

3 psi Lossper 100 ft.

100 gpm 100 gpm

GUIDELINES FOR GUIDELINES FOR REDUCING FRICTION LOSSREDUCING FRICTION LOSS

Check for rough linings in fire hose.

Replace damaged hose couplings.

Eliminate sharp bends in hose when possible.

Use adapters to make hose connections only when necessary.

Reduce amount of flow.

TS 13–5

• Keep nozzles and valves fully open when operating hoselines.

• Use proper size hose gaskets for hose selected.

• Use short hoselines as much as possible.

• Use larger hose or multiple lines when flow must be increased.

ELEVATION LOSS/GAINELEVATION LOSS/GAIN

Nozzle above Fire Pump = Pressure Loss

Nozzle below Fire Pump = Pressure Gain

TS 13–6

WATER HAMMERWATER HAMMERVS 13-6

Water hammer hits everything

Pump Piping

Hose

Hydrant

Coupling

Main

Open and close all nozzles and valves slowly.

WATER HAMMERWATER HAMMER

Is surge created by suddenly stopping the flow of water through fire hose or pipe

Is often heard as a distinct clank, much like a hammer striking pipe

Causes a change in direction of energy and multiplies the energy many times

TS 13–7

• Can damage pumps, hoselines, water mains, couplings, nozzles, and hydrants

• Can be prevented by operating nozzle controls, hydrants, valves, and hose clamps slowly

FIRE STREAM PATTERNSFIRE STREAM PATTERNS

Solid streams◦Designed to produce a stream as compact as

possible with little shower or spray◦Produced from a fixed orifice◦Longer reach than other types of streams◦Reduced problem of steam burns to firefighters

and trapped civilians as a result of disturbance to the normal thermal layering of heat and gases during interior structural attack

◦Operating pressures (2-3.9(a)) 50 psi on handlines 80 psi on master stream devices


Fog streams◦A fog stream is a patterned stream composed

of fine water droplets◦Variable stream patterns can be produced

Wide angle fog Narrow angle fog Straight stream

◦Greater heat absorption due to more surface area of water exposed

◦May be used in close proximity to energized electrical equipment


◦Have less reach than solid streams◦Less penetrating power than solid streams◦Susceptible to wind currents◦Improper use during interior attacks can

Spread fire Create heat inversion Cause steam burns to firefighters and trapped

civilians◦Operate at designed pressure


Broken Stream◦Solid stream broken into coarsely divided water

droplets◦Droplets are larger than fog stream droplets

and have better penetration

THREE SIZES OF FIRE STREAMSTHREE SIZES OF FIRE STREAMS

Fire streams are identified by size and type◦ The size is the amount of water in gallons per minute

that will flow at a specified pressure.◦ The type of fire stream is the pattern

Booster lines◦ Low-volume stream: Discharge is generally less than 40 GPM◦ Handline stream: Generally range from 40-350 GPM

½” to 2” diameter handlines (small):40-100 GPM 2 ½” – 3” diameter handlines (medium large) 165-350 GPM

◦ Master stream: Discharge is greater than 350 GPM

DESIGNDESIGN

Solid stream nozzles◦Shape of the stream in the nozzle is gradually

reduced until it is a short distance from the outlet

◦Has a smooth finished waterway one to one and one-half times its diameter

◦Discharge orifice should be no greater than one-half the diameter of the hoseline supplying the nozzle.

DESIGNDESIGN

Fog stream nozzles◦Set or constant gallonage nozzles

One flow rate at a given discharge pressure◦Adjustable gallonage nozzles

Allows one of several preset gallon settings to be selected

◦Automatic nozzles Discharge a wide range of flows depending on the

pressure being supplied to the nozzle

NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY CONTROL VALVECONTROL VALVE

VS 13-22

A screw guidesan exterior barrel

around an interior barrel.This valve also

controls the stream discharge

Pattern.

Set or constant gallonage nozzles

Adjustable gallonage nozzles

Automatic nozzles

DESIGNDESIGN

Broken stream nozzles◦Limited to special applications◦Designed for a specific use◦Types are:

Water curtain◦Designed to produce a fan-like pattern that is most

effective if sprayed directly upon the exposure being protected

Cellar or distributor nozzle◦Designed to be raised or lowered through holes in floors

or ceilings Piercing nozzle

◦Designed with a hardened steep tip that can be driven through a wall or partition

◦Can be used on truck or engine compartment of a vehicle

NOZZLE PRESSURENOZZLE PRESSURE

Smooth bore handline: 50 PSIFog handline, normal 100 PSIFog handline, mid-pressure 75 PSIFog handline, low pressure 50 PSISmooth bore master stream 80 PSIFog master stream 100 PSI

FOG NOZZLEFOG NOZZLE

Nozzle control valve◦Permits regulation of the flow◦Types:

Ball valve Slide valve Rotary control


Exterior barrel◦Body of nozzle◦Rotating changes stream pattern

Deflecting stem◦Position in relation to barrel determines shape

of streamGallonage adjustment ring (on variable

gallonage nozzles)◦Used to select gallons per minute desired


Rubber bumper/guard◦Located on barrel of nozzle

Provides solid grip for adjusting stream pattern Protects nozzle if dropped

◦Play pipes Tapered pipe used to accelerate flow Usually found on 2 ½ inch nozzles

◦Stream straightness Used to prevent the twisting motion of a fire stream


Accessories◦Pistol grips (Throw them away!)◦Large double handles (usually 2 ½ inch

nozzles)Identify the water flow through various

types of fog nozzles 2-13.10 (4-3.1)

WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLESNOZZLES

Periphery – deflected◦Produced by deflecting water from the

periphery of an inside, circular stem and then again by the exterior barrel

◦Position of exterior barrel determines shape of stream

WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLESNOZZLES

Impinging jet◦Developed by driving several jets of water

together at a fixed angle◦Usually produces wide fog patterns

FVCC Fire Rescue Nozzles and Fire Streams. OBJECTIVES 2-13.1Identify a fire stream. (3-3.7)...

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Transcript of FVCC Fire Rescue Nozzles and Fire Streams. OBJECTIVES 2-13.1Identify a fire stream. (3-3.7)...