Future technnologies to drive cereal productivity · Future technnologies to drive cereal...
Transcript of Future technnologies to drive cereal productivity · Future technnologies to drive cereal...
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Future technnologies to drive cereal productivity
Bill Angus Limagrain UK
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GLOBAL WHEAT DEMAND
Population increase
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EVOLUTION OF WHEAT AND RICECONSUMPTION
More “sophisticated”
consumers
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Global meat - record demand for grain-fed meat but stocks at almost 30 year low
Source: USDACourtesy of HGCA
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F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
Pedigree breeding (wheat)
High yieldLow quality
Low yieldHigh quality
Plant / row selection
End of fixing (inbreeding)
Trials/yield/quality
High yield?High quality?Stability? (…)
High market share
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A typical wheat breeding A typical wheat breeding programprogram
1,000 hybridisations
1,000,000 plants
100,000 nursery lines
3,500 lines
700 lines
70 lines
7 3
1
Observations (diseases, morphology)
Scoring & quality tests
Scoring, quality tests & yield
Scoring, quality tests, yield & yield stability
Total : 200,000 field plots +
25,000 yield plots
F2
Breeding program/country Information
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
OT1
OT2
Variety release…
F1
Tim
e : 1
0 ye
ars
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Investment in Wheat Breeding
• Traditional ‘technologies’• Single Seed Descent• Double Haploids• Markers• Genetic modification (GM)
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Field evaluation
• Now often called ‘phenotyping’ !• Significant advances in the last five
years – On board weighing/ GPS etc
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How it used to be…..
Courtesy Jim Burke
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• Automatic cassette drills
• Precision spraying• Accurate on combine
weighing systems
FIELD EQUIPMENT INVESTMENT
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Field trials
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Single Seed Descent
• A growth room system to allow more than one cycle to be carried out per year
• Speeds up the breeding process
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Single Seed Descent
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Single Seed Descent
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Double haploids
• A laboratory technique to reduce time to develop new varieties
• Cross wheat with maize – embryo rescue and develop via tissue culture
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Marker assisted selection (MAS)
• Used to identify and track newly found and known ‘genes’
• increases efficiency in variety selection
• Aids ‘pyramiding’ known genes in ‘robust’ combinations
• Increases selection efficiencies for complex traits eg yield
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GENE 1
GENE 2
GENETIC MAPGenetic maps of the wheat genome
Wheat chromosomes stained in a root tips cell, total of 42 chromosomes, 21 pairs
A - T
A - T
C - G
C - G, or A-T
G - C
T - A
C - G
C - G
G - C
G - G
A - T
C - G
C - G
A - T
A - T, or C-G
G - C
C - G
CHROMOSOME
GENE
SEQUENCE
Allele 1 = phenotype 1= tall (C-G)
Allele 2 =phenotype 2= short (A-T)
Allele 1(A-T) = Avalon type
Allele 2 (C-G) =Norman type
Marker 1
Marker 2
Marker 3
A - T
G - C
T - A
C - G
Or A-T
DNA
MARKER SEQUENCEE
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Reduction in cost per data-point
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
RFLPs
SSR development
Routine SSR
Multiplexing
PCR in 384 well plates
Robotisation & new softwareABI3730 & improved software
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Which markers are available for the UK?
• Dominant marker for Sec1 (STS)• High m.w. glutenins (protein)• Pch1 (isozyme & SSR)• Codominant marker for Lr37 (STS)• Rht1 and Rht2 (ASA.SNPs)• Puroindolines (ASA,CAPS,SNPs)• Ppd-D1 (INDEL,SNPs)• Sbm1 (SCAR)• Yr32 (SSRs)• FHB QTL (SSRs)• Bdv2 (SSRs)• Various Stb genes (SSRs)
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Crossing programmes
Pre-breeding
Double haploids SSD programme Conventional
NL-1 entries
Proprietary NL-1’s
& NL1’s
RL & NL2’s
Fix or select against
When to use markers
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BaYMV resistance in winter barley
Susceptible
Resistant rym4 rym5
Bmac29 licensed from SCRI
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
% B
aYM
V re
sist
ant
98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06
Year
rym5rym4
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Eyespot resistance in winter wheat
R R R R R R R
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
18.00%
% w
ith
Pch1
95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06
Year
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Genetic Modification (GM)
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GMO – Evolution of number of countries and growers
•Total surface 2008 : 125 M Ha (+ 9.4 %)•12 million growers in 23 countries
0
5
10
15
20
25
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
No of countries
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
No of growersIn millions
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GMO: Evolution of the Market•market (Seeds + Technology Fees): $ 6.9 billion•(1/3 of the total seed market value of $ 21.7 billion)
0.10.8
2.0
2.7 2.73.2
3.74.2
4.75.25
6.156.9
7.5
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Maize
OSRCoton
Soya
38%
44 %
13 %3%
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ACHIEVEMENTS OF UK WHEAT BREEDING – CROP YIELD
UK wheat yields have increased at an average
rate of 1.8% every year for the past 30 years
UK Wheat Yields 1964-2003(National Average - Source: FAO)
0123456789
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000
Year
t/ha
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World wheat and maize yields- the widening spread: GM?
Source: USDA
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Why no GM wheat (anywhere) ?
• Difficult crop to transform• Lack of incentives
wheat self pollinating – saved by farmerspoor financial returns for breeders
• Public/ political objections
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Lack of incentives• Cereals such as wheat are self
pollinating and can be self saved by growers
• Maize and Soya are hybrids and new seed must be purchased annually
• Research investment in wheat is just 25% of that in Maize and primarily in the public sector
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Difficult Crop to transform
• This was true but now transformation is routine and success rates much improved
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Public/ Political objections• Needs to be re-visited with a balanced
debate• The World demands more food – a political
dilema – The Perfect Storm (Beddington 2009)
• How can we feed 50% more people in the World by 2050?
• What are the political/ military consequences of failure?
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Potential targets for GM
• Agronomy traits – eg herbicide resistance, insect/ disease resistance
• Output traits – eg modified starches – animal feed/ biofuels/ ‘nutrifoods’
• Yield and consistency of performance
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So where now?• The challenge for the World to
produce more food is enormous• The political consequences of mass
starvation should not be underestimated
• There needs to be a coordinated and international response to these challenges
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So where now?
• Increased production will come about by the integration of a range of technologies
• There is no ‘silver bullet’• Investment is the key
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An example…..• GM trait – resistance to ‘take all’• Allows continuous wheat growing• Modified starch profiles to meet different food
requirements eg potato starch• Modified photosynthetic pathways to enhance
biomass production• Herbicide resistance – one pass weed control• Higher levels of resistance to key diseases –
particularly Septoria• More biomass but earlier harvests to avoid wet
weather
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An example…..• Breeders could use GM technology to
introduce• Track ‘event’ using marker assistsed
selection• Purify material using double haploid
technology• Integrated management tools with
extension services
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Gene
tic R
esou
rces Phenotyping
Gen
otyp
ing
Marketsegmentation
Choice of
strategyLaunch
Mar
ket
Ana
lysi
s
Conventional breeding
Breeding via GMOs
Official registration
Transgenesis
Information
management
system
The variety creation process
Mar
keti
ng
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The Life Cycle of Orange Wheat Blossom MidgeSitodiplosis mosellana
May June July August
Larva - drop from heads after rain or heavy dew
adult
cocoon larva pupa cocoon
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Orange Wheat Blossom Midge• Sporadic insect pest, but widespread• Controlled with organo-phosphates• Can cause major yield losses &
reduction in quality• Very time consuming to phenotype• Several resistant sources now being grown
commercially – eg Robigus, Viscount, Oakley, Glasgow
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Markers for OWBM resistance• Identified markers for all known sources of OWBM
resistance in the UK
• Marker-assisted selection of resistant lines before harvest
• Environmentally friendly alternative to organo-phosphate insecticides
• Pyramiding of OWBM resistance with other traits now possible
• Immediate target to produce a quality bread variety with midge resistance
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21 DAYS AFTER INOCULATIONVariety Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Rep4 Rep5 Min Max MeanCM 82036 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0APACHE 15 12 4 9 10 4 15 10SOKRATES 3 13 22 18 21 3 22 15GATSBY 17 25 15 20 12 12 25 18Xi19 BC3F2 3B+5A 23 20 9 30 15 9 30 19Xi19 BC3F2 3B+5A 32 20 17 24 12 12 32 21Xi19 BC3F2 3B+5A 21 35 19 25 22 19 35 24Xi19 BC3F2 3B+5A 25 25 30 35 20 20 35 27Xi19 BC3F2 3B only 37 39 27 41 12 12 41 31Xi19 BC3F2 5A only 35 40 35 35 45 35 45 38Xi19 BC3F2 5A only 33 55 50 30 55 30 55 45Xi19 BC3F2 3B only 24 86 48 40 32 24 86 46Xi19 BC3F2 5A only 70 50 35 35 75 35 75 53Xi19 BC3F2 3B only 75 54 55 50 34 34 75 54CHARGER 70 45 55 55 50 45 70 55Xi19 100 40 30 40 80 30 100 58
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Summary• Northern Europe will need to produce
more output – but with more environmental constraints
• New biotechnological adavnces such as marker assisted selection are now commonplace within breeding programmes
• GM technology should be ‘re-visited’ to explore its potential
• More investment in plant breeding is required – but not at the expense of farmer control