Future Proofing the Core Infrastructure to … 4:4:4:4 1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 ST 425-1...

1080p50/60, 4K and beyond:

Future Proofing the Core Infrastructure to Manage the Bandwidth Explosion

John Hudson Semtech Corp

© 2012 SMPTE · The 2012 Annual Technical Conference & Exhibition · www.smpte2012.org

Abstract

Traditional broadcast infrastructures only had to support one version each of

SDTV and HDTV, plus extensions such as RGB 4:4:4 for better chroma keys.

Now we need to support 4:4:4:4 for external keys, high dynamic range (HDR)

imaging, stereoscopic 3D, a 3D disparity channel, Quad-Full HD, higher

frame rates etc, all of which drive real time streaming media bandwidth

requirements.

How do we accommodate these new demands and stay future proof

within our core broadcast infrastructure?


Formats, Payloads and Interfaces HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production SMPTE ST 274, ST 296, ST 428-9 / -19 and ST 2048-2

System

Nomenclature Horizontal Pixels Vertical Pixels

Frames per

Second

(nominal)

Total Payload (nominal)

10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 3Gbit/Sec 6Gbit/Sec

1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50

1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30

1.5Gbit/Sec 3Gbit/Sec

1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30

1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24

720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60

720p50 1280 720 50

720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30

720p25 1280 720 25

720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24


Formats, Payloads and Interfaces Stereoscopic HDTV and D-Cinema production SMPTE ST 274, ST 296, ST 428-9 /-19 and ST 2048-2

System

Nomenclature

Horizontal

Pixels

Vertical

Pixels

Frames per

Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60

3Gbit/Sec 6Gbit/Sec

1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50

1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30


1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30

1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24

720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60

720p50 1280 720 50

720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30

720p25 1280 720 25

720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24


Formats, Payloads and Interfaces 4K and 8K production SMPTE ST 2036-3, ST 2048-3

System

Nomenclature

Horizontal

Pixels

Vertical

Pixels

Frames per

Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 3Gbit/Sec 6Gbit/Sec

1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50

1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30


1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30

1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24

720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60

720p50 1280 720 50

720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30

720p25 1280 720 25

720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24


The Bandwidth Disparity

Existing broadcast infrastructure has migrated

to 3G-SDI……..

………….how do we accommodate these

new production demands and stay future

proof with existing core infrastructure?


Addressing the Bandwidth Disparity

Multiple options have been proposed, are

in development or are being explored to

address the disparity between emerging

bandwidth needs and the bandwidth

constrained core broadcast infrastructure


Multi-Link SDI Interfaces Employing Multi-link interfaces in support of emerging

production requirements, is a tried and tested approach 1989

525 line / 625 line

Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4

Component Dual Link @ 270Mb/s

SD SDI

RP 174

Dual Link @ 270Mb/s525 line / 625 line

Interlaced 4:2:2

ComponentSingle Link @ 270Mb/s

SD SDI

ST 259525 line / 625 line

Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4

Component

Single Link @ 540Mb/s

SD SDI

ST 347

20001993

1080 line Interlaced

and 720 line

Progressive 4:2:2

Component

Single Link @ 1.5Gb/s

HD SDI

ST 292-11080 line

Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4

Component Dual Link @ 1.5Gb/s

HD SDI

ST 372

Dual Link @ 1.5Gb/s 1080 line

Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4

Component

Single Link @ 3Gb/s

3G SDI

ST 425-1

200620021998


Multi-Link 3G-SDI Interfaces Dual-link and Quad-link 3G-SDI Interfaces are now under

development by the SMPTE.

2011 20132012

2k Progressive

4:4:4 and

4k Progressive

4:2:2 / 4:2:0 Dual Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-3

Dual Link @ 3Gb/s

Stereo 1080 line

Interlaced and 720

line Progressive

4:2:2 Component Dual Link @ 1.5Gb/s

ST 292-2

Dual Link @ 1.5Gb/sStereo 1080 line

Interlaced and 720

line progressive

4:2:2 Component

Single Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-2

Stereo 1080 line

Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4

Component Dual Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-4

Dual Link @ 3Gb/s

Stereo

2k Progressive

4:4:4 and

4k Progressive 4:2:2 / 4:2:0 Quad Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-6

Quad Link @ 3Gb/sQuad Link @ 3Gb/s

Quad Link @ 3Gb/s

4K Progressive

4:4:4

Quad Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-5

Quad Link @ 3Gb/sQuad Link @ 3Gb/s

Quad Link @ 3Gb/s


32NF40 Multi-link 3G AHG (Ad-Hoc Group)

Extending the ST 425 document suite in support of HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production with higher resolution (bit depth and sampling).

System

Nomenclature Horizontal Pixels

Vertical

Pixels

Frames per

Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 ST 425-1

Single-link 3G

ST 372 Dual-link 1.5G

ST 425-3 Dual-link 3G

1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50

1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30

ST 292-1

Single-link 1.5G

ST 425-1

Single-link 3G

ST 372

Dual-link 1.5G

1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30

1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24

720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60

ST 425-1

Single-link 3G

720p50 1280 720 50

720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30

720p25 1280 720 25

720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24



Extending the ST 425 document suite in support of

Stereoscopic HDTV and Stereoscopic 2K D-Cinema

production image formats.

System

Nomenclature

Horizontal

Pixels

Vertical

Pixels

Frames per

Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 ST 425-4 Dual-link 3G

ST 425-6 Quad-link 3G

1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50

1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30

ST 425-2 Single-link 3G

ST 292-2

Dual-link 1.5G


1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30

1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25

1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24

720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60

720p50 1280 720 50

720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30

720p25 1280 720 25

720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24



Extending the ST 425 document suite in support of 4K D-Cinema and UHDTV-1 production.

System

Nomenclature

Horizontal

Pixels

Vertical

Pixels

Frames per

Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:0

10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:0

12-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

2160p60 / 59.94 3840 / 4096 2160 60

ST 425-5 Quad Link 3G 2160p50 3840 / 4096 2160

50

2160p30 / 29.97 3840 / 4096 2160 30


ST 425-5 Quad-link 3G

2160p25 3840 / 4096 2160 25

2160p24 / 23.98 3840 / 4096 2160 24


Multi-link 3G-SDI In summary, the Multi-Link 3G AHG is continuing SMPTE’s

evolutionary approach to the development of the SDI

interface

Dual-link 3G-SDI and quad-link 3G-SDI solve the

bandwidth disparity problem for (arguably), all of the

most common 2D and 3D HDTV, 2K, 4K D-Cinema and

UHDTV-1 production requirements


Beyond 3G-SDI High resolution and high frame rate 3D, 4K D-Cinema

and 4K / 8K UDHTV production will eventually replace

today’s HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production

The core infrastructure will be driven to a data-rate well

beyond the currently deployed 3G-SDI

A new data-rate inflection point is looming – but what

should the new inflection point be ?


Evolution of the optical module The datacom / telecom and storage industries

continually evolve optical (and copper) modules Optical modulation - QPSKBinary Coding - NRZ

Size

and

Pow

er

TimelineSmaller

Lower Power

LargerHigher Power

1995 2012 Future

Single-lane on host Multi-lane on host

CFP42015

CFP22013

CFP2009

QSFP+2009

Xenpak2001

GBIC1995

SFP2001

XFP2003

SFP+2008

QSFP2006

QSFP22014


The Need for Speed

Optical modulation - QPSKBinary Coding - NRZ

4 x CFP

CFP4CFP

SFP+

QSFP

400 Gb/s

Timeline

Single-lane on host Multi-lane on host

CFP2 QSFP+

XFP SFP+10 Gbs

100 Gbs

40 Gbs

200 Gbs

2013 20152008

SFP+25 & 28 Gb/s

15 Gbs

2003

SFP

2001

QSFP2

800 Gb/s 8 x CFP2

4 Gbs

2009

The race to 1Tbit+ Ethernet fuels the development of new

technologies ~5-7 years to reach deployment from initial

experiments


CFP,-2,-4 & QSFP+ Gear Box Concept

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR TIA PIN

CDR TIA PIN

CDR TIA PIN

CDR TIA PIN

100GE-LR410km

Duplex SMFRX3

RX2

RX1

RX0

TX3

TX2

TX1

TX0

CAUI 4

25G

25G

25G

25G

25G

25G

25G

25G

4:1LAN

WDMMUX

SMF

1:4LAN

WDMDeMUX

SMF

10:4

GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6

TX9TX8

4:10

GearboxRX3

RX1RX0

RX7

RX5RX4

RX6

RX9RX8

RX2

TX2

IEEE 802.3ba

10 x 10 CAUI

CEI-11G-LR

25G Channel

CEI-28G-VSR

10G Channel

100GE-LR410km

Duplex SMF

SMF

10:4

GearboxTX3TX2TX1TX0

TIA PIN

TIA PIN

25G

25G

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6

TX9TX8

4:10

Gearbox

RX7

RX5RX6

RX9RX8

IEEE 802.3ba

10 x 10 CAUI

TIA PIN

TIA PIN

1:4LAN

WDMDeMUX

25G

25G

LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

4:1LAN

WDMMUX

SMF

25G

25G

25G

25G

RX3RX2RX1RX0

RX4

CEI-11G-LR

10G Channel

QSFP+


SDI Evolutionary Gear Box Concept

12G Channel

CEI-11G-VSR

3G-SDI Channel3G-SDI channel

QSFP+ SFP+

12G-SDI

SMF

4:1

Gearbox

TX3TX2TX1TX0

LD FP4:1

Gearbox

LD FP SMF11.88

11.88TX3TX2TX1TX0

12G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

4:1

Gearbox

4:1

Gearbox

TX3TX2TX1TX0

TX3TX2TX1TX0 FPCDR TIA

CDR LD FP11.88

11.88

12G-SDI

SMF

SMF

12G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

TX3

TX2

TX1

TX0

3G

3G

3G

3G

4:1LAN

WDMMUX

SMF

12G-SDI

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

TX3

TX2

TX1

TX0

3G

3G

3G

3G

4:1LAN

WDMMUX

SMF

12G-SDI

QSFP+


The next inflection point

Optical modulation - QPSKBinary Coding - NRZ

CFP4QSFP+

SFP+12 Gbs

96 Gbs

48 Gbs

192 Gbs

SFP+24 Gb/s

SFP

QSFP2

6 GbsQSFP+

QSFP+

SFP+QSFP+

CFP2

Dual-link 3G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

Dual-link6G-SDI

Octa-link3G-SDI

Dual-link12G-SDI

Quad-link12G-SDI

Dual-link24G-SDI

Quad-link24G-SDI

Which suggests 12Gb/s line rate as an optimal next data rate

from which to build the core infrastructure


12G-SDI Future

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

TX3

TX2

TX1

TX0

4:1LAN

WDMMUX

SMF

SMF

CEI-11G-LR

25G Channel

CEI-28G-VSR

12G-SDI Channel

192G-SDI

TX2

CEI-11G-LR

12G SDI Channel

QSFP+

8:4

GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6 LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

4:1LAN

WDMMUX

SMF

24G

24G

24G

24G

8:4

GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6 LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

4:1LAN

WDMMUX

SMF

24G

24G

24G

24GTX2

TX2

8:4

GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6

8:4

GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6

TX2

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

TX3

TX2

TX1

TX0

4:1LAN

WDMMUX

24G

24G

24G

24G

24G

24G

24G

24G

192G-SDI

Multi-Link12G-SDI

Multi-Link12G-SDI

The authors are solely responsible for the content of this technical presentation. The technical presentation does not necessarily reflect the official position of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), and its printing and distribution does not constitute an endorsement of views which may be expressed. This technical presentation is subject to a formal peer-review process by the SMPTE Board of Editors, upon completion of the conference. Citation of this work should state that it is a SMPTE meeting paper. EXAMPLE: Author's Last Name, Initials. 2011. Title of Presentation, Meeting name and location.: SMPTE. For information about securing permission to reprint or reproduce a technical presentation, please contact SMPTE at [email protected] or 914-761-1100 (3 Barker Ave., White Plains, NY 10601).

SMPTE Meeting Presentation

1080p50/60, 4K and beyond: Future Proofing the Core Infrastructure to Manage the Bandwidth Explosion

John Hudson Director of Product Definition and Broadcast Technology, Semtech GPG 4281 Harvester Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7L 4M4, Canada

[email protected]

Written for presentation at the UHDTV: Ultra-High Definition Imaging Session

2012 SMPTE Annual Technical Conference

Abstract. Traditional broadcast infrastructures only had to support one version each of SDTV and HDTV, plus extensions such as RGB 4:4:4 for better chroma keys.

Now we need to support 4:4:4:4 for external keys, high dynamic range (HDR) imaging, stereoscopic 3D, a 3D disparity channel, Quad-Full HD, higher frame rates etc, all of which drive real time streaming media bandwidth requirements.

How do we accommodate these new demands and stay future proof within our core broadcast infrastructure?

This paper outlines the latest developments, at the technical and standardization levels, to handle the emergence of new production formats. It examines changes to the studio infrastructure which add the flexibility needed to accommodate new production formats alongside existing formats, with maximum compatibility and minimum confusion.

Keywords. UHDTV, SDI, Serial Digital Interface, 3Gb/s, 3Gbit/Sec, 3G-SDI, 100Gbit/Sec, stereoscopic 3D, 2K, 4K, 8K, SMPTE standards, SFP+, QSFP+, IEEE, OIF.

Copyright © 2012 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. All rights reserved.

2

Introduction In the 1980s and 90s the standards for digital Standard Definition (SD) and High Definition (HD) formats were developed leading to the well-known International Telecommunication Union (ITU Recommendations 601 (SD) and 709 (HD) and 1920 x 1080 and 1280 x 720 image format standards SMPTE ST 274 and ST 296 respectively.

Along with these digital SD and HD image format standards, the serial digital interface (SDI) was developed to carry uncompressed SD and HD real-time images between systems in the professional domain.

While the early versions of SDI were designed for bitrates of 270Mbit/sec (SMPTE ST 259, SD) and 1.485Gbit/Sec (SMPTE ST 292-1, HD), the continuing evolution of television and D-Cinema production image formats has required extending the capabilities of the SDI interface significantly.

The need to support and transport higher frame rate formats such as 1080p50/60; image formats with increased dynamic range such as12-bit for digital cinema etc., all drove real-time streaming media bandwidth demands.

SMPTE has been leading the evolution and standardization of the SDI interface. As a first response to emerging industry requirements, SMPTE introduced a 3Gbit/Sec SDI version in 2006.The 3G-SDI standard facilitated the carriage of both existing and new image formats including: 1080p50/60 4:2:2; HD (1080i or 720p) 4:4:4:4 10-bit coded formats; 4:4:4 10-bit or 12-bit coded formats; 1080p 4:4:4:4 or 4:4:4 formats at frame rates up to 30 fps and Digital Cinema 2K formats, with 4:4:4 10-bit or 12-bit coding, either RGB or XYZ.

The flexibility and capability of the 3G standard has made it the norm for new broadcast infrastructures and since the introduction of 3G-SDI, the majority of new installations have been built to be “3G capable”.

In the years succeeding the introduction of 3G-SDI, new broadcast television and D-Cinema applications such as stereoscopic 3DTV and D-Cinema; 4K and 8K UHDTV and 4K D-Cinema production; increased frame rates and bit-depth, have emerged and are starting to see more wide-spread use in both live capture and post-production.

These new applications are driving a real-time streaming media bandwidth explosion that vastly exceeds the capacity of a single 3G-SDI interface. Production formats that drive higher bandwidths include: Stereoscopic 3DTV at 1080p50/60 4:2:2; 1080p50/60 at 4:4:4(:4) sampling and higher bit-depths; 4K D-Cinema and UHDTV production image formats; 8K UHDTV production image formats and High Frame rate production for D-Cinema

So, how do we accommodate these new demands and stay future proof with our core 3G-SDI infrastructure ?.

This paper explores options and describes methods of building on the established foundation of the 3G-SDI interface to reliably accommodate these emerging production image formats and associated high bandwidth real-time streaming media requirements.

Formats, Payloads and Interfaces In the following sections, the total payload rate for a range of 2D and stereoscopic 3D production image formats are listed. Payload rate is calculated using the following formula and SDI mapping rules, established in SMPTE ST 425-1 Source Image Format and Ancillary Data Mapping for the 3 Gb/s Serial Interface. Where appropriate, this basic formula and mapping


3

rules have been extended and applied to the 4K and 8K production image formats also discussed in this paper. SMPTE ST 425-1 defines a 20-bit wide virtual interface consisting of two 10-bit data streams. The purpose of creating a virtual interface in ST 425-1 was to enable an extensible structure into which any payload can be effectively mapped. ST 425-1 therefore creates a solid foundation as a basic-stream structure for any new image format that may require a real-time streaming interface. The payload rate formula and mapping rules are as follows:

Payload Rate = total samples per line * total lines per frame * frame rate * number of bits

Where:

The number of bits is calculated in accordance with the following mapping structure rules:

Sampling and bit depth

Number of components

Mapped into number of

10-bit words

number of bits Description

4:2:2 / 4:2:0 10-bit 2 2 20 2 * 10-bit words mapped into 20 bits as 4:2:2

4:2:2 / 4:2:0 12-bit 2 4 40 2 * 12-bit words mapped into 40 bits as 4:2:2:4

4:4:4 10-bit 3 4 40 3 * 10-bit words mapped into 40-bits as 4:4:4:4

4:4:4 12-bit 3 4 40 3 * 12-bit words mapped into 40 bits

4:4:4:4 10-bit 4 4 40 4 * 10-bit words mapped into 40-bits as 4:4:4:4

Different mapping structures and interface formats could and in some cases have been defined, and that these alternate structures yield different payload rates for the listed image formats. These alternate structures and their payload rates will be discussed later in the paper.

NOTE: for 4K image formats, the total samples per line and total lines per frame are assumed to be 4 x those required for 2K image formats and for 8K, the total samples per line and total lines per frame are assumed to be 16 x those required for 2K image formats.

HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production

Table 1 provides a list of payloads and real-time streaming interface rates for HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production image formats defined in SMPTE ST 274, ST 296 and ST 2048-2.

As can be seen from the table, the most common HDTV production image formats - Y’C’BC’R 4:2:2 10-bit at frame rates up to 60p - all fit within a total payload capacity of 3Gbit/Sec or less and so can be accommodated within the existing 3G-SDI infrastructure.

Similarly for D-Cinema, the 2K production image format X’Y’Z’ 4:4:4 12-bit at 24Hz, can also be transported over the existing 3G-SDI infrastructure.

However, in post production, the requirements to support additional processing elements such as key signals; higher bit depths at p50/60 frame rates etc, gives rise to the need for real-time streaming interfaces at 6Gbit/Sec.


4

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4 1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 3Gbit/Sec 6Gbit/Sec 1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50 1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30


1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25 1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30 1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25 1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24 720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60 720p50 1280 720 50 720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30 720p25 1280 720 25 720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24

Table 1 Single image formats and payloads for HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production

Stereoscopic 3D HDTV and D-Cinema production

For stereoscopic 3D production for the same HDTV and D-Cinema formats discussed previously, it can be seen from Table 2 that payload rates are essentially doubled to accommodate both the Left Eye and Right Eye signalling requirements.

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4 1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 6Gbit/Sec 12Gbit/Sec 1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50 1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30

3Gbit/Sec 6Gbit/Sec

1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25 1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30 1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25 1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24 720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60 720p50 1280 720 50 720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30 720p25 1280 720 25 720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24

Table 2 Image formats and payloads for Stereoscopic 3D HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production

4K and 8K production

Emerging requirements for 4K UHDTV and D-Cinema production and 8K UHDTV production gives rise to an explosion in required real-time multi-media streaming bandwidth. Table 3 lists the payloads and real-time streaming interface rates for UHDTV and D-Cinema production image formats.


5

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:0 10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:0 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4 4320p60 / 59.94 7680 4320 60 48Gbit/Sec 96Gbit/Sec 4320p50 7680 4320 50 4320p30 / 29.97 7680 4320 30

24Gbit/Sec 48Gbit/Sec 4320p25 7680 4320 25 4320p24 / 23.98 7680 4320 24 2160p60 / 59.94 3840 / 4096 2160 60 12Gbit/Sec 24Gbit/Sec 2160p50 3840 / 4096 2160 50 2160p30 / 29.97 3840 / 4096 2160 30

6Gbit/Sec 12Gbit/Sec 2160p25 3840 / 4096 2160 25 2160p24 / 23.98 3840 / 4096 2160 24

Table 3 Image formats and payloads for 4K and 8K production

This list only accommodates the currently standardized 4K and 8K 2D production image formats. 4K and 8K stereoscopic 3D production; higher frame rate 4K production for D-Cinema (currently under consideration by the SMPTE 21DC Study Group on higher frame rates (HFR)), and the ITU-R recommendation to support 120Hz frame rates for UHDTV image formats, will all drive the payload bandwidths still higher.

In short, real-time streaming media payloads and associated interface bandwidths already approaches 100Gbit/Sec and it is easy to see how this could extend to ~200Gbit/Sec in the very near future.

BUT

Existing broadcast infrastructure has migrated to 3G-SDI…….. so how do we accommodate these new production demands and stay future proof with existing core infrastructure?”

Addressing the Bandwidth Disparity Multiple options have been proposed, are in development or are being explored to address the disparity between emerging bandwidth needs and the bandwidth constrained core broadcast infrastructure. Some of these options are discussed below.

Multi-Link 3G-SDI Interfaces

As a ‘second response’ to emerging industry requirements, Dual-link and Quad-link 3G-SDI Interface standards are under development by the SMPTE.

This work was introduced in the paper: 3Gb/s SDI for Transport of 3D, 4K and Beyond by Nigel Seth-Smith, written for presentation at the SMPTE Fall Conference in 2011.

By introducing an evolutionary development of the SDI interface that is backwards compatible with the existing 3G-SDI core infrastructure, SMPTE is providing broadcasters with the means to meet emerging production requirements without having to replace their core SDI infrastructure. This is an especially important consideration during the transition from HDTV production to UHDTV production for example, which is still in the early stages of development.

This approach allows broadcasters to extend their ROI (return On Investment), for capital purchases recently made as part of their 3G-SDI core infrastructure upgrade.


6

Extending the existing SDI core infrastructure to multi-link interfaces in support of emerging production requirements, is a tried and tested approach that has served the industry well since the introduction of the SD-SDI interface - SMPTE ST 259 - in the 1980’s. The diagram of Figure 1 illustrates this evolutionary approach which is now being extended to 3G SDI.

1989

525 line / 625 line Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4 Component Dual Link @ 270Mb/s

SD SDI RP 174

Dual Link @ 270Mb/s525 line / 625 line Interlaced 4:2:2

ComponentSingle Link @ 270Mb/s

SD SDI ST 259

525 line / 625 line Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4 Component

Single Link @ 540Mb/s

SD SDI ST 347

SD-SDI Evolution Timeline

20001993

1998 20062002

1080 line Interlaced and 720 line

Progressive 4:2:2Component

Single Link @ 1.5Gb/s

HD SDI ST 292-1

1080 line Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4 Component Dual Link @ 1.5Gb/s

HD SDI ST 372

Dual Link @ 1.5Gb/s 1080 line Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4 Component

Single Link @ 3Gb/s

3G SDI ST 425-1

HD-SDI Evolution Timeline

Figure 1 The Evolution of SDI

Eventually, as stereoscopic 3D, 4K D-Cinema and 4K / 8K UDHTV production move from “application and infrastructure islands” to mainstream production requirements, a new core-infrastructure and real-time media streaming interface data rate and build out will be required.

There are many commercial considerations to be addressed before this next inflection point takes place however. Industry momentum – especially behind NHK’s development of the Super Hi-Vision system for UHDTV transmission - suggests that such a decision point may not be too far in the future. For now however, an evolutionary approach to core infrastructure build out would appear to offer a very pragmatic solution to the bandwidth disparity.

SMPTE 32NF40 Multi-link 3G AHG (Ad-Hoc Group)

The 32NF40 Multi-link 3G AHG is currently in the process of developing standards for both stereoscopic 3D and 2D image formats with nominal payloads of 6Gbit/Sec and 12Gbit/Sec.

ST 425 – the 3Gbit/Sec SDI interface “mapping” standard - has been extended to become a suite of related documents, ST425-0 through ST425-6 which now includes: • ST 425-0 describes the standards in the contained in the document suite

• ST 425-1 replaces ST 425, defining the transport of a single image, whether using a level A or a level B Dual-Link mapping. It also defines the transport of a pair of unrelated 1.5 Gb/s streams (level B Dual-Stream), into a single 3G-SDI interface

• ST 425-2 defines the mapping of a pair of stereoscopic 3D images each of which has a nominal payload of 1.5Gbit/Sec, into a single 3G-SDI interface - for example two 1080i30 or 720p60 images, or two 1080p24 or 1080p30 images. The 1080p images may have 1920 or 2048 active pixels per line


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• Proposed ST 425-3 defines the mapping of a single image format with a nominal payload of 6Gbit/Sec, into a pair of 3G-SDI interfaces – for example UHDTV 4K production image formats with 4:2:2 / 4:2:0 sampling at frame rates up to p30

• ST425-4 defines the mapping of a pair of stereoscopic 3D images each having a nominal payload rate of 3Gbit/Sec, into a pair of 3G-SDI interfaces - for example two 1080p60 images

• Proposed ST 425-5 defines the mapping of a single image with a nominal payload rate of up to 12Gbit/Sec over four 3G-SDI interfaces – for example UHDTV 4K production image formats with 4:2:2 / 4:2:0 sampling at frame rates up to p60

• Proposed ST 425-6 defines the transport of a pair of stereoscopic 3D images each with a nominal payload rate of 6Gbit/Sec, over 4 3G-SDI interface - for example two 4K p24 / p30 images

ST 425-2:2012 Source Image Format and Ancillary Data Mapping for Stereoscopic Image Formats on a Single-Link; and ST 425-4:2012 Dual 3 Gb/s Serial Digital Interface for Stereoscopic Image Transport have both recently published and these two standards provide a real-time streaming media interface for common stereoscopic 3DTV and stereoscopic 3D 2K D-Cinema production image formats up to and including frame rates at p50/60. Proposed standard ST 425-6 Quad 3 Gb/s Serial Digital Interface for Stereoscopic Image Transport extends 3DTV and 3D 2K D-cinema production capabilities to 12-bit and 4:4:4 processing as shown in Table 4.

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 ST 425-4 Dual-link 3G

ST 425-6 Quad-link

3G 1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50

1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30


ST 292-2

Dual-link 1.5G


1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25 1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30 1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25 1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24 720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60 720p50 1280 720 50 720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30 720p25 1280 720 25 720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24

Table 4 Interface Standards for stereoscopic 3D HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production

In addition to developing interface standards for the transport of stereoscopic 3D images, the AHG is also developing additional standards for 2D image formats with nominal payloads of 6Gbit/Sec and 12Gbit/Sec as illustrated in Tables 5.

Proposed standard ST 425-3 Image Format and Ancillary Data Mapping for the Dual Link 3Gb/s Serial Interface, supports HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production image formats with 4:4:4:4 sampling; 10-bit and 12-bit pixel resolutions; and frame rates up to and including p50/60. It also supports UHDTV 4K production image formats with 4:2:2 / 4:2:0 sampling at frame rates up to p30.


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Proposed standard ST 425-5 Image Format and Ancillary Data Mapping for the Quad Link 3G-SDI Interface, supports HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production image formats with 4:4:4:4 sampling and 12-bit pixel resolutions at frame rates up to and including p50/60. It also supports UHDTV 4K production image formats with 4:2:2 / 4:2:0 sampling at frame rates up to p60, and 4K D-Cinema and UHDTV formats with 4:4:4 sampling and 12-bit pixel resolution at frame rates up to p30.

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

1080p60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 60 ST 425-1

Single-link 3G

ST 372 Dual-link 1.5G


1080p50 1920 / 2048 1080 50

1080i60 / 59.94 1920 / 2048 1080 30

ST 292-1 Single-link

1.5G


ST 372

Dual-link 1.5G

1080i50 1920 / 2048 1080 25 1080p30 / 29.97 1920 / 2048 1080 30 1080p25 1920 / 2048 1080 25 1080p24 / 23.98 1920 / 2048 1080 24 720p60 / 59.94 1280 720 60


720p50 1280 720 50 720p30 / 29.97 1280 720 30 720p25 1280 720 25 720p24 / 23.98 1280 720 24

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:0 10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:0 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4 2160p60 / 59.94 3840 / 4096 2160 60 ST 425-5

Quad Link 3G 2160p50 3840 / 4096 2160 50 2160p30 / 29.97 3840 / 4096 2160 30 ST 425-3

Dual-link 3G ST 425-5

Quad-link 3G 2160p25 3840 / 4096 2160 25 2160p24 / 23.98 3840 / 4096 2160 24

Table 5 3G multi-link Interface standards for HDTV, 2K D-Cinema and 4K production

In summary, the Multi-Link 3G AHG is continuing SMPTE’s evolutionary approach to the development of the SDI interface as illustrated in Figure 2.

2011

Continued SDI Evolution Timeline

20132012

2k Progressive 4:4:4 and

4k Progressive 4:2:2 / 4:2:0 Dual Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-3

Dual Link @ 3Gb/s

Stereo 1080 line Interlaced and 720 line Progressive 4:2:2 Component Dual Link @ 1.5Gb/s

ST 292-2

Dual Link @ 1.5Gb/s Stereo 1080 line Interlaced and 720 line progressive 4:2:2 Component

Single Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-2

Stereo 1080 line Progressive 4:2:2

and RGB 4:4:4 Component Dual Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-4

Dual Link @ 3Gb/s

Stereo2k Progressive

4:4:4 and 4k Progressive

4:2:2 / 4:2:0 Quad Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-6Quad Link @ 3Gb/sQuad Link @ 3Gb/sQuad Link @ 3Gb/s

4K Progressive4:4:4

Quad Link @ 3Gb/s

ST 425-5Quad Link @ 3Gb/sQuad Link @ 3Gb/sQuad Link @ 3Gb/s

Figure 2 The Continued Evolution of SDI


9

The introduction of dual-link 3G and quad-link 3G-SDI interface standards allows broadcasters to re-purpose their existing copper and optical SDI infrastructure, as they transition to supporting emerging production image formats.

SDI Interface Technology Trends SDI has traditionally been associated with “coaxial cable and BNC connectors”. Generation after generation of SDI interface semiconductor devices have continued to improve system level performance allowing broadcasters to continue to re-use their installed base of coaxial cable even as serial interface rates increased from 270Mbit/sec to today’s 3Gbit/Sec. As broadcasters upgrade their facilities to be 3G-SDI capable, an increasing number of fiber optic systems are being / have been deployed in accordance with SMPTE ST 297 which standardizes the requirements for a “Serial Digital Fiber Transmission System” covering all SMPTE SDI rates up to and including 3Gbit/Sec. Fiber based systems offer a number of advantages over coax based systems including, high performance over long link distances; virtually unlimited bandwidth; reduced sensitivity to electrical interference and smaller lighter trunking. As more fiber is deployed, the backbone of the core broadcast infrastructure becomes inherently more bandwidth capable than the coax based copper infrastructure, providing opportunities for broadcasters to migrate to higher serial data rates without incurring the additional expense of having to replace existing cabling. In addition to the wider acceptance and deployment of fiber, the broadcast industry has adopted the SFP/SFP+ (Small Form-factor Pluggable), optical module as the de-facto optical SDI form factor. SMPTE ST 297 compliant SFP optical modules are readily available from most broadcast infrastructure equipment providers. The datacom / telecom and storage industries continue to develop optical module form factors in support of 10Gbit Ethernet, 16G and 32G Fiber Channel, 14Gbit FDR and 26Gbit EDR Infiniband, 40Gbit Ethernet (4 x 10Gbit/Sec), and 100Gbit Ethernet (10 x 10Gbit/Sec and 4 x 25Gbit/Sec), applications and these technologies could all be leveraged to realise future optical (and copper), SDI interfaces. Amongst the many optical form factors being deployed in these industries, two are of particular interest; SFP+ and QSFP+. The SFP / SFP+ optical module form factor is well known in the broadcast industry, but QSFP+ is a knew (to broadcast), form factor with the advantage that it can support 4x the data throughput in only 1.5x the area of a SFP+ solution. Leveraging these technologies creates the potential for a common pluggable and hot swappable form factor for all SDI data rates up to and including 192Gbit/Sec using today’s technologies. As previously noted, stereoscopic 3D, 4K D-Cinema and 4K / 8K UDHTV will potentially replace today’s HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production as mainstream requirements, driving the core infrastructure to a data-rate inflection point beyond the currently deployed 3G-SDI.

The adoption of optical SDI connectivity and a common pluggable form factor enables the evolution of the SDI interface to continue beyond 3G-SDI.

Potential follow on work – continuing the evolution of 3G-SDI Looking beyond the dual-link 3G-SDI and quad-link 3G-SDI interface standards currently in development, a logical next step may be to continue the evolution of the SDI interface to realize


10

6Gbit/Sec, 12Gbit/Sec and 24Gbit/Sec single-link SDI line-rate interfaces in a common optical form factor, leveraging technologies from the datacom / telecom and storage industries. Furthermore, such a solution remains backwards compatible with existing 3G-SDI infrastructure as it uses the same basic mapping structures defined in SMPTE ST 425-1 Level B-DS, extended as described in the paper: 11.88 Gbits/sec: Continuing the Evolution of The Serial Digital Interface which was first published in the IBC (International Broadcasting Convention), 2008 Conference Proceedings and subsequently re-published in the 2009 May/June edition of the SMPTE Motion Imaging journal. Implementing the 6Gbit/Sec and / or 12Gbit/Sec multiplex in a “gearbox” is illustrated in Figure 4. This Gearbox function can be implemented in today’s FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), technology or in an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). The process of multiplexing the 3G-SDI multi-link interfaces into a single 6Gbit/Sec or 12Gbit/Sec interface is a relatively straight forward matter of applying the ST 425-1 Level B-DS mapping rules to generate a suitable 2:1 or 4:1 10-bit word multiplex. The multiplex is then coded, scrambled and serialized using existing SDI physical layer protocols as defined in SMPTE ST 424 for example. Some special precautions are required to address the creation of “super-pathological” signals brought about by the Level B-DS mapping. These processes are extremely simple to implement (word-flipping and sync-bit insertion), with low processing overhead. Both these processes are fully described in the 11.88Gbit/Sec paper mentioned earlier. Technology demonstrations of a 6Gbit/Sec optical interface for stereoscopic 3D using the mapping constructs described in the paper have been made by Gennum Corporation at IBC in 2009. Demonstrations of 6Gbit/Sec SDI illustrating performance at ~100m over existing coaxial cable infrastructure and connectors were made by Semtech GPG at the NAB (National Association of Broadcasters), and IBC, trade shows in 2012.

QSFP+

12G-SDI

SMF

4:1Gearbox

TX3TX2TX1TX0

LD FP4:1Gearbox

LD FP SMF11.88

11.88TX3TX2TX1TX0

12G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

SFP+

4:1Gearbox

4:1Gearbox

TX3TX2TX1TX0

TX3TX2TX1TX0 FPCDR TIA

CDR LD FP11.88

11.88

12G-SDI

SMF

SMF

12G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

Quad-Link 3G-SDI

Figure 3 Implementing a 12Gbit/Sec single-link and 24 Gbit/Sec Dual-link optical SDI interface

The same basic concepts can be used to extend the interface to multiples of 12Gbit/Sec, operating at 96Gbit/Sec single-link or 192Gbit/Sec dual-link using the QSFP+, CFP or CFP4 form factors as illustrated in Figure 5. All of the technologies required to implement these interfaces are available today many of which are driven by the datacom / telecom industry. It should be noted that 24Gbit/Sec interface line rates are still considered leading edge so are still relatively expensive to implement.


11

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

TX3

TX2

TX1

TX0

4:1LANWDMMUX

SMF

SMF

192G-SDI

TX2

8:4GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6 LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

4:1LANWDMMUX

SMF

24G

24G

24G

24G

8:4GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6 LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

LD DFB

4:1LANWDMMUX

SMF

24G

24G

24G

24GTX2

TX2

8:4GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6

8:4GearboxTX3

TX1TX0

TX7

TX5TX4

TX6

TX2

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

CDR LD DFB

TX3

TX2

TX1

TX0

4:1LANWDMMUX

24G

24G

24G

24G

24G

24G

24G

24G

192G-SDI

Multi-Link12G-SDI

Multi-Link12G-SDI

QSFP+

Figure 4 Implementing a 96Gbit/Sec single-link and 192Gbit/Sec dual-link optical SDI interface

All of the previous discussion has focused on optical connectivity solutions for future generation SDI infrastructure deployment, but what about the installed base of coax cable? It is possible to realize copper (electrical), interfaces at all of the data rates up to and including 96Gbit/Sec (4 x 24Gbit/Sec), but at reduced cable lengths. The Datacom, high speed computing and storage industries routinely deploy 10Gbit/Sec+ copper interconnects using a passive or active twinaxial cable assembly that connects directly into a SFP+ housing. Operating at 9.9Gbit/Sec through 14Gbit/Sec at cable lengths up to 10m, these direct-attach copper cable assemblies are readily available, from multiple sources.

Today, 40GBASE-CR4 (4 x 10Gbits/Sec) and 100GBASE-CR10 (10 x 10Gbit/Sec), copper cable assemblies are also deployed in support of 40GbE and 100GbE interface requirements at cable lengths up to 10m.

The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF), has recently ratified a Common Electrical Interface standard (CEI-25G-LR and CEI-28G-VSR), for chip-to-chip, chip-to-module and active backplanes in support of 100GbE optical interface applications such as 100GBASE-LR4 and 100GBASE-ER4 defined in the IEEE 802.3ba standard (4 x 25Gbit/Sec), and the OTU4 specification for telecom networks specified by the ITU-T (112Gbit/Sec). Although no formal 4 x 25G or 4 x 28G copper module standard exists at present (a number are in the works), the ratification of the OIF CEI-25G-LR and CEI-28G-VSR has paved the way to interoperability for 100Gbit/Sec copper and optical connectivity solutions in a QSFP+ form factor. Multiple vendors have contributed to interoperability demonstrations through 2012 at various expositions and conferences such as the Optical Fiber Communications exposition (OFC) in March, and the European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC) in September. Participants included ASIC and FPGA IC vendors, connector, optical component, optical module, copper module and test equipment manufacturers. These demonstrations illustrate the rapidly evolving ecosystem and maturity of 100Gbit/Sec system solutions and capabilities. In the IEEE 802.3 plenary meetings of July 2012, a new project P802.3bj was started with the following scope: “The scope of this project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE STD 802.3 to add 100 Gb/s 4 lane Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters for operation on backplanes and twinaxial copper cables”.


12

This new project illustrates the importance that the datacom and storage industries are placing on the continuous evolution of 100Gbit/Sec+ interconnects and this work could also be of interest and find applications in future broadcast infrastructure deployments. In order to achieve usable cable lengths for traditional “coaxial cable and BNC connector” broadcast applications however, may require some form of additional coding or processing. Multi-level coding in the form of 4-level PAM has been demonstrated as an effective technique to achieve 70~100m over existing coaxial cable infrastructure at interface rates beyond 10Gbit/Sec. Technology demonstrations of this capability were held by Gennum Corporation at the NAB and IBC trade shows in 2006. A paper, “SDI Beyond 10 Gb/s Don’t throw away your coax yet”, was published and presented at the IBC conference of that year. Another approach to reduce effective bandwidth is the application of mezzanine compression prior to transmission.

Mezzanine Compression

Applying modest levels of compression in the range 2:1 to 20:1 (depending on image format and interface bandwidth requirements), would provide sufficient bandwidth reduction to accommodate the transport of high bandwidth production image formats over the existing 3G-SDI infrastructure.

The concept of employing mezzanine compression to achieve real time streaming media bandwidth reduction is not new. SMPTE RP 2047-1 VC-2 Mezzanine Level Compression of 1080P High Definition Video Sources was specifically designed to allow the transport of 1080p50/60 image formats with a nominal payload of 3Gbit/Sec over a SMPTE ST 292-1 1.5Gbit/Sec SDI interface for example.

In 2009, the Fraunhofer Institute and Gennum corporation presented a paper; “JPEG 2000 Mezzanine Compression for Real Time Digital Cinema”, at IBC. This paper proposed the use of JPEG 2000 to facilitate the transport of 2K and 4K D-Cinema and 4K and 8K UHDTV over the existing 3G-SDI infrastructures. This paper describes a complete system from D-Cinema/UHDTV source to 3G-SDI including the details of transporting the JPEG 2000 compressed byte stream within 3G-SDI, using a novel and efficient packing and encapsulation method that consumes only a fraction of the overhead used by current schemes.

Many other codec’s could also be applicable to this application such as J2K, .H.264, HEVC AVC Ultra etc.

Two compression codec’s currently in revision or in development in the TC10E Essence Committee of SMPTE could be considered as suitable candidates for such a mezzanine compression application.

• ST 2042-1:2012 VC-2 Video Compression has recently been revised to add support for 4:4:4 processing and higher bit depth images. This standard already supports 2K, 4K and 8K image format resolution at frame rates up to and including p50/60.

• Proposed ST 2073-1 VC-5 (CineForm codec) is currently under development. This codec is unrestricted in terms of bit depth, sampling, frame rate and image format and so could also be considered as an applicable candidate.

Additional standardization work to define a specific profile and bit stream that can be mapped to the SDI interface would be required to ensure interoperability.


13

To ensure general acceptance within the industry, any such mezzanine compression scheme would need to provide a low-latency low-loss profile and demonstrate excellent multi-pass performance. At time of writing, no specific proposals have been made to standardize a mezzanine compression system for this particular application.

Other High bandwidth serial link interfaces

SMPTE standardized a 10.692Gbit/Sec optical SDI interface in 2007 as SMPTE ST 435 part 1 though part 3. This multi-part document suite defines the carriage of multiple (up to 8), 1.5Gbit/Sec virtual SDI links on a 10.692Gbit/Sec optical interface.

This standard defines: Basic Stream Derivation in part 1; Basic Stream Data Mapping in part 2 and the 10.629 Gbit/Sec Optical Fiber Interface in part 3.

As a 10G-SDI interface, ST 435 provides sufficient bandwidth to transport HDTV and 2K D-Cinema production image formats with 4:4:4 sampling, 10-bit and 12-bit pixel resolution at frame rates up to and including p50/60 on a single link. It can also accommodate the carriage of 4K D-Cinema and UHDTV production image formats with 4:2:0, 4:2:2 or 4:4:4 sampling, 10-bit and 12-bit pixel resolution at frame rates up to p30 as shown in Table 6.

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)


10-bit 4:2:0 10-bit 4:2:2

12-bit 4:2:0 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4 10-bit 4:4:4

2160p60 / 59.94 3840 / 4096 2160 60 2160p50 3840 / 4096 2160 50 2160p30 / 29.97 3840 / 4096 2160 30 ST435-1

Single-link 10G 2160p25 3840 / 4096 2160 25 2160p24 / 23.98 3840 / 4096 2160 24

Table 6 10G-SDI single-link Interface for 4K production

ST 435 also provides the basis for the carriage of 4K D-Cinema and UHDTV production image formats and 8K UHDTV production image formats at frame rates up to p50/p60, the interfaces for which are defined in:

• SMPTE ST 2048-3: 4096 x 2160 Digital Cinematography Production Image Formats FS/709 – Mapping to Muli-link 10 Gb/s Serial Signal/Data Interface (Dual and Triple DWDM optical interfaces)

• SMPTE ST 2036-3: Ultra High Definition Television – Mapping into Single-link or Multi-link 10 Gb/s Serial Signal/Data Interface (Single, Dual, Quad and Octal DWDM optical interfaces)

Both ST 2048-3 and ST 2036-3 directly leverage the basic stream and mapping concepts of ST 435-1 and -2 and utilises the 10G optical interface defined in part 3 as the basic building block for the single-link and multi-link DWDM (Dense Wave-length Division Multiplex), interface.

Table 7 shows the image formats supported by ST 2048-3 and ST 2036-3 carried over single and multi-link ST 435 optical interfaces.


14

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)

Total Payload (nominal) 10-bit 4:2:0 10-bit 4:2:2 10-bit 4:4:4

10-bit 4:4:4:4

12-bit 4:2:0 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4

4320p60 / 59.94 7680 4320 60 ST 2036-3 Octa-link 10G 4320p50 7680 4320 50

4320p30 / 29.97 7680 4320 30 ST 2036-3 Quad-link 10G 4320p25 7680 4320 25

4320p24 / 23.98 7680 4320 24 2160p60 / 59.94 3840 / 4096 2160 60 ST 2036-3

Dual-link 10G ST 2048-3

Triple Link 10G 2160p50 3840 / 4096 2160 50

2160p48 / 47.96 3840 / 4096 2160 48 ST 2048-3 Triple Link 10G

2160p30 / 29.97 3840 / 4096 2160 30 ST 2036-3 Single-link 10G


2160p25 3840 / 4096 2160 25

2160p24 / 23.98 3840 / 4096 2160 24

Table 7 10.629Gbit/Sec interface standards for 4K and 8K production

NOTE1: ST 2036-3 does not support 4:4:4:4 processing or 48Hz frame rates.

NOTE2: At time of writing ST 435, ST 2048-3 and ST 2036-3 are in the process of being revised to include multi-link 10.692Gbit/Sec DWDM interface. These documents have not completed the balloting and publication process although are all very close to completion.

In addition to the 10G optical SDI interface, SMPTE is currently working towards publication of a (nominal) 25Gbit/Sec optical SDI interface as ST2062 part 1 and part 2.

This standard defines: Source Image and Format Mapping in part 1 and defines the 25.79851 Gbit/Sec Optical Fiber Interface in part 2.

This standard also leverages the basic stream and mapping structures defined in ST 435. Operating at twice the serial rate of ST 435, ST 2062 provides sufficient single-link bandwidth for the carriage of 4K D-Cinema and UHDTV production image formats with 4:4:4 sampling, 10-bit and 12-bit pixel resolution at frame rates up to and including p60 see Table 7.

System Nomenclature

Horizontal Pixels

Vertical Pixels

Frames per Second

(nominal)

Total Payload (nominal) 10-bit 4:2:0 10-bit 4:2:2 10-bit 4:4:4

12-bit 4:2:0 12-bit 4:2:2 12-bit 4:4:4

2160p60 / 59.94 3840 / 4096 2160 60

Proposed ST 2062-1

Single-link 25G

2160p50 3840 / 4096 2160 50 2160p48 / 47.96 3840 / 4096 2160 48 2160p30 / 29.97 3840 / 4096 2160 30 2160p25 3840 / 4096 2160 25 2160p24 / 23.98 3840 / 4096 2160 24

Table 8 25Gbit/Sec interface standards for 4K production

At time of writing ST 2062-1 and -2 had not completed the balloting and publication process although this standard is also very close to completion.


15

Conclusions The 3Gbit/Sec SDI infrastructure is now widespread in the broadcast industry. It is extremely reliable and dependable and both copper and optical interconnects have been standardized and widely deployed.

The SMPTE 32NF40 Multi-Link 3G AHG is developing dual-link 3G-SDI and quad-link 3G-SDI interface standards to allow broadcasters to re-purpose their existing copper and optical SDI infrastructure as they transition to supporting stereoscopic 3D, 4K D-Cinema and 4K UDHTV production image formats.

The basic concepts developed for the mapping of stereoscopic 3D, 4K D-Cinema and 4K UDHTV production image formats into multi-link 3G-SDI interfaces could be extended to realize future SDI interfaces operating at up to 96Gbit/Sec single-link and 192Gbit/Sec dual link in support of 8K UHDTV production.

Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Semtech Corporation for permission to publish this paper, and his colleagues at Semtech Corporation and elsewhere within the broadcast industry for their assistance in its preparation.

Reference and Bibliography Nigel Seth-Smith, Gareth M. Heywood, and Ryan Latchman, “11.88 Gbits/sec: Continuing the Evolution of Serial Digital Interface” SMPTE motion Imaging Journal May/June 2009 First published in the IBC 2008 Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 11-15, 2008. Copyright © International Broadcasting Convention. Kaiming Ho, Fraunhofer IIS; Nigel Seth-Smith, Gennum, “JPEG2000 Mezzanine: Compression for real-time digital cinema,” IBC 2009 Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 12, 2009. Nigel Seth-Smith, Gennum Corporation, “3Gb/s SDI for Transport of 3D, 4K and Beyond” SMPTE 2011 Fall Conference. Various SMPTE standards and recommended practices. Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) www.SMPTE.org

IEEE 802.3ba-2010 Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications - Amendment 4: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers and Management Parameters for 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Operation

SFP MSA INF-8074i Specification for SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) Transceiver Rev 1.0 May 12, 2001

SFP+ MSA, SFF-8431 Specifications for Enhanced Small Form Factor Pluggable Module SFP+ Revision 4.1: 2009

QSFP+MSA SFF-8436 Specification for QSFP+ 10 Gbs 4X PLUGGABLE TRANSCEIVER Rev 4.3 July 7, 2012 www3.qsfpmsa.org


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