CAP/AIDS was started in 2003 by a small group of concerned people in Canada and East Africa who both recognized that, at the time, there were no national scale Canadian NGOs focused exclu-sively on addressing HIV/AIDS in Africa. Mean-while, they knew fi rst hand of many volunteer-driven eff orts in African communities who were making the most of meagre resources to respond to community needs on the struggle against HIV/

AIDS in their communities.

The CAP/AIDS Network was established to pro-vide a means of connecting concerned Canadi-ans with these groups on the ground in African communities and to support our common goals through solidarity, mentorship and joint project

implementation.

Since then, CAP/AIDS has worked with more than 15 community-based organizations in eight African countries working together to respond to local needs, develop capacity and address the challenges of HIV/AIDS through our priority ar-eas: Grassroots Empowerment, HIV Prevention, Bike Distribution and Sustainable Livelihoods.

50% of the money made from selling this maga-zine will be donated to CAP/AIDS.

Thank you.

Charity # 88898 7500 RR0001

CAP/AIDS

Cover illustration

Alan Josue Cervantes Mendoza

Editing & Layout

Mark Dallas

All images used

are either public domain

or creative commons license

See j.mp/fp18imgcreds

for the list of authors

29

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FUTURE PERFECT

Issue #18: July '15Send comments to futureperfect.editor@gmail.com

Why do we Dream?Alan Josue Cervantes Mendoza

False Friends of the TranslatorVasilisa Chernousova

Who are we? Lucas Oller

The Science of Being HappyElif Su Kulahlı

Running into a Fad Ming-Hsien Ting

Fake Reviews and their Infl uence on you Laure-Anne Cantabella

You’re getting old,Canada! Giulia Piazzalunga

Where the money went last time

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By Alan Josue Cervantes Mendoza

The experience of dreaming is something we share like living creatures. We know how it feels more than we can describe it. Besides, dreams are a collection of experiences that are revived in the subconscious. According to psychiatrist and dream researcher John Allan Hobson, it is a sensorimotor imagination that feels real where the memory is tenuous and disappears fast after awakening. He describes it in 4 stages.Stage 1 occupies about 5% of sleep time. Alpha waves in the Electroencephalogram

correspond to wakefulness and are replaced by slower waves (theta waves) that appears on the no Rapid Eye Movement or NREM. The heartbeat also slows down. During this phase, the dream is easily interruptible.

The second stage represents more than 50% of sleep time. It is characterized by electroencephalographic waves more frequently than theta waves. Muscle tone is somewhat weaker and the waking threshold rises. It is what we call the beginning of the dream.

Last, stages 3 and 4 correspond to the deepest sleep because the delta waves appear, which are very slow. In these stages, weak muscle tone and decreased heart rate and breathing often occur. During these dreams, night terrors in children and

Why do we dream?

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Where the money went last time...

The FP17 Journalism Class raised money for the Canadian Women's Foundation.

Future Perfect Editor Mark Dallas (2nd from left) with his English-through-Journalism students handing over the cash to Laura Owen (right) of the CWF.

If you have any ideas for content or charities for future issues of Future Perfect, or if you would like to advertise, contact us at futureperfect.editor@gmail.com

...and where your money’s going this time...

For information about where the money for this issue is going, turn to the back cover.

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sleepwalking can occur. Eye movements are slow. On the other hand, dreams help our mental health, leaving us to process the events of the day, keeping in mind what we label useful and forgett ing what is not. According neurologist Sigmund Freud, dreams are a way to express our forbidden desires, while keeping a low profi le of our true selves.

However, neurologist and neuropsychiatrist Richard M. Restak does not totally agree said dreams lead us

to a deep knowledge of ourselves by which we can understand something important or discover the solution to a problem that we could not resolve. Psychiatry and psychology at Harvard Medical School Matt hew Walker found that, during sleep, the brain has repair functions that help to overcome traumas.

In November of 2013, Walker conducted an experiment with 34 healthy youths divided into 2 groups. Every person from each group saw

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150 images at intervals of 12 hours while being observed with an MRI brain scanner.

The images used in the experiment could be anything from unusual items to portrayals of very bloody accidents.

The results showed that, during the REM phase, brain activity in the amygdala (the part of the brain responsible for emotions) allowed the prefrontal cortex to process and minimize the impact of the disturbing images.

This suggests that, through sleep, we increase the skills to overcome s t ress fu l s i tuat ions .

Finally, Matt hew found that there are some areas of the brain that sleep while subjects are awake.

His studies show that neurons are "disconnected" automatically when a certain level of eff ort is reached. Because of that, people experience moments when they are more likely to make mistakes. 25

The British and the French occupied their lands, applied their rules with force and later on, the Aboriginals were forced to be part of the Canadian community. Nobody is happy about celebrating their enemies’ victory.

There are a lot of festivals and celebrations in almost every town in Canada.

Some people don’t celebrate due to political reasons or because they are immigrants and they don’t see Canada as their own country.

But at least, we know that most people love Canada Day because, like Ice, who is from the Philippines, said, “It’s a day off from work”.

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Aborigines, and sometimes still Indians!) fought against and alongside the British and French Empires because these armed forces were (and often still are) seen as the occupying forces of their lands.

From the late 18th century on, they were forced to assimilate to the colonizers’ cultures.

As a result, Canada Day is regarded in diff erent ways by diff erent people.

Linda, born in Montreal, said that she loves Canada Day because it’s a way to spend time with her family and her friends.

As most Canadians do, she usually has a barbecue and goes to see the fi reworks.

On the other hand, for

Luigi it is not only a chance to eat and have fun: “It’s a symbol of freedom; e v e r y s i n g l e

p e r s o n in Canada s h o u l d celebrate it and refl ect on what the nation off ers to them”.

Of course, some Native Canadians don't enjoy this day due to diff erent reasons.

The most common one is that they don't celebrate this day because they see this day as the anniversary of their losses.

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By Vasilisa Chernousova

Let’s imagine the following situation: you are a Canadian woman studying Spanish. One day, a handsome Mexican man invites you on a date to a park. Obviously, you decide to look as gorgeous as it could ever be possible, that’s why you put on your favorite high-heels.

Everything goes perfectly until you accidentally stumble over a stone and fall. An awkward situation, isn’t it? You want to say that you feel a litt le bit ashamed,

embarrassed. And at this moment the Spanish word ‘embarazada’ comes to your mind. You say, “Estoy embarazada!” But what happens next is that your new boyfriend becomes ‘just a litt le bit’ shocked.

Congratulations! You are a victim of a ‘false friend’. But don’t worry, it’s not a person who let you down, it’s just a word. The his-tory of the phenomenon of ‘false friends’ begins with contrastive analysis.

False Friends of the Translator

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In modern linguistics, the term ‘contrastive analysis’ has been gaining more and more popularity. According to dictionaries, a contrastive analysis (also known as ‘con-trastive study’ and ‘contras-tive linguistics’) is based on comparing two languages while fi nding their diff er-ences and similarities. Years ago the main aim of this study was explor-ing language gene-alogies. Nowadays another pur-pose, which is an aid to sec-ond-language acquisit ion, has been add-ed and has be-come the main one.

Dr. Robert Lado, an Ameri-can expert on studying lan-guages, language testing and cross-cultural understand-ing and one of the inventors of modern contrastive lin-guistics, has writt en over 60 books on these topics. In one of his most popular works, ‘Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for lan-

guage teachers’, he explains that "…in the comparison between native and foreign language lies the key to ease or diffi culty in foreign lan-guage learning." This state-ment is a key idea of the whole contrastive analysis.

An important part of con-trastive linguistics is the study of homonyms,

i.e. words having the same spelling or

pronunciation but diff er-ent meanings and origins. For example, in the Eng-lish language,

the words ‘male’ and ‘mail’ sound the same, but their defi nitions have ab-solutely nothing in common. The words ‘bear’ (an animal) and ‘bear’ (to carry) are hom-onyms. And so are ‘pair’ (a couple) and ‘pear’ (a fruit).

‘False friend of the transla-tor’ is a linguistic term re-lated to contrastive study and the study of homonyms. These words are the ones

2323

Starting from the end of June, we usually see the Maple Leaf fl ag hung on diff erent buildings in every Canadian city.This happens because July 1st is Canada’s “birthday”.

Bett er known as Canada Day, the fi rst of July is the day on which Canadian citizens celebrate their country. You can see fi reworks, join festivals, wear red & white clothes and wish your friends “Happy Canada Day!”.

This year in Toronto, if you were at Woodbine Beach, you could have seen the amazing fi reworks, but if you were in Dundas Square, you would have enjoyed diff erent dances from

all over the world and also the fi rst “Living Canadian Flag” in the city to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its design.

Back in 1867, the colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which is now split into Ontario and Quebec) combined to form a dominion named Canada, controlled by the British Empire. Only after its 64th year, in 1931, the British gave Canada its independence. But before this happened, a lot of wars were fought in North America.

The fi rst inhabitants of these lands (called variously Natives, First Nations, Aboriginals,

By Giulia Piazzalunga

You’re getting old,Canada!

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Then, we will see some advice to recognize a real review for a product for example. The fi rst step is how to spot a fake review. You need to consider the length and the tone of the review. If the review is very short (4 or 5 lines), vague and doesn’t have many details about the product, it may be a fake. The writer just wants to aff ect the overall score and the star rating.

After, it’s important to check the review used emotional language. Usually, an objective review will summarize and critique the content or features. You see then if the reviewer has writt en other reviews in a short period. If he wrote many reviews in just a few days, it is probably a fake.

Last, you need to be skeptical if the review

admits bias. Especially if the reviewer noted that he never tried the product.

The second step is to consider and react to the reviews. It is important to disregard the highest and lowest ratings. It is preferable to read what people in the middle say for a more accurate assessment of the book. After, you need to think if the review is thoughtful, fair and well writt en.

To conclude, when you do some research on reviews about something, you really need to be careful and try to keep some distance from the text. Even if you take all the precautions possible, the best way is always to have your own opinion. Trust yourself!

7

from diff erent languages that look or sound similar but have diff erent meanings. People often make such mis-takes because of the untrue associations with their na-tive languages. According to the Soviet linguist Valeriy Akulenko, historically, false friends of the translator are the result of interlingual con-nections based on either ran-dom coincidences or, mostly in sister languages, on cog-nates (words that have a com-mon etymological origin). For example, the words that may confuse many people

are the German ‘Gift’ and the English ‘gift’. Their spelling and pronunciation are the same, but if you think that their meanings are the same as well, you are wrong. The fi rst word is defi ned as ‘poi-son’ while the second one is something given voluntari-ly. So if a German speaking man off ers you a ‘gift’, think before accepting it.

O t h e r p o p u l a r f a l s e f r i e n d s a r e -shown in the chart below.

8

takes that can lead to gett ing into embarrassing situations. There are many resources on the Internet with lots of lists of the words to be aware of. It’s very fast and easy.

But if you don’t want to use computer or another electronic device, you can look for a dictionary in the

library or buy it online.

And it might be worth men-tioning to your Mexican boy-friend that he is not going to be a father any time soon (em-barazada means pregnant).

Many people guess that these mistakes are made only by inexperienced lan-guage learners. That’s not al-ways true. Even professional translators sometimes can’t see that a particular word is a ‘false friend’. There are sev-eral incidents in novels where the word translated incor-rectly changed the meaning

of the whole sentence. For-tunately, these faults were corrected in later editions.

Learning false friends is al-ways a good way to become more professional in a for-eign language and avoid mis-

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reading reviews, but they evaluate the success of a book/movie with their number. A lot of people used his service, and he made more than $12500 in few months. When this scandal was revealed, many author denied or liked Amazon, the others decided to remove reviews. It was not just one, two or even one hundred but thousands of reviews.

Another example is when you follow some video game blogs to know if the new game is great or not. It’s hard to trust them because an article show on The New York Times that bloggers are paid between $80 and $200 to write a good review. In this world, it is really diffi cult to know if the reviewer told the truth or not.

review. For instance, if you review a movie, you need to answer these kinds of questions: why a fi lm works, how it works, what it means and what eff ects it has on people. Usually, they are published in scholarly journals. Some famous fi lm critics are Andre Bazin, Jean-Luc Godard and Francois Truff aut (all for Cahiers du Cinema).

A critic needs to be objective, but how to be objective if you are paid to do it? Do you remember the Amazon scandal? The website GettingBookReviews.com, created by Todd Rutherford in 2010, proposed to sell reviews at $99 each or $499 for 20. In fact, Rutherford understood a paradox: in this digital world where false and true are mixed, customers stop

2020202020202022020020200220002

Can you remember how many times, when you want to watch a movie or buy another book,

you look on the Internet? You wrote some words, and you found many reviews. After a few minutes, these reviews helped you to make your decision. It’s not important what your fi nal action was, just that you thought “It’s ok, I made my own view about this”. But is it true? The real question should be ‘Can online book or movie reviews really help you, or is it just a way to manipulate people and make money?’.

Firstly, a movie or book review is the analysis

and evaluation of a fi lm or a book. It is possible to divide it into 2 parts: journalistic criticism and academic criticism.

Journalistic criticism appears regularly in newspapers or online. There are some famous journalist critics, like James Agee (Time magazine, The Nation), James Berardinelli, Pauline Kael (The New Yorker) and Michael Phillips (Chicago Tribune). On internet, the most popular websites are Box Offi ce Prophets and Box Offi ce Guru.

An academic criticism explores cinema or books beyond journalistic

By Laure-Anne Cantabella

Fake Reviews and their Infl uence on you

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Since Socrates we have chosen the way of reason. And where is our other part—our instinct, our essence? It is locked inside us. Nobody can be who is for real. The “universal moral” change our nature, and we became egoistic. Every time, we want more and more. It is never enough.

The Nietz schean superman thinks about all values, and questions whether a real truth exists and why something is good or bad .We don’t need to accept all values, only think about them and choose the best ones or create others. The world can’t adapt us: all humans are diff erent. We are all idiosyncratic, but we

By Lucas OllerWho are we?

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can’t be this because society does not approve. We are becoming robots made by society.

People start to create diff erent characters because we don’t know our essence, and we became false and want to show the world what we aren’t. Everyone needs to make an inside journey to learn about themselves.

One time a person told me that I didn’t know who I was, so I decided to take a long time searching for an answer to this question. Who am I? On my inside search I found a diff erent creature that was locked inside me. When I looked into her eyes, I saw something similar to sadness or anger. It scared me as I had never seen anything similar, so I decided to run away.

Back in the real world, I started to pay more att ention in people, and in every person I could saw something diff erent: features that can’t be expressed. I started to ask myself, “Why can’t they express this?”

There's a great library on the way to my house, and I decided to stop there for a moment, relax a litt le and read some interesting books. When I was reading, I found some interesting ideas, like Freud's theories, that our minds are divided into three parts: ego, superego and id. And human will, which for Schopenhauer is the most important element that brought sense to things and the world, is the union between body and feelings—that which provides our will to live. But after Nietz sche's theories, everything started to make sense in my mind. That creature which I saw inside is only my animal side, my instinct, maybe everything that I can’t be. This is wrong. I will free my other side, and fi nally I will be complete.It is very diffi cult to fi nd an answer about who we are, but we need to try.

19

Jogging seems to have evolved into a “cool” activity for fi tness, recreation and socializing, and has spread through some human populations. Since the trend of jogging developed quickly, once the perception of novelty is gone, will it fade away? The latest running fad from a sporting goods store—barefoot running—hitt ing the pavement without shoes or with minimal protection, takes us back to the beginning of human running history. If you are a self-proclaimed tech addict, running on a treadmill while watching a wide virtual-reality screen might be one of the next options.

Whether we run to hunt prey as our ancestors did, or go for a jog to be chased by something funny, the new ideas are likely to catch on and never end. As long as we still have two legs and adopt it as lifestyle, the fi nishing line of the jogging story is far ahead of us, isn’t it?

the needs of their customers, even to create a new short-term need.

People may choose to hit the road because of its aff ordability, free from equipment and time-fl exibility, or to ease a feeling of panic about an upcoming work presentation. In a study carried out by Southern Methodist University researchers, people had signifi cantly milder reactions to stress if they engaged in regular intense aerobic exercise.

If there is something you can complain with jogging, it’s perhaps the tedium. To relieve the routine and make training enjoyable, various incentives are off ered: joining a jogging club which may improve both endurance and mental health, drawing by running with GPS route tracking anywhere you want, taking selfi es and sharing your achievements on social media, wearing professional and fashionable apparel while stepping out in public.

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a doubt, it has become one of Vancouver’s traditional rites.

Jogging and running activities have taken the world by storm over the last 30 years. Today there are a great amount of universal running races and events each year. Increasingly, enthusiasts fall over each other to register on the Internet to make the limited quota. Cities, media, and large corporate s p o n s o r s h i p support the activities for running or jogging around the world. They att ract real runners and hipsters by pushing out sentimental advertisements, professional fi tt ings, funny interactive mobile apps and other novelties, collaborate to create a tendency.“I was chased by zombies for 2 months,” said Kim, a 36-year-old Canadian amateur jogger. She is

talking about a fi tness game for cellphones that can be used while jogging. To follow the slogan of this adventurous program, “Run in the real world, become a hero in another,” users are encouraged to run to rescue survivors and defend their homes, with an imaginative

atmosphere and an 8-week backstory. As a description of the user, this just might be the trick to gett ing running regularly. In order to keep pace with the tendency of life, tech companies introduce numerous up-to-date gadgets to satisfy all

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Today everybody is rushing and doing things that they have to do to live a happy life. But I wonder why, even though everybody is try-ing hard to achieve some-thing, a few people around me are really happy and satisfi ed with their lives.

The fi rst thing that comes to my mind when I think about the most important factor for happiness is money as in the study of psycholo-gist Daniel Kahneman and economist Angus Deaton. According to the study, peo-ple who have higher income than the others are happier and more relaxed in their lives but if their income is higher than $75,000 their happiness depend on other things. Not to cause a misun-derstanding, I mean healthy life expectancy, social sup-port and so on by saying money is the most important

By Elif Su Kulahlı

one. Because although we say that money is not impor-tant and all you need is love, we all know that just love is not enough, just as money is not enough by itself ei-ther. I think that it is about our perception, what we want and expect in our lives.

According to a report pub-lished by the Sustainable Development Solutions Net-work (SDSN), the world’s happiest country in 2015 is Switz erland, followed by Ice-land, Norway, Denmark and Canada. The richer a coun-

The Science of Being Happy

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are already formed, than a child who is ready to learn everything you tell them.

In countries like Switz erland and Canada, the main reason people are happier than in most other nations is that the people who live there know how to handle crisis, such as in Finland. After they de-clared their independence, they faced many hardships, political and social issues and shortages, but they strove even in recent history. Now, it’s one of the happiest coun-tries in the world with a good

try’s economy gets, the hap-pier its community becomes. But there is an important thing that shouldn’t be ignored.

In a country, all of the people should have at least simi-lar life standards. If there is a huge economic gap be-tween the rich and the poor, it means that most of the rich are gett ing their income from the work of the poor. It is a thing that the capital-ist system has taught us: “You should work hard but only for yourself, and do everything to get what you want, even if it means you should exploit other people”.

In such countries, the num-ber of poor people is in-creasing constantly, and so is dissatisfaction. Once the government manages to bal-ance the economy, they can work on how to improve it. It is the hardest thing in trying to make a change: to start. It is even easier to go on with that when the ideology you want to teach passes down from generation to genera-tion because it is harder to teach an adult, whose ideas

17

and incredibly, over 40,000 runners took part in the 2015 running event. Now, without

the host sponsor, the fi rst run of 1985 in Vancouver att racted 3,200 participants,

16

is one of the largest 10K running events in the world and was intended to promote

the benefi ts of running to improve health and fi tness. Based on the history from

Illustration b Ming-Hsien Ting

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economy, and it produces more agricultural goods than any other European country.

Henry S. Miller mentions that there are three diff erent determinants to being hap-py. The fi rst one is our ge-netic inheritance, but I think that the other ones are more important: the environment we live in, which includes our economic situation and our way of thinking. Many of us know people who seem to have everything they want in life, such as a beautiful house, lovely children and

so on, but when you talk to them, they don’t seem to be as happy as you thought, and you wonder why be-cause most of us want similar things from life, and we think that, when we get them, we will live happily ever after.

On the other hand, many are surprised when they see a per-son who doesn’t have money or a signifi cant other is really happy. It is about the educa-tion we get from our family and school. We are taught that the only way to become happy is to have a decent

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job and fi nd your soulmate. Some of us have passions about the other things, like becoming an artist or travel-ling the world, but instead of doing that, we live the life we’re told to and won-der what our lives would have been like if we’d fol-lowed our dreams. We should also consider that these kinds of things hap-pen mostly in countries which don’t have to tackle shortage and problems that threaten human life because, when we get what we want, we want more and more.

People in poor countries can be happy with few things be-cause they have to deal with more serious problems such as hunger and malnutrition. It is ironic that dissatisfac-tion is seen more often in countries that have bett er life standards by comparison.

What I’m gett ing at here is that we shouldn’t just focus on trying to live the life we’re told to. We should know our satisfaction is based on how we see the world and how to change our percep-

tion of it. We should also specify our priorities such as money and our passions.

First of all we should decide what we really want and ex-pect. Do we want to build a good career, travel the world with a backpack, or just be a good musician and play at some place? Only if we can decide on that, we can fo-cus on the thing we would like to do. Also we have to make a decision on which one to follow: heart or brain.

I wish I could just believe that everybody can be happy all the time, but it’s not go-ing to happen. Being sad and anxious sometimes is what makes us human. We can just learn how to be thankful for what we’ve already got and try to make something for others to make them happier.

Just as Buddha said: ”Thou-sands of candles can be lit from a single candle, and the life of the candle will not be shortened. Happiness never decreases by being shared.

15151515

Running style was revolutionized over time. The bandwagon is sweeping underfoot while you hit the track. Are you getting set?

Richard Jeff eries, an English naturalist in the 19th century, described "joggers" as quickly- moving people who brushed others aside as they passed. As suggested in this classical, even romanticized explanation, jogging is running at a gentle pace just like a breeze.

It became a popular fad around 1967, and over the past 20 years, it had been seen as an important part of training athletes. According to the defi nition of speed coach Mike Antoniades, jogging is moving slower than 10 km per hour.

A statement commonly heard is that, jogging can improve heart performance, blood circulation and maintain a balanced weight.

Ignore the naysayers about the risk of injury to the knees. Research from Australia’s Monash University suggests that the impact of running can safeguard your joints from arthritis. In brief, it’s important to know that jogging can eff ectively prevent potential damage and can equally help you to run well and enjoy it.

Fortunately, challenge opens the door to everyone, whether you are a trained runner or not. On a beautiful Sunday morning in April, 2015, a day with pleasant cool weather and the streets of Vancouver are hot with excitement. Thousands of people descended upon for the “Vancouver Sun Run”. Founded by former Canadian Olympians, it

Running into a FadBy Ming-Hsien Ting