Future Orchard Systemss3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com › treefruit.wsu.edu › wp-content › ...–...
Transcript of Future Orchard Systemss3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com › treefruit.wsu.edu › wp-content › ...–...
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Matthew Whiting Washington State University
Future Orchard Systems
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Sweet cherry is trained to many different systems• How to choose?
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Published 2015
Available online
Or as an app
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Published 2015
Available online
Or as an app
7 different systems!
• Spanish bush• Kym Green Bush• Steep leader• Tall spindle axe• Vogel central leader• Super slender axe• Upright fruiting offshoots
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What factors should one consider?
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• Interception/distribution of light
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• Interception/distribution of light
• Quantity and quality of fruit
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• Interception/distribution of light
• Quantity and quality of fruit
• Uniformity of fruit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2016 Color
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2017 Color
Tree 1 Tree 2
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• Interception/distribution of light
• Quantity and quality of fruit
• Uniformity of fruit
• Production efficiency• Harvest• Pruning
• Environmental footprint
• Labor requirements & safety
• Ability to adopt mech./automation
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Training system selections process:
CULTIVAR
SITE
ROOTSTOCK
INFRASTRUCTURE
MARKET
YIELD
LABOR AVAIL.
ENVIRON.FOOTPRINT
PRODUCTION EFF.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
TOPOGRAPHY LIGHT RELATIONS
FRUIT QUALITY.
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22 billion sweet cherries need to be picked220,000,000 kilos7,333,333 hours916,000 days (2500 years)
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40+ year old Bing/Mazzard, multi leader 20 x 20 ft
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Goal: improve efficiency/profitability with orchard system
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Goal: improve efficiency/profitability with orchard system
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What training system to use?
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What training system to use?
1. Establishment– Ease and cost– Precocity
2. Maintenance–Managing tree tops– Renewal pruning– Sustainable
productivity
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What training system to use?
1. Establishment– Ease and cost– Precocity
2. Maintenance–Managing tree tops– Renewal pruning– Sustainable
productivity
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Establishment• Ease and cost• Precocity
Photo: M. Ayala
KGB
UFO
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‘SciFresh’/M9 – 100+ bins/ac
What is successful in other crops?
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‘SciFresh’/M9 – 100+ bins/ac
Keys to success:• Compact fruiting wall• High input efficiency• Predictable fruiting
and vigor (calm trees)• Precision orchard
management
What is successful in other crops?
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Sweet cherry fruiting walls
10 year old Tieton/Gisela5, UFO 10 x 6 ft
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New? idea for apples:
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Sweet cherry fruiting walls
5 year old Early Robin/Gisela12, UFO 12 x 4 ft
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Sweet cherry fruiting walls
6 year old ‘Early Robin’/ ‘Gisela 12’, Tatura 13 x 5.5 ft
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– High light interception, good light distribution– Compact, fruiting wall– Repeated processes– High production efficiency– Suitable for mechanization/automation
Future orchard systems
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Back to the future
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Utilizing platforms:(pedestrian orchard)
- Limb tying- Thinning- Pruning- Harvest (hourly)
- Work at night
- 30% improvement worker efficiency
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Potential for night harvest:
Key issues: efficiency, visibility, fruit quality
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Pruning• Second greatest expense• More difficult than harvesting
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Pruning
- 71 second video - steep leader- 66 cuts made- 0.93 cuts per second- All from ground
- Rules?- Follow up?- Ability to mechanize?
• Second greatest expense• More difficult than harvesting
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Efficient orchard architecture
Pruning rules:1. Remove lateral wood with stub cuts2. Renew largest uprights with stub cuts
The UFO System
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Mechanical pruning
• Mech pruning ca. 25x faster
• Hand pruning is 4.5x machine costs
• 48 ac to cover machine cost in 1 yr
Estimated pruning costs
$741
$168
$590
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10 feet 10 feet 12 feet
Vertical system Angled system
12 feet
1 ‘wall’ per row1 ‘wall’ every 10 ft
2 ‘walls’ per row1 ‘wall’ every 6 ft
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• Diurnal trend was nearly symmetric around solar noon• Yield potential on angled canopies is greater than planar canopies
• 5 year-old ‘Santina’/Gisela12 – 14 tons/ac (Y-trellis UFO)• 4 year-old 11 tons/ac
PAR interception of vertical and angled fruiting walls
2
1
3
4
5
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9-10 ft between rows
Vertical system
>1:1 canopy height : row spacing
Future orchard systems?
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9-10 ft between rows
Vertical system
>1:1 canopy height : row spacing
4-5 ft 4-5 ft
Vertical OTR system
Future orchard systems?
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9-10 ft between rows
Vertical system
>1:1 canopy height : row spacing
4-5 ft 4-5 ft
Vertical OTR system
Future orchard systems?
Frui
ting
zo
ne
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9-10 ft between rows
Vertical system
>1:1 canopy height : row spacing
4-5 ft 4-5 ft
Vertical OTR system
Future orchard systems?
Frui
ting
zo
ne
Frui
ting
zo
ne
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9-10 ft between rows
Vertical system
>1:1 canopy height : row spacing
4-5 ft 4-5 ft
Vertical OTR system
Future orchard systems?
Frui
ting
zo
ne
Frui
ting
zo
ne
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20-22 in
Tatura-style system:Permanent verticalRenewable horizontal fruiting wood
UFO system:Permanent horizontal woodRenewable vertical fruiting wood
8-10 in
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20-22 in
Tatura-style system:Permanent verticalRenewable horizontal fruiting wood
UFO system:Permanent horizontal woodRenewable vertical fruiting wood
8-10 in
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20-22 in
Tatura-style system:Permanent verticalRenewable horizontal fruiting wood
UFO system:Permanent horizontal woodRenewable vertical fruiting wood
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• Spanish bush• Kym Green Bush• Steep leader• Tall spindle axe• Vogel central leader• Super slender axe• Upright fruiting
offshoots
• Tatura
7 different systems…
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• Spanish bush• Kym Green Bush• Steep leader• Tall spindle axe• Vogel central leader• Super slender axe• Upright fruiting
offshoots
• Tatura
7 different systems…
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Keys for success:• The right genetics– Growth habit– Vigor– Fruiting
• The right system– Simple– Planar– Efficient
• Multi-disciplinary collaboration with stakeholders
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[email protected] FB: WSUStonefruitphysiology