Future Improvements of Weather and Climate Prediction...• The WIDB (aka the 4-Dimensional Weather...
Transcript of Future Improvements of Weather and Climate Prediction...• The WIDB (aka the 4-Dimensional Weather...
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Alexander E. MacDonald, Ph.D.
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Labs
and Cooperative Institutes
& Director, Earth System Research Laboratory
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
Future Improvements of
Weather and Climate
Prediction
Unidata Policy Committee
October 21, 2010
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Talk Summary
1. Foundations of improvements in prediction.
2. Elements of improving global predictions (both
weather and climate).
3. Elements of improving regional predictions (mainly
weather).
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Talk Summary
1. Foundations of improvements in prediction.
2. Elements of improving global predictions (both
weather and climate).
3. Elements of improving regional predictions (mainly
weather).
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A personal opinion:
The US needs a
strong program to
compare potential
observing systems,
And determine which
ones are most useful
and cost effective.
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Earth System Modeling Advances
• Improved numerical formulation of dynamic atmospheric
models suitable for resolutions at “cloud permitting
scales” globally.
• The ensemble modeling revolution.
• Improved atmospheric assimilation (4DVAR and EnKF).
• Advanced atmospheric physics, with capability of plug
compatibility (interoperability).
• Improved ocean observing, assimilation and modeling.
• Advances in computing such as Massively Parallel Fine
Grain.
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Clouds, according to
Professor Bleck: dx > 4 km:
Cloud Imitating
400 meters < dx < 4 km
Cloud Permitting
dx < 400 meters
Cloud Resolving
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Large community effort developing WRF plug-compatible
physics packages. Example below are new WRF physics:
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Ocean observing, assimilation and modeling are
progressing rapidly.
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NVIDIA GPUs
CPU #1
GPU #1
GPU #2
Illustration of two
Fermi GPUs
attached to a
dual-socket
Nahalem CPU
GPU: 2008933Gflops
150W
CPU:2008~45 Gflops
160W
8x increase in
double precision
2x increase in
memory bandwidth
Error correcting
memory
Tesla (2008)Fermi (2010)
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GPU Memory Model
• 100x is possible on highly
scalable codes
• Efficient use of memory is
critical to good performance
– 1-2 cycles to access shared
memory
– Hundreds of cycles to access
global memory
Tesla (2008)
• 16K shared memory
• 16K constant memory
• 2GB global memory
GPU Device
ConstantMemory
TextureMemory
GlobalMemory
Block (0, 0)
Shared Memory
LocalMemory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
LocalMemory
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
Block (1, 0)
Shared Memory
LocalMemory
Thread (0, 0)
Registers
LocalMemory
Thread (1, 0)
Registers
CPU Host
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Execution Flow-control(run mostly on the GPU)
init dynamics physics output
GPU
dynamics
– Eliminates copy every model
time step
– CPU-GPU copy only needed
for input and output
GPU
Physics
CPU
GPU
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Talk Summary
1. Foundations of improvements in prediction.
2. Elements of improving global predictions (both
weather and climate).
3. Elements of improving regional predictions (mainly
weather).
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Anomaly
Correlation:
A limited
measure of
global model
skill.EC Red Triangles
GFS Solid Black Line
UKMO Orange Squares
En Can Green
FNMOC Blue Plus
(All of 2008)
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Nearly equal size of grid
volumes, including near poles
Icosahedral grid
Global discretization for models
Lat-lon representation- Basis for GFS, ECMWF, others
- Singularities near poles
- Requires extra diffusion,
longer time steps
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Flow-following-
finite-volume
Icosahedral
Model FIM
X-section location
Temp at lowest level
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Tropics
FIM –
GFS - FIM much better than GFS,
EnKF IC adds further accuracy
72-h
250-hPa
Wind
RMS
vector
error (vs.
analyses)
smaller is
better
Aug 09
Tropics- m/s
FIM 6.36
GFS 7.44
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2008 Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
• GFS vs. FIM30km vs. FIM15km
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from
Wheeler and Kiladis,
1999
Kelvin
Westward Inertio-
Gravity
Equatorial
Rossby
Madden-Julian
Oscillation
OLR total/background power spectrum, 15ºS-15ºN, 1983–2005 (Symmetric)
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Rainfall Spectra/Backgr, IPCC AR4 Intercomparison 15S-15N,
(Symmetric)
from Lin et al., 2006
Observations
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OLR Hovmoller showing MJO simulation
NICAM dx=3.5 km(Non-hydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model)
Courtesy of Prof. Satoh (Science, Dec. 7, 2007)
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Nonhydrostatic
Icosahedral
Model
Jin-Luen Lee
Alexander E. MacDonald
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ESRL Research Efforts
• Next Generation Weather Models are driving
computing requirements
– NIM Model development (Lee, MacDonald)
• Purchased 16 node NVIDIA Tesla system in
2008 (~31Tflops)
• Developed Fortran to CUDA compiler
• Parallelized NIM model dynamics
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2011: GPU 4 KM NIM 1 Day Forecast Projected
Processors Points per
Processor
Time
(hours)
Percent of
Real Time
1280 32768 1.87 7.8%
2560 16384 .99 4.1%
5120 8192 .56 2.3%
10240 4096 .33 1.3%
20480 2048 .20 .8%
40960 1024 .15 .6%
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Talk Summary
1. Foundations of improvements in prediction.
2. Elements of improving global predictions (both
weather and climate).
3. Elements of improving regional predictions (mainly
weather).
![Page 30: Future Improvements of Weather and Climate Prediction...• The WIDB (aka the 4-Dimensional Weather Data Cube) will contain: –Continuously updated weather observations (surface to](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060313/5f0b4df17e708231d42fdb4b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Next Modernization of the National Weather Service
• Improved aviation prediction (NextGen).
• Warn-On-Forecast (the two hour convective warning).
• Renewable Energy prediction requirements.
• Air quality and homeland security (chem, bio and nuclear
threats).
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10/26/2010 12:23 PM DRAFT PRE-DECISIONAL 31
Grid Point (1,000) and Top 1,000 Current
HCN Locations
Grid Points: Black Dots
Current HCNs: Red Crosses
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Weber et al. 2007, Weadon et al. 2009
1 minute volume scans!
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Height2.2 Km Height
1 Km
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Under-determined Problem
• General consensus is that it takes 8-10
radar volume scans to obtain accurate
analyses (~40 min for operational WSR-
88D)
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Be
ne
fits
of
PA
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15 m
inute
s o
f assim
ilation
Yussouf and
Stensrud 2010
Tru
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PA
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An
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R88D
An
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39
NextGen 101
• NextGen is a Congressionally mandated initiative to modernize the U.S. Air Transportation System in order to:– Increase capacity and reliability
– Improve safety and security
– Minimize the environmental impact of aviation
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40
NextGen 101• Weather accounts for 70% of all air traffic delays within the
U.S. National Airspace System (NAS)
– The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has
determined two thirds of this is preventable
with better weather information
• "A key finding, based on an analysis
of several 2005-2006 convective
events, is that as much as two-thirds
of the weather related delay
is potentially avoidable."
-Research, Engineering and Development
Advisory Committee; Report of the
Weather-ATM Integration Working Group;
Oct3, 2007
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41
Weather Information Data Base
• The WIDB (aka the 4-Dimensional Weather Data Cube) will contain:
– Continuously updated weather observations (surface to low earth orbit, including space weather and ocean parameters)
– High resolution (space and time) analysis and forecast information (conventional weather parameters from numerical models)
– Aviation impact parameters for IOC (2013)
• Turbulence
• Icing
• Convection
• Ceiling and visibility
• Winds (surface and aloft)
– The WIDB of the future will contain “all” weather data, not just aviation parameters.