Future and energy BIOENERGY
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Future and energyFuture and energyBIOENERGYBIOENERGY
What about me 40 years later ?
Dr. Bajnóczy GáborTonkó Csilla
BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
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The pictures and drawings of The pictures and drawings of this presentation are used this presentation are used and can be used only for and can be used only for
education !education !
Any commercial use is Any commercial use is prohibited !prohibited !
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Perhaps this will be my car ?Perhaps this will be my car ?
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Or these vehicles ?Or these vehicles ?
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Fuel shortage !Fuel shortage !Is it me at home in winter ?Is it me at home in winter ?
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Or she is my wife waiting for me at Or she is my wife waiting for me at homehome
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Energy from bio-energy plantEnergy from bio-energy plant
Adequate technology is applied to convert the biomass to
- energy (direct conversion)
● combustion
- fuel (indirect conversion)
● thermal gasification
● bio-oil by pyrolysis
● gasification by biomethods
● bioethanol production
● biodiesel production
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The most important questions are theThe most important questions are the
-- ENERGY CONTENT OF THE BIOMASSENERGY CONTENT OF THE BIOMASS
- Availability of Biomass- Availability of Biomass
- Costs- Costs
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REACTANTS
fuel + oxygen
T=298 K
P= 1 bar
PRODUCTSCO2, SO2, H2O
T= 298 KP= 1 bar
+ HEAT (LHV)
PRODUCTSCO2, SO2,H2O
T= 298 KP= 1 bar
+ HEAT (HHV)liquidcomplete
combustion
completecombustion
ENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASSENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASS Unit:
solid, liquid fuels kJ/kg, MJ/kg gas fuels: kJ/Ndm3, MJ/ Nm3
N refers to normal state (0°C ≈ 273,15 K and 1 atm = 101325 MPa)
Low heat value (LHV) and high heat value (HHV)
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LHV and HHV of fuelsLHV and HHV of fuels Measuring by calorimeter Calculation by
33829 C% + 144277 (H% - 1/8 O2%) + 10467 S%HHV = ------------------------------------------------------------------ [kJ/kg] 100
2500 (9H% + water%) LHV = HHV - ---------------------------- [kJ/kg] 100
available hydrogen
not typical in biomass
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LHV values of fuelsNatural gas CH4 48 MJ/kg the highest hydrogen content
Liquid gas CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 46 MJ/kg less hydrogen content
Oil CH3-CH2-….-CH2-CH3 42 MJ/kg even less hydrogen content
Coal 32 - 22 MJ/kg oxygen, water is present
Coke mainly carbon 28 MJ/kg lack of hydrogen !
Wood, straw 14 - 16 MJ/kg high oxygen content and water
Biodiesel CH3-(CH2)n-C-OH 38 MJ/kg even less hydrogen content
OII
Bioethanol CH3-CH2-OH 27 MJ/kg increased oxygen content
Biogas CH4 : CO2 ≈50-50% ≈24 MJ/kg CO2 does not burn
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Direct Thermal Conversion of BiomassDirect Thermal Conversion of Biomass
CombustionCombustion
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Some rSome row materials for biomass combustionow materials for biomass combustion
Forestry product Agriculture product Agriculture residue
wood
Straw
branch
barkoilcake
wheat
maize
rape seed
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Wood for biomass combustionWood for biomass combustion
firewood wood chips Wood pellets
The prime cost is significant
Energy input: - decreased water content - grinding to powder - high pressure must be
applied
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BIOMASS CONVERSION TO ENERGY
COMBUSTION ON MOVING GRATES
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BIOMASS CONVERSION TO ENERGY
Combustion in Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) boiler
The air stream through the grate is strong enough to keep fluid or bubbling state the wood particles
Primary air (under fire air)
Secondary air (over fire air)
The fuel must be uniform in size !
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BIOMASS CONVERSION TO ENERGY
COMBUSTION III.
GILLES pellet heater
Household: 10 – 160 kW
Industrial: 140 kW – 5 MW
The pellet heating is getting more and more popular in western countries
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What can we do at home ? (η = efficiency)
Open fire place η= 10 – 15 %
Closed fire place η = 20 - 30
%
Tile stove only for wood
η = 60 – 70 %
Tile stove for wood and coal η = 60 – 70 %
Central heating by pellet
η ≈ 90 %
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Biomass transformation to fuelBiomass transformation to fuel
Thermal gasificationThermal gasification
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THERMAL GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS
Conversion of biomass into carbon- and hydrogen-rich fuel gases(carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane)
better utilization
efficiency of energy conversion ≈ 90 % less environmental polluting materials
Fuel gas
perfect combustion due toperfect mixing of fuel gas
and air
due to perfect mixing of fuel gasand air less carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons and shoot particleswill be formed.
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THERMAL GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS
CH1.4O0,6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
C + CO2 → CO
CH1.4O0,6 → CO + C + (CH)x + H2O
C + H2O → CO + H2
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
Downdraft gasifier
1450 °C
800 - 1000 °C
300 - 700 °C
> 200 °C
300 - 400 °C
Wood (12-20w% moisture) CO 17-22 v%
H2 16-20 v%CO2 10-15 v%CH4 2-3 v%N2 55-60 v%
LHV : 5-5,86 MJ/Nm3
GASIFIER
atmospheric
CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O
2 C + 2 H2 CH4
Syngas or producer gas
The methan concentration can be increasedby pressure increase
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THERMAL GASIFICATION OF BIOMASSin circulating fluidized (CFB) boiler
Environtherm.de
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THERMAL GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS
Direct heat system Synthesis gas for methanol, ethanol production
Synthesis gas for Fischer-Troops
plant
petroldiesel oil
lubricating oil
Condensation ▼ Bio-oil
Direct heat system
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GASIFICATION BY BIOMETHODSBIOGAS
Produced by biological breakdown of wet organic matters
- biomass
- manure
- sewage
- municipal waste
- green waste
- energy crops
in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic digestion)
PRODUCT COMBUSTIBLE BIOGAS ~ 25 - 10 MJ/Nm3
Natural gas 32 MJ/Nm3
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Technology of biogas production
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row material
Biogas yield
[Nm3/t]
Energy* content
[kJ]
Wood eq.**
[kg]
Oil eq.***
[kg]
cattle, pig manure 60 1080 77 27
fresh grass 500 9000 643 225
fat 1300 23400 1671 585
fat grease trap 250 4500 321 113
slaughterhouse waste 300 5400 386 135
techn. glycerin 500 9000 643 225
brewer grains 180 3240 231 81
grain 560 10080 720 252
* Methane content 50 v% ** 16 MJ/kg *** 40 MJ/kg
ENERGY FROM BIOGAS
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LANDFILL GAS
flaring
heating
Jenbacher gasmotor
Electric energyGreenhouse effect: CH4 >> CO2
The landfill gas is a very polluted gas !!
Mercury, chlorinated hydrocarbons, non methane organic compounds
15-30 Nm3 / ton. year from the second year
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Energy from biomassEnergy from biomass
Maize corn
bioethanol → motor fuel
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BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
Photosynthesis of glucose: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light = C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Fermentation by yeast: C6H12O6 = 2 C2H6O + 2 CO2 + heat
Combustion of ethanol: 2 C2H6O + 6 O2 = 4 CO2 + 6 H2O + heat
The carbon dioxide balance is zero → No greenhouse effect
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BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
Row materials:- sugar containing biomass (sugarcane, sugar beet)
● direct fermentation
- starch containing biomass (maize, wheat, potato)
● hydrolysis
● fermentation
- cellulose containing biomass (wood)
☻long chain cellulose (40-60%) is resistant to
hydrolysis
☻ hemi cellulose (20-40%): easy to hydrolyze but the
five ring sugars can not be fermented
☻lignin: it is not sugar (10-24%)
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BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
TECHNOLOGY
1. Hydrolysis in case of starch containing row materials
2. Fermentation of glucose- significant water claim, strict pH and temperature control, - additives for the yeast wellness
3. Ethanol separation by distillation- significant energy claim
4. Dewatering of ethanol, by molecular sieves
5. Biofuel mixing- E100 pure ethanol- E90 90v% ethanol 10 v% petrol
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BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
Which is the best row material ?
1. Sugar beet 7140 dm3/ hectare
2. Sugar-cane 6620 dm3/ hectare
3. Cassava 4100 dm3 / hectare
4. Maize corn 3540 dm3/ hectare
5. Wheat 2770 dm3/ hectare
Sugar beet
Sugar cane
cassava
Maize corn
wheat1 hectare = 10 000 m2
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No contribution to the greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide
balance is neutral.
No sulfur dioxide emission
Decrease in carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbon (CH)x, soot
emission due to the oxygen content of bioethanol.
No need to change the distribution system.
Octane numbers: RON: 121 MON: 97
real RON : 106 - 108
Well known technology can be applied
Miscibility with petrol
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
ADVANTAGES
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Lower energy content petrol: 43,5 MJ/kg ethanol: 26,8 MJ/kg
Starting problems in winter (max: E75)
Danger of corrosion
Week electrolyte itself
Water and acetic acid formation during storage (electrochemical corrosion)
Peroxy acetic acid formation inside the chamber (chemical corrosion of metal
alloy)
Immiscibility with lubricating oil.
New environmental pollutants (aldehyde and acetic acid)
The row material might be food. (rival in food supply)
The energy balance is not outspokenly positive (debates)
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
DRAWBACKS
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Energy from biomassEnergy from biomass
rape rape from rape seed
Biodiesel from rape → motor fuel
Rape-straw, rape-cake: burning → by-products: energy sources
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BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
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BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
Row material:
- plant product containing any vegetable oil
- animal fat (ONLY IN WASTE FORM !)
- waste vegetable oil
TECHNOLOGY
1. Pretreatment of oil seeds
2. Oil gain by pressing → oil and oilcake
3. Rest oil extraction by organic solvents
4. Transesterification
5. Separation of methylester
6. Purification
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BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
Which is the best row material ?
palm oil tree : 5000 - 7000 dm3/hectare
coco palm: 2300 dm3/hectare
yathropa : 1900 dm3/hectare
soya : 760-1610 dm3/hectare
rape seed: 1000 dm3/hectare
hazelnut: 900 dm3/hectare
sunflower: 820 dm3/hectare
algae: 2700 dm3/hectare
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Row materials for biodiesel
Oil palm
Oil palm
yathropha algae farm
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No contribution to the greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide
balance is neutral. The energy content is 9 % less than that of biodiesel. Higher cetane number. Due to the oxygen content less CO and (CH)x. Debates on soot
emission. Sulfur content is low. biodiesel : < 0,01mass% diesel : 0,2 mass% Biodegradable Miscibility with diesel oil Excellent lubricating effect. Smaller power loss on roads at higher altitudes from see level (the
fuel contains oxygen)
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
ADVANTAGES
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The row material might be food. (rival in food supply)
The energy balance is not outspokenly positive (debates) The exhaust gas has a definite oily smell. Bacterial attack.
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
DRAWBACKS
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IS THE BIOMASS A REAL ENERGY SOURCE ?
Let see Hungary !
93 000 km2
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Let’s substitute the petrol consumption by bioethanol !
Petrol consumption = 1 600 000 ton/year
petrol: 43,5 MJ/kg ethanol: 26,8 MJ/kg
Maize 2,8 ton alcohol/hectare/year
Alcohol claim : 1 600 000 * 43.5/26.8 ≈ 2 600 000 ton/year
Area claim: 2 600 000/2,8 ≈ 930 000 hectare = 9 300 km2
The growing can not be repeated on the same site :Area claim ≈ 3 * 9 300 = 27 900 km2
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Let’s substitute the diesel oil consumption by biodiesel !
Diesel oil consumption = 2 500 000 ton/year
Biodiesel claim : 2 500 000 * 1,1 = 2 750 000 ton/year
Rape: 1000 dm3 biodiesel /hectare/year ≈ 880 kg/hectare/year = 0,88 ton/hectare/year
Area claim : 2750000/0,88 = 3 125 000 hectare = 31 250 km2
The growing can not be repeated on the same site :Area claim ≈ 3 * 31 250 = 93 750 km2
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Bioethanol vs. Biodiesel II.
Wheat
bioethanol
Maize
bioethanol
Sunflower
biodiesel
Rape
biodiesel
Energy grass
only combustion
Energy rate 1,19 1,42 2,35 2,13 4,95
The rate of energy output and energy inputBy Monica Gottfried 2006 thesis
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Energy distribution in Energy distribution in the futurethe future
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ConclusionsConclusions
The biomass is only one possibility to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and decrease the greenhouse effect carbon dioxide emission.
From the point of ‘sustainable development’, the total substitution is impossible.
From the point of ‘sustainable survival’, it has an outstanding significance.