Further Reading In English

(A full chapter-by-chapter bibliographical essay of works in Catalan, Spanish and French is to be found in the Catalan and Spanish editions of this book.)

Alba, Y., Catalonia: a Profile (London, 1975). Allison Peers, E., Catalonia In/ela (Liverpool, 1937). Amelang, J. S., Honored Citizens of Barcelona: Patrician Culture and Class

Relations, 1490-1714 (Princeton, NJ, 1986). Arnau, J., and H. Boada, 'Languages and School in Catalonia', in Journal of

Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Clevedon, Avon, 1986). Azevedo, M. M., 'The Reestablishment of Catalan as a Language of Cul­

ture', Hispanic Linguistics, II (1984). Azevedo, M. M. (ed.), Contemporary Catalonia in Spain and Europe (Berkeley,

CA, 1991). Balcells, A., 'An Example of the National History of a Stateless Nation:

Catalonia', in Conceptions of National History: Proceedings of the Nobel Symposium, 78 (Berlin, New York, 1994).

Balfour, S., The Remaking of the Spanish Labour Movement: Social Change, Urban Growth and Working-class Militancy, Barcelona 1939-1976 (London, 1987).

Bisson, T. N., The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History (Oxford, 1986).

Boyd, A., The Essence of Catalonia: Barcelona and its Region (London, 1988).

Brenan, G., The Spanish Labyrinth (Cambridge, 1969). Carr, R., Spain 1808-1939 (Oxford, 1966). Carr, R., Modern Spain 1875-1980 (Oxford, 1980). Case of the Catalans Consider'd, The (London, 1714) (facsimile ed. and trans

into Catalan by M. Strubell, Barcelona, 1992). Catalan Statute of Autonomy, The, 3rd edn (Generalitat de Catalunya pub!"

Barcelona, 1987). Connelly Ullman, J., The Tragic Week: A Study of Anticlericalism in Spain,

1875-1912 (Harvard, 1972). Corbella, J. M., Social Communication in Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya

pub!', Barcelona, 1988). Deplorable History of the Catalans, The (London 1714) (facsimile ed. and,

trans into Catalan by M. Strubell, Barcelona, 1992). Elliott, J. H., The Revolt of the Catalans: A Study of the Decline of Spain

(1598-1640) (Cambridge, 1963). Giner, S., The Social Structure of Catalonia (Anglo-Catalan Society, Sheffield,

1984). Hall, J., Knowledge of the Catalan Language (1975-1986) (Barcelona, 1990). Hansen, E. C., Schneider, J. and Schneider, P., 'From Autonomous Develop­

ment to Dependent Modernization: the Catalan Case Revisited: a Reply to

202

Further Reading in English 203

Pi-Sunyer', in Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge, 1975).

Hansen, E. C., Rural Catalonia under the Franco Regime: the Face of Re­gional Culture since the Spanish Civil War (Cambridge, 1977).

Hughes, R., Barcelona (London, 1992). Jones, N. L., 'The Catalan Question since the Civil War', in P. Preston (ed.),

Spain in Crisis (London, 1976). Llubera, J., 'Catalan National Identity: the Dialectics of Past and Present', in

Tonkin, McDonald and Chapman (eds), History and Ethnicity (London, 1989).

Llubera, J., The Idea of Volksgeist in the Formation of Catalan Nationalist Ideology', in Ethnic and Racial Studies, VI, no. 3 (London, 1983).

McDonough, G. W., Good Families of Barcelona: a Social History of Power in the Industrial Era (Princeton, NJ, 1986).

Meaker, G. H., The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914-1923 (Stanford, CA, 1974).

Orwell, G., Homage to Catalonia (London, 1938). Pares i Maicas, M., et al., Approach to Catalonia (Barcelona, 1985). Payne, J., Catalonia, Portrait {If a Nation (London, 1991). Perez Alonso, J., 'Catalan: an Example of the Current Language Struggle in

Spain: Sociopolitical and Pedagogical Implications', in International Journal of the Sociology of Language (New York, 1979).

Pi-Sunyer, 0., 'Catalan Nationalism: some Theoretical and Historical Con­siderations', in Tiryakian and Rogowski (eds), New Nationalisms of the Developed West (Winchester, MA, 1985).

Pi-Sunyer, 0., 'Elites and Non-Corporative Groups in the European Mediter­ranean: a Reconsideration of the Catalan Case', in Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge, 1974).

Pi-Sunyer, 0., 'Occupational Images and Ethnicity: Some Observations on the Attitudes of Middle-class Catalans', in Human Organization (Washington, 1975).

Pi-Sunyer, 0., Nationalism and Societal Integration: a Focus on Catalonia (Amherst, MA, 1983).

Pi-Sunyer, 0., The Stalled Transformation: Six Years of the Autonomy Process in Catalonia (Amherst, MA, 1986).

Puigjaner, J. M., Catalonia: a Millennial Country (Generalitat de Catalunya publ., Barcelona, 1989).

Read, J., The Catalans (London, 1979). de Riquer, M., et al., Catalonia (Luna Wennberg, Barcelona, 1983). Sabater, E., 'An Approach to the Situation of the Catalan Language: Social

and Educational Use', in International Journal of the Sociology of Language (New York, 1984).

Schneidman, L., The Rise of the Aragonese-Catalan Empire (New York, 1970). Setton, K., The Catalans in Greece (London, 1975). Siguan, M., 'Language and Education in Catalonia', in Prospects, vol. 14

(1984). Sobreques, J., Vicens, F., and Pitarch, I., The Parliament of Catalonia (Bar­

celona, 1981). Stephens, M., 'The Catalans', in Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe

204 Catalan Nationalism

(LJandysul, Dyfed, Wales, 1976). Strubell i Trueta, M., 'Language and Identity in Catalonia', in International

Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 47 (1984). Terry, A., Catalan Literature (London, 1972). Thomson, J., A Distinctive Industrialization: Cotton in Barcelona, 1728-1832

(Cambridge, 1992). Trueta, 1., The Spirit of Catalonia (Oxford, 1946). Vallverdt1, P., 'A Sociolinguistic History of Catalonia', in International Journal

of the Sociology of Language, vol. 47 (1984). Verges, 0., and Cruafias, J., The Generalitat in the History of Catalonia

(Generalitat de Catalunya publ., Barcelona, 1991). Webber, 1. and Strubell i Trueta, M., The Catalan Language: Progress towards

Normalisation (Anglo-Catalan Society, Sheffield, 1991). Wollard, K. A., Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in

Catalonia (Stanford, CA, 1988).

Index

Abad de Santillan, Diego, 120 Abadal, Ramon d', 79, 86 Abat Oliba, Comissi6, 134 Aberriano, 87 absolute monarchies, 12, 14 see also monarchies

Academia de la LJengua Catalana, 140

Academy of Jurisprudence, 41 Acci6 Catalana, 79, 82, 86, 87, 90,

92, 95, 121 Acci6 Catalana Republicana see

ACR Acci6 RepubJicana de Catalunya, 90 Acci6 Cat6lica Obrera see ACO ACO, 161-2 ACR, 116, 129, 138 ADPC, 141-2 agricultural contracts, 107-8, 110 agricultural reform, 107-8, 110, 114 agricultural unrest, 80, 102, 107,

112, 120 see also opposition movements

agriculture, 18, 19, 80 tenant farmers, 107-8, 110

Aguirre, 123 Aiguader, Jaume, 90, 123 AIT,32 Al-andalus, 2

see also Spain Alba, Santiago, 72, 91 Alcala Zamora, 76, 90 Alcover, Canon, 68 Aldavert, Pere, 30 Alella, Marquis of see Fabra i Puig Alfons I the Chaste, 5 Alfons IV the Magnanimous, 7 Alfonso XII, King of Spain, 19, 29,

36 Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 50,

130 Algeria, 142 Alianza, Obrera, 103-4, 107 Alianza, Popular see AP Almirall, Valenti, 30, 31, 35-6, 37,

41,47 Espana tal como es, 33 Lo Catalanisme, 36

Almogavers, the, 7 Els altres catalans (F. Candel), 153 Alvarez, Melquiades, 64 Amadeus of Savoy, King of Spain, 31 America see United States Ametlia, Claudi, 138 amnesty, 74, 111 Americas, the, 12, 14, 18 anarchists, 30, 31, 41, 49, 62, 80,

128, 131 assassinations by, 67, 82 in Catalan Republic (1931-7), 96,

102,104-5,107, III in Spanish Civil War, 115,

116-18, 120-1 Andalusia, 12 Andorra, 1 Anguita, Julio, 182 anti-Catalanism, 48-9, 56-7

in Spain, 22, 31, 83-93 see also Catalan nationalism

anticiericalism, 36, 49, 57, 62, 139 see aLso the church

anti-communism, 131, 142 see aLso communism

anti-imperialism, 141-2 AP, 170, 184 APEC, 83 Aragon (province), 115, 122 Aragon, kingdom of, 4-6, 8, 11, 15 Aribau:

Oda a La Piltria, 25-6 aristocracy see nobility arm forces, 32, 54

and Catalan nationalism, 54, 55 and general strikes, 73 Juntas Militares, 73, 78, 84 military law, 55, 56 military rising (1936), 101 military service, 16-17, 27, 30, 62 mutiny, 91 political activities by, 73, 84, 114

205

206 Index

as pressure group, 55, 63, 84 in Spanish Civil War, 115

Armendares, Salvador, 138 assassination, 67, 80, 82, 111-12,

114, 117, 122, 128 see also violence

Assault Guard, 114, ll5 Assemblea de Catalunya, 158, 160,

164-8, 169 Assemblea de Parlamentaris, 171 assemblees de pau i treva de Dt!u, 4

see also Catalan Corts Assembly of Parliamentarians, 73 assimilation see immigration Associaci6 Democratica Popular de

Catalunya see ADPC Associaci6 Protectora de

l'Ensenyan~a Catalana, 52 associacions de veins, 162 Association for the Protection of

Catalan Education see Associaci6 Protectora de I'Ensenyan~a Catalana

Association for the Protection of the Teaching of Catalan see APEC

Ateneu Barcelones, 40-1, 44 Ateneu Enciclopedic Popular, 52 Athens, Duchy of, 7 Austrian Empire, 12 Autonomous Monarchists Federation

see FMA autonomy see self-government A vui (newspaper), 169 Ayma (publisher), 143 Azana, Manuel, 86, 95, 109, Ill,

123 Aznar, Admiral, 91

bachillerato, 105 see also educational system

Badia, Miquel, 87, 112 Balaguer, Victor, 25 Balearic Islands, I, 6, IS, 146, 147 Ballot, Joan Pau:

Gramiltica i Apologia ... , 25 Balmes, Jaume, 21, 39 Banca, Catalana, ISO, 186 Banco de Vizcaya, 186

La Bandera (1836), 24 Bandera Negra, 87 banditry, 12

see also violence banking system, 71, 150, 186 Barcelona (city), 10-11, 14, 29, 43,

44, 45, 81 as capital city, 109 and Catalan self-government, 77 in the Mancomunitat, 67, 68,

83-4 municipal charter for, 140-1 as a port, 72 Primo de Rivera regime, 83-4, 85 republicanism in, 37-50, 51,

53-4, 55, 60-1, 64-6, 79 Setmana Tragica, 61, 62-3 Solidaritat Municipal, 60 in Spanish Civil War, 115, 121

Barcelona (earldom), 2, 3, 4-5, 6, 8, 15

Barcelona Central Workers' Commission see Comissi6 Obrera Central de Barcelona

Barcelona City Council, 101, 136, 151, 183, 185

Barcelona Football Club, 85 Barcelona International Exhibition

(1929), 88 Barcelona Law Society see Col·legi

d' Advocats de Barcelona Barcelona Republican Committee,

91 Barcelona tram boycotts (1951),

135, 138-9 Barcelona University, 98, 110, 121,

127, 138-9, 143-4 chair of Catalan language, 147-8

Barrera, Emilio, 84-5 Barrera, Heribert, 173 Bases de Manresa see Manresa Bases Basque areas, 43-4, 46, 173, 175 Basque nationalism, 72, 82, 87,

108, 113, 123, 125, 144-5, 179 Basque Nationalist Communion see

Comuni6n Nacionalista Vasca Basque Nationalist Party, 113, 123 Bastardas, Albert, 60 Batet, General, 109

Index 207

Batista i Roca, J. M., 126, 129, 138, 145

Batlle, Antoni, Father, 140 Belgium, 87, 199 benevolent federalism, 29

see also Catalan federalism Berenguer, Damaso, General,

88-90, 91, Bertran i Serra, 44 Bertran i Soler, 24 Bible, the, 25 Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, 86 Bienio Progresista (1854-6), 22 Black Death, 10 Bloc Obrer i Camperol see BOC Bloc Republica Autonomista, 65 BOC, 92, 94, 101, 112 Bofill i Mates, 79, 95 Bohemia, 42 Bonet, Maria del Mar, 146 books, 85, 86, 99-100, 143, 144,

190 see also the press Les Borges Blanques, 56

Bosch Gimpera, 121, 126 bourgeoisie, 16, 23-4, 33, 34, 40,

72, 136-7 see also social structure

Brassens, Georges, 146 Bullejos, Jose, 87

caciquismo, 33 see also political systems

cadastro, 16 see also taxation

CADCI, 52, 63, 77, 83, 108 cadells, 12

see also banditry Cahner, Max 147 Caixa de Credit Comunal, 71 Calvo Sotelo, Jose, 85 Calvo Sotelo, Leopoldo, 179 Camb6, Francese, 37, 44, 50, 56,

62-3, 73-82, 93 Per la Concordia, 88

Campalans, Rafael, 80 La Campana de Gracia Gournal), 26 Camps. Joan, 24 La Canadiense, 78

Canalejas, 63, 67 Candel, Francisco:

Els Altres Catalans, 153 Canovas de Castillo, 32, 36 Cant dels Segadors, 13,47

El Cant de la Senyera, 140 cantonal revolt (1873), 32 cantonalism, 29

see also self-government Capuchin monastery, Barcelona,

158 La Caputxinada, 158, 159

see also student opposition movements

Caracremada, 128 Card6, Carles, Canon, 133 Carlist wars, 18-19, 29 Carlists, the, 30-1, 32-3, 112, 114 Carner, Jaume, 44, 45, 50, 56, 63 Carner Ribalta, Josep, 129 Carolingian Empire, 2-3 Carrasco i Formiguera, Manuel, 79,

86,90,95 Carrero Blanco, Admiral, 136 Carrillo, Santiago, 181 Casanova, Rafael de, 148 Casanovas, Joan, 116, 117, 118, 124 Castellet, Josep M., 141 Castile, kingdom of:

and Catalonia, 11-15 Castilian Spanish, 25

see also Spanish language Catalan Action see Acci6 Catalana Catalan Community see Comunitat

Catalana Catalan Constitution (1931),

96-101, 126, 127, 129, 172-5, 191-2

see also Statute of Self­government

Catalan Corts, 4, 8-10, 13, 14 Catalan culture, I, 45-6, 58, 71,

99-100, 137, 189-91 in Franco regime, 145-56 noucentisme, 71, 79, 82 promotion of, 148-51 Renaixenra movement, 21, 25-7,

30, 36, 58 see also cultural communities

208 Index

Catalan earldoms, 3-4 Catalan federalism, 17, 24, 28-34,

35,37,47,60-3 benevolent, 29 intransigent, 29, 31 see also Catalan nationalism

Catalan Federation, 80-1 Catalan Federation of Clerical

Workers and Technicians see Federaci6 d'Empleats i Tecnics de Catalunya

Catalan flag, 87, 134 Catalan government in exile (1939-

50), 125-34, 137-8 Catalan language, 1,8, 17,21, 133,

141 and the church, 43, 149 and immigrants, 152, 153-4 and literature, 25-7, 146-7 Llei de Normalitzaci6, 183 as official language, 27, 38, 70,

96, 99-100, 179 repression of, 83, 85-6, 127, 137 resurgence of, 25-7, 30, 144,

147-8, 149, 151, 188-90 in schools, 152, 172 spoken, 25, 152 standardization of, 35, 57, 70

Catalan League see Lliga Catalana Catalan literature, 1, 30, 143

development of, 5, 71-2 and language, 25-7

Catalan National Council see CNC Catalan nationalism:

anti-Catalanism, 48-9, 56-7 and armed forces, 54, 55 and Catholicism, 86, 114, 133-4,

144-5 characteristics of, 47-8 Conservative, 47-54, 73-4 federalism, 17, 24, 28-34, 35, 37 fer pais movement, 141 foralisme, 24, 27 growth of, 13, 22, 23-4, 35-46,

135-42, 151-68, 177-201 and immigration, 152-5 and imperialism, 58-9 internationalization of, 42-3 the Mancomunitat, 64, 67-72, 74,

75, 76, 79, 82, 83-4, 85 New Catalanism, 139-41 pluralism in, 58-9 political, 41-2, 43-6 political rivalry in, 35-8, 40-2,

43-6, 48-54, 55-8, 67-9 under Primo de Rivera, 83-8 republicanism, 47-54 self-government, 1, 16-17, 36,

38-9,75-9 and Spanish RepUblicans, 89-92,

97 see also Catalan Republic

Catalan parliament, 38-9, 103, 177-9

Catalan Proletarian Party see PCP Catalan regions:

in France, I, 2, 13-14 Catalan Republic (1931-7), 94-124

constitution, 95-101 elections, 101 finances, 97-8 Generalitat of, 70, 94-5, 96, 101,

114-25 government crisis, 107-13 and Negrfn administration, 122-5 in Spanish Civil War, 114-25

Catalan Republican Action see ACR Catalan Republican Party see PRC Catalan Scout Movement, 140,

145-6 Catalan separatism, 118-19, 128-9

see also Catalan nationalism Catalan Statute see Statute of Self­

government Lo Catalanisme (V. Almirall), 36 Catalanisme i revoluci6 burgesa

(1, Sole Tura) , 154 Catalanist Congress (1880), 35 Catalanist Republican Party see PCR Catalanist Scout Movement, 145 La Catalogne dans l'Espagne

Moderne (P. Vilar), 9 Catalonia:

to 1800, 1-15 1800-1900, 16-44 1901- on, 45-200 and Castile, 11-15 expansion of, 3-15

Index 209

·foundation of, 3 and France, 13, 75, 79, 87,

118-19,128,129,131 in Franco regime, I, 118, 119,

126, 130-4, 135-42, 157-68 and Great Britain, 126, 129 insurrection by, 13, 14, 15, 17 in Juan Carlos administration, I and Mexico, 137-8, 139 New Catalonia, 3, 4, 10 Old Catalonia, 3, 4, 10 provisional government, 94-105 and Soviet Union, 87 and Spain, 14-15, 21-2, 28, 42,

48, 49, 59, 75-9, 83-93, 107-8 Spanish immigrants in, 48 transitional period (1976-9),

169-76 and United States, 126, 129

Catalunya Radio, 190 Cathar heresy, 5-6 Catholic Scout Movement, 140, 141 Catholic Women's Information

Centre see CIC Catholic Workers' Action see ACO Catholicism, 36, 37, 39-40, 103,

114, 133-4, 139 National Catholicism, 133, 135 see also the church

CC, 140, 141 CCMA, 115-17 CCOO, 159, 160-3, 168, 181 CDC, 151, 171, 174, 177 CEDA, 103, 108, 110, 111 censorship, 41-2, 121, 143, 148

see also the press Central Committee of Anti-Fascist

Militias see CCMA Central Nacional Sindicalista see

CNS Centre Autonomista de Dependents

del Comer~ i de la Industria see CADCI

Centre Catala, 35, 36, 37 Centre Escolar Catala, 37, 38, 41 Centre Excursionista de Catalunya,

52 Centre d'Informaci6, Recerca i

Promoci6, 150

Centre Nacional Catala, 44 Centre Nacionalista Republica see

CNR Centro Constitucional, 86, 91 Centro Democratico y Social, 184 Centro de Estudios y Asesoramiento

Metahirgico, 150 Centro de Informaci6n Cat6lica

Femenina see CIC CEOE, 150 Cerdanya (region), 13-14 CFPC, 138 Charles, Archduke of Austria, 15 Charles I, King of Aragon and

Catalonia, 13 Charles II of Austria, King of

Spain, 12, 14 Charles III, King of Spain, 17 Charles IV, King of Spain, 17 Charles VII, the Pretender, 30 Charles d' Anjou, King of Naples, 6 children see young people China, 156 Christ and Catalonia see CC Christian Democrats:

in Europe, 132, 170 the church, 19, 36

anticlericalism, 36, 49, 57, 62, 139

and Catalan nationalism, 86, 114, 133-5, 139

Catholicism, 36, 37, 39-40, 103, 114, 133-5, 139

clergy, 10, 39, 43, 50, 61, 86, 134, 140

laicist policies, 99, 100-1 and nation states, 3-4, 8-9 Opus Dei, 136 and politics, 103 religious organizations, 136, 140 simony, 4

CIC, 144 El Ciervo (journal), 141

Cfrculo de Economfa, 150 citizenship, 10-11 City councils see Consell de Cent;

Consells Comarcals CiU, 146. 174-6, 177-8, 182-5,

194-5, 201

210 Index

Civil Guard, 114, 115, 128 civil law, 35, 36, 38

see also legal system civil militia, 78, 109 civil rights abuse, 122-3 ci viI servants, 97, 136 civil war see Spanish Civil War

(1936-9) civil war (1462-72), II, 12 civil wars (1822-75), 18-19, 29,

33-4 clandestine publishing, 147

see also publishing industry Claret, Antoni Maria, 26· Claris, Pau, 13 class struggle, 75-82, 141

agricultural unrest, 80, 102, 107, 112, 120

labour unrest, 77, 78, 80, 101-2, 111-12, 142

strike action, 49, 50, 62, 73, 74, 78, 102, 135, 139, 142, 157

Clave, Anselm, 26 clergy, the, 10, 39, 43, 50, 61, 86,

140 anticlericalism, 36, 49, 57, 62,

139 worker priests, 134 see also the church

Climent, Eliseu, 147 CNC, 126, 129, 138 CNDC, 129, 130 CNR, 45, 50-I, 59, 60 CNS, 161 CNT, 61, 65-6, 72-3, 75-80, 83-4,

87, 89-91,93-6, 101-2, 104-5, III, 117, 129-30

C6digo Civil (Spain), 36, 38 collaborators, 127 collective bargaining, 139

see also labour market collectivization, 117, 120 CoJ.Jegi d' Advocats de Barcelona,

85,86, 151 Collell, Jaume, 36 colonialism see imperialism comarques, 96

see also local government Comas, Antoni, 141

Comisiones Obreras see CCOO Comissi6 Obrera Central de

Barcelona, 139 Comite Central de Milfcies

Antifeixistes see CCMA Comite de Defensa Social, 50 Commercial Service of the Cotton

Industry see SECEA Communal Credit Bank see Caixa

de Credit Comunal communications, 71, 149 communism, 87, 92, 101, 113, 131,

155-6 anti-communism, 131, 142 decline of, 180-7 Eurocommunism, 181 Marxism, 112, 113, 120, 142,

149, 154-5, 180 and resistance movement

(1939-50), 128-9 Stalinism, 120, 132

Communist International, 132 Communist Party of Catalonia see

PCC Comorera, Joan, 80, 112, 123, 129,

132 Companys, Lluls, 57, 65, 80, 92-3,

97-8, 104, 108-9 in exile, 125-6 in Spanish Civil War, 115-16,

121-2 Compendi de Doctrina Catalanista

(Prat de la Riba and Muntanyola), 41

Compte, Jaume, 87 Comuni6n Nacionalista Vasca, 82 Comunitat Catalana, 141 Confederaci6n Espanola de

Derechas Aut6nomas see CEDA Confederaci6n Nacional del Trabajo

see CNT Conferencia Nacional Catalan

(1922), 79 Conferencia Nacional Catalana,

Mexico (1953), 137-8 Congress of National Minorities of

Europe, 86 Conjunci6n Republicano-Socialista,

63,64-5

Index 211

conscription see military service Consejo General de Cataluiia, 169 Consell de Cent, 10 Consell Nacional Catala see CNC Consell Nacional de Catalunya,

125-6 Consell Nacional de la Democracia

Catalana see CNDC Consells Comarcals, 194

see also local government consensual politics, 51-4, 67-72

see also political systems Conservative Catalanism, 47-54,

73-4 see also Catalan nationalism

Consolat de Mar, 7 constitutional development:

Manresa Bases, 38-9, 40, 41 constitutional reform, 73, 88-9 Convergence and Union see cm Convergencia Democratica de

Catalunya see CDC Convergencia Socialista de

Catalunya see CSC Convergencia i Uni6 see cm Coordinaci6 de les Forces

Politfques de Catalunya see CFPC

Coordination Committee of Political Forces of Catalonia see CFPC

Cordoba, Caliphate of, 3 Corominas, Eusebi, 55, 64 Corpus de Sang (1640), 13 Corts see Catalan Corts Costa, Joaquin, 33 credit banks, 71

see also banking system Crete, 41 La Crida, 179 La Crida a la Solidaritat en Defensa

de la LJengua ... see La Crida Crist i Catalunya see CC Cruells, Manuel, 153 CSC, 142 Cuba, 18,28,33,41-2,43,87, 142 Cuban War (1868-78), 28, 30, 54 Cucurull, Felix, 23, 24 Cu-cut! (journal), 54 cultural associations, 35, 40-1,

51-2, 53-4, 144-7, 149-51 see also institutional structure

cultural communities, 144-5 Catalan, I, 25-7, 30, 36, 45-6,

58, 71, 99-100, 143-56, 189-91

customs, 12, 15, 47, 148 and language, 25-7, 30, 146-7 meriendas, 49, 54 and nation states, 1-2 national identity, 2, 190-1 and political parties, 51-2

currency, 12 customs, 12

see also cultural communities Czechoslovakia, 42, 155-6,

199-200

dances, 49, 52, 54 Dato, 67, 73 Decree of Nueva Planta (1716), 16 Democratic Convergence of

Catalonia see CDC Democratic Students' Union of the

University of Barcelona see SDEUB

Democratic Union of Catalonia see UDC

demographic growth, 3, 4 demographic regression, 10-11 demonstrations see opposition

movements Dencas, Josep, Ill, 117-18 depression, the, 102

see also economic crises Destino (journal), 148 El Diari CataliJ (newspaper), 35 Diario de Barcelona (newspaper), 57 dictatorships:

Franco fI!gime, I, 118, 119, 126, 130-4

opposition to, 125-34, 135-42, 157-68

Primo de Rivera regime, 83-8 Diputaci6 del General, 9, 10-11,

13, 14, 24, 43-4 see also parliamentary system

Diputaci6n Foral of Navarre, 98, 105

212 Index

Diputacions, 19, 27, 67 see aLso institutional structure

Domenech i Montaner, 37, 44, 50 Domingo, Marcelino, 65, 75, 77,

92,94 Duran i Bas, 43, 44, 46 dynastic parties, 33, 34, 51, 63 see also political systems

economic crises, 7-8, 10-11, 12, 102, 186-8

the depression, 102 inflation, 72 in Spanish Civil War, 117

economic growth, 7-8, 14, 18-27, 136, 150-1, 187-8

industrialization, 18-20 Edicions 62 (publisher), 147 educational system, 17, 27, 57,

60-1,62,70, 127, 155 in Catalan Republic (1931-7),

98-9, 105, 149 Ley General de Educaci6n, 149,

159 Literacy, 25, 70, 144 universities, 98, 110, 121, 127,

143-4 vocational education, 70, 71

elections, 48, 100, 101 Catalan victories in, 170, 182,

184-5 general 44-6, 51, 57-8, 65, 73-4,

79,95, 100, 103, Ill, 170, 182, 184-5

municipal, 92-3 provincial, 57, 79

electoral abstentionism, 30 electoral systems, II, 33

insaculaci6, 11 male suffrage, 28, 33 proportional representation, 95

emancipation: of the peasants, II

employers' associations, 150-1 see also institutional structure

energy resources, 18 England, 4

and Catalonia, 15 and Spain, 15

see also Great Britain ERC, 92-3, 95-6, 101, 103-4,

108-9, 111, 116, 118-19, 121, 123-6, 129, 131, 138, 184, 193

ESBA, 142 Escarre, Aureli M., Abbot of

Montserrat, 140, 148, 149 Escola de Funcionaris, 75 Espana tal como es (Y. AlmiralJ),

33 Espinas, Josep M., 141 L'Esquella de La Torratxa

Uournal), 26 Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya

see ERC EL Estado Catalan (newspaper), 30 Estat Catala, 45, 80, 82, 87-8, 90,

92, 94, III, 117, 118 Estelrich, Joan, 86 Estudis Universitaris Catalans, 144 ETA, 179 Eurocommunism, 181

see also communism European Community, 138, 139,

150, 196-200 European identity, 197-8, 200 European Movement, 138 Euterpe movement, 26 executions, 62, 117, 127

see also violence exiled politicians, 125-34, 137-8 exports, 72

see also foreign trade

Fabra, Pompeu, 68, 125 Fabra i Puig, Marquis of ALella, 78

see also Spanish Civil War (1936-9)

FAl, 96, 104-5 Falange Espanola, 82, 112, 114,

137, 145 fascism, 82, 112, 114, 137 Federaci6 Democratica Nacionalista,

77 Federaci6 d'Empleats i Tecnics de

Catalunya, 108 Federaci6 Monarquica Autonomista

see FMA Federaci6n Patronal, 78

Index 213

Federaci6n Anarquista Iberica see FAI

Federal Republicanism, 28-34, 35, 36-7

see also Catalan federalism Federal Socialist Force of Catalonia

see FSFC federalization:

of Spain, 119-20 fer pais movement, 141

see also Catalan nationalism Ferdinand I, King of Aragon and

Catalonia, 9 Ferdinand II the Catholic, King of

Aragon and Catalonia, 11 Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 17,

19 Ferrer i Guardia, Francese, 62, 63 Ferrer i Vidal, 44 Ferrer Sal at, Carles, 150 Ferrer Vidal, Josep, 19 feudal system, 3-4, 5, 10, 12 Figols, Count of, 78 Figueras, Estanislau, 31 Finland, 42 First International, 30, 31, 33

see also communism First Republic (1873-4), 30, 31-2

see also Sexenio Democrdtico First World War see World War I

(1914-18) Flanders, 14 FLN (Algeria), 142 de Flor, Roger, 7 FLP, 142 FMA, 69, 78, 88 FNC, 126, 129, 130-1, 138, 147 FOC, 141-2 Fomento de Estudios Sociales y de

Sociologia Aplicada, 151 Fomento del Trabajo Nacional, 41,

42, 44, 46, 150, 177 Font de Rubinat, Pau, 43 foralisme, 24, 27

see also Catalan nationalism For~a Socialista Federal de

Catalunya see FSFC Foreign Legion, 74-5 foreign trade, 18, 72, 136

exports, 72 free trade, 33, 36 imports, 72 protection of, 18, 19, 33, 34, 72 trading nations, 7, 14

Fraga Iribarne, Manuel, 170, 184 France, 3, 8

Catalan nationalists in, 87, 125, 128, 131

Catalan regions, 1, 2, 13-14 and Catalonia, 13-14, 75, 79, 87,

118-19, 129 and Germany, 122 and Spain, 13-14, 15, 17,75,

123 Franco regime:

and Catalonia, 1, 118, 119, 126, 130-4

opposition to, 125-34, 135-42, 157-68

Frederick, King of Sicily, 7 free trade, 3, 36

see also foreign trade Free Union see Sindicat Lliure Frente de Liberaci6n Popular see

FLP Frente Popular, 109, 11 0-11 Front d'Esquerres, 109, 110-11 Front de la Llibertat, 129 Front Nacional de Catalunya see

FNC Front Obrer de Catalunya see FOC Frontd'Ordre, 111, 112 Front Universitari Catala, 129 Front Universitari de Catalunya,

147 Fuster, Joan, 147

Lo Gaiter del Llobregat see Rubi6 i Ors, Joaquim

Galan, Fermin, 91 GALEUZCA pact (1933), 82 GaU, Raimon, 139-40, 141 Galician nationalism, 82, 87 Garcia Hernandez, 91 Garcia Prieto, 73, 76 Garcia Valdecasas, 159 Garlands of Youth see Pomells de

Joventut

214 Index

Gassol, Ventura, 87, 118 Gaudi, Antoni, 45-6 General Council of Catalonia see

Consejo General de Cataluiia general elections:

1901,44-6 1903, 51 1907, 57-8 1914, 65 1918, 73-4 1921, 79 1931, 95, 100 1933, 100, 103, III 1977, 170-1 see also elections

general strikes: 1902,49, 50 1909, 62 1930, 90-1 1950, 157 1951, 135 see also strike action

General Workers'Union see UGT Generalitat see Diputaci6 del

General Generalitat (1931-7), 70, 94-5,

96-101, 108-9, I II in Spanish Civil War, 114-25 and Spanish government, 107-8 see also Catalan Republic (1931-7)

Generalitat (1977- ), 150, 171 provisional, 173-5

Genoa, 7 geographical survey, I, 3 German-Soviet pact (1939), 125 germanies, 12 Germany, 102, 122, 132, 199

and Spain, 126 Gibraltar, 15 Gil Robles, 103 Gimenez Caballero, Ernesto, 86 Giral, Jose, 129, 130 Girona (province), 69 Gonzalez Martin, Marcelo,

Archbishop of Barcelona, 149 Gramiltica i ApoLOgia de la

Llengua Catalana (J. P. Ballot), 25

Great Britain:

and Catalonia, 126, 129 and Germany, 122 and Ireland, 75 and Spain, 123, 130

Greece, 41, 42 Gual Villalbi, 136 Guardiola, 1. B.:

Libro de la Democracia, 24 Guell, Joan Antoni, Count, 78, 88 guerrilla warfare, 128

see also resistance movements; violence

Guimera, Angel, 30, 40 Gutierrez, Antoni, 181

Herri Batasuna, 192 Hispanic March, the, 2 Histaria dels Moviments

Nacionalistes (P. Rovira i Virgili), 43

Huesca (city), 116, 117 Hungary, 42 Hurtado, Amadeu, 56 hydroelectric power, 18

Iberian Anarchist Federation see FAI

Iberianism, 28-9 IC, 181-2 illiteracy see literacy La Immigraci6 a Catalunya, 153 immigration:

into Catalonia, 152-5 imperialism, 62

anti-imperialism, 141-2 and Catalan nationalism, 58-9

imports, 72 see also foreign trade

incomes, 72, 139 industrialization:

of Catalonia, 18-20, 21, 34, 39, 150

collectivization, 117, 120 textiles, 18, 19, 36, 150 war industries, 123

inflation, 72 see also economic crises

Iniciativa per Catalunya see IC Initiative for Catalonia see IC

Index 215

Inquisition, the, 11 insaculacio, 11

see also electoral systems Instituci6 Pedag6gica Rosa Sensat,

146 Institut Agricola Catala de Sant

Isidre, 102, 107, 108 Institut Escola, 99 Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 57, 68,

144, 149, 169 institutional structure, 12, 15, 17

cultural associations, 35, 40-1, 51-2, 53-4, 144-7, 149-51

Diputacions, 19, 27, 67 employers' associations, 150-1 growth of, 51-4 political organizations, 30, 35-46,

52-3, 55-66 rebuilding of, 128-9 religious organizations, 136, 140 sporting associations, 52, 85, 140 trade associations, 41, 42, 44, 46 vertical union concept, 131, 135,

139, 170 workers' organizations, 32, 52,

61,112,131,175-6 youth movements, 30, 52, 83,

131, 133-4, 138-9, 140-1, 145-6, 157-60

see also individual organizations insurrection, 13, 14, 15, 17,30,32,

41, 87-8, 108-9 Setmana Tragica, 61, 62-3 see also opposition movements;

violence integration see immigration intelligence services, 122 intelligentsia, 58-9, 63, 86 International Congress of Romance

Linguistics, Seventh (1953), 144

International Eucharistic Congress, Barcelona (1952), 135-6

international trade see foreign trade International Working Men's

Association see AIT intransigent federalism, 29, 31

see also Catalan federalism Ireland, 42, 75, 76

Irla, Josep, 124, 128-9, 130, 137 Irmandade de Fala, 82 Irmandade Nacionalista Galega, 82 Irujo, Manuel de, 123 Isabel II, Queen of Spain, 19, 28,

29 Isabella of Castile, 11 Italy, 132 IU, 182, 195 Ixart, Josep, 43 Izquierda Unida see IU

Jaime de Borb6n Parma, the Pretender, 65, 66

James, I, the Conqueror, 6, 8 James II, King of Aragon and

Catalonia, 7 Jesuit Marian Congregations, 140

see also the church the Jews, 10, 11 Joan Crexells prize, 143, 147-8 JOC, 134, 141 Jocs Florals, 26, 37, 79, 137 Joffre, Marshal, 79 John II, King of Aragon and

Catalonia, 11 Joint Commission of Transfers, 97 Joseph Bonaparte, 17 journals, 26, 30, 39, 40, 54, 72, 90,

139-40, 141, 146, 147, 148 see also the press

Jove Catalunya, 30 Joventut Nacionalista La Fal .. , 52 Joventut Republicana, 65 Juan de Borb6n, the Pretender,

129-30, 138 Juan Carlos, King of Spain, 130 Jubany, Nards, Archbishop of

Barcelona, 149 Junoy, Emili, 55 Junta Superior del Principado de

Catalufia, 17 Juntas Militares de Defensa, 73, 78,

84 see also armed forces

Junyent, J. M., 56 Just, Cassia, Abbot of Montserrat,

149 Juventud Obrera Cat6lica see JOC

216 Index

Labour and Agricultural Workers' Bloc see BOC

labour market, 19 collective bargaining, 139 general strikes, 49, 50, 62, 73,

74, 90-1, 135, 157 strike action, 78, 102, 139, 142 unemployment, 79, 102, 175-6,

185-6 working conditions, 29-30 see also employers' associations;

Workers' organizations labour movement, 139, 157-8

see also working class labour tribunals, 95-6 labour unrest, 77, 78, 80, 101-2,

111-12 strike action, 49, 50, 62, 73, 74,

78,90-1, 102, 135, 139, 142, 157

see also class struggle La Cierva, Juan de, 73 laicist policies, 99, 100-1

see also the church land reform, 29-30, 107-8 land use, 2, 3-4, 20, 29-30 language:

and culture, 25-7, 30, 146-7 Spanish, 21, 25, 179, 189-90 see also Catalan language

Languedoc, 4-6 Largo Caballero, 96 Latin America, 87, 126 Layret, Francese, 57, 63, 65, 77, 80 legal system, 9, 17, 41, 70, 85, 96-7

civil law, 35, 36, 38 C6digo Civil, 36, 38 mercantile law, 7 military law, 55, 56 press law, 148 Tribunal de Orden Publico, 159 see also individual laws

Lerroux, Alejandro, 45, 48-50, 53, 55, 57-8, 61, 108, 111

Lerrouxism, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 75, 154-5, 180-1

Ley de Administraci6n Local, 60 Ley General de Educaci6n (1967),

149, 159

see also educational system Ley de Jurisdicciones (1905), 55,

56 Ley de Mancomunidades (1912), 67 Ley Organica de Armonizaci6n del

Proceso Auton6mico see LOAPA

Ley de Reforma Polftica (1977), 170

liberalism, 38-9 see also political system

Libro de la Democracia (Guardiola), 24

Liga Patri6tica Espanola, 77 literacy, 25, 70, 144

see also educational system literature:

Catalan, 1,5, 25-7, 30, 143 plays, 26, 27 poetry, 25, 26, 27, 58, 143, 146 prose, 25, 26, 143 serialized novels, 26 translations into Catalan, 148

living standards, 19 Llei de Contractes de Conreu

(1934), 107-8, 110 Llei de Normalitzaci6 Lingiiistica,

183 see also Catalan language

Llei d'Ordenaci6 Territorial (1987), 194

Lleida (city and province), 4, 5, 69 Llibre del Consolat de Mar, 7 Lliga Catalana, 95, 104-5, 107-13,

116, 136, 139 Lliga de Catalunya, 37, 38, 41 Lliga de Defensa Comercial i

Industrial, 44 Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya,

24, 40-95 alliances formed by, 73, 78,

79-80 in Catalan Republic (1931-9), 95 and Catalan self-government,

75-9 in Mancomunitat, 69 manifesto, 72 and the Monarchy, 91-2 policies, 78

Index 217

in Primo de Rivera regime, 83, 86, 88, 89

resurgence of, 101, 103 support for, 72 in World War I, 72

Lluch, Ernest, 150 Lluhi i Rissech, Joaquim, 45, 50 Lluhi i Vallesca, 92, 102 Llull, Ramon, 8 LOAPA, 179, 192

see also legal system local government, 60, 117

comarques, 96 Cons ells Comarcals, 194 Diputacions, 19, 27, 67

L6pez Raimundo, Gregorio, 132, 181

L6pez Rod6, 136 Lora Tamayo, 159 Lorenzo, Anselmo, 49 Louis XIV, King of France, 14, 15 Luja.n, Nestor, 148 Luque, General, 55

Macia, Francesc, 45, 56, 77, 80, 87, 92

and Catalan Republic (1931-7), 93, 104

Macia Mallol, 90 Madrid (city), 117, 119 Madrid Republican Committee, 91 Majorca, kingdom of, 6, 7, 8, 11,

12, 15 Majorca, 72, 115, 116 male suffrage, 33

see also electoral systems Maluquer i Viladot, Joan, 78, 88-9 Mancomunitat, the, 64, 67-72, 74-6,

79,82-5 Mane i Flaquer, 22 Manresa Bases, 38-9, 40, 41 manufacturing industry, 18 Maragall, Joan, 58, 62, 140 Maragall, Pasqual, 183-4 Maria Cristina, Queen of Spain, 37 Marti i Julia, Domenech, 45, 56,

59, 80 Martinez, Anido, General, 79, 83,

84

Martinez Barrio, 129 Martinez de Galinsoga, Luis, 140 Martorell, J. M. 146 Marxism, 112, 113, 120, 142, 149,

154-5, 180 see also communism

Maura, Antonio, 50, 60, 62-3, 67, 73, 74, 75-6, 79

Maurin, Joaquin, 112, 154 media, the, 149, 151, 190-1

see also the press Mediterranean area, 6-8 see also Catalonia; Spain Memoria en defensa de los

intereses ... see Memorial de Greuges

Memorial de Greuges (1885) 35-6 Menendez Pidal, Ram6n, 86 merchantile law, 7

see also legal system merchants, 7 meriendas, 49, 54

see also cultural communities Metallurgical Consultancy and

Study Centre, 150 Mexico: Catalan nationalists in,

137-8, 139 Milans del Bosch, Jaime General,

179 Milans del Bosch, Joaquin, 78,

84-5 Military Defence Committees see

Juntas Militares de Defensa military law, 55, 56

see also armed forces; legal system

military rising (1936), 101 see also armed forces

military service, 16-17, 27, 30, 62 see also armed forces

military tribunals, 127 Minorca, 11, 15 Modernist movement, 27, 45-6, 58,

82 Modrego, Gregorio, Archbishop of

Barcelona, 149 monarchies, 8-11, 37-8

absolute, 12, 14 see also political systems

218

monarchists, 58, 63, 65, 66, 77-8, 89

Montero Rios, M., 55 Montjulc (fortress), 140 Montjulc trials (1896), 41 Montserrat (city), 133-4, 140, 149 Moret, Segismundo, 45, 54, 62 Morgadas, Bishop, 43 Moroccan War (1909), 62, 79 Mounier, Emmanuel, 132 Moviment Febrer 62, 142 Moviment Socialista de Catalunya

see MSC MSC, 129, 131, 132, 138, 174 municipal autonomy, 28

see also self-government municipal elections, 92-3

see also elections Munoz, Xavier, 140, 141 Muntanyola, Pere:

Compendi de Doctrina Catalanista, 41

Muret, Battle of (1213), 6 Muslim Spain, 2-4, 5, 6

see also Spain mutiny, 91

see also armed forces

Nacionalitat Catalana, La (E. Prat de la Riba), 57, 59

Naples (kingdom), 6, 7 Napoleon Bonaparte, 17 Nards Serra, 183 nation states, 197-8

and the church, 3-4, 8-9 and cultural communities, 1-2 see also stateless nations

national anthem, 13, 47 National Catholicism, 133, 135

see also Catholicism national characteristics, 20 National Confederation of Labour

see CNT National Council of Catalan

Democracy see CNDC National Council of Catalonia see

Consell Nacional de Catalunya national day, 15,47, 148 National Democratic Federation see

Index

Federaci6 Democratica Nacionalista

National Front of Catalonia see FNC

national identity, 2, 190-1 see also cultural communities

National Monarchist Union see UMN

National Union Confederation see CNS

nationalism: Basque, 72, 82, 87, 108, II3,

123, 125, 144-5, 179 Galician, 82, 87 particularism, 23-4 political, 23-4 see also Catalan nationalism

Nationalist Republican Party of the Left see PNRE

NATO, 186-7 Navarre, (region), 98, 105

university of, 159 Navarro, Arias, 169 Negrin administration, 121-5 Neopatria, kingdom of, 7 new Catalanism, 139-41

see also Catalan nationalism New Catalonia, 3, 4

see also Catalonia new socialism, 141-2

see also Catalan nationalism newspapers, 26, 30, 35, 40, 44, 48,

49, 50, 54, 57, 62, 71-2, 85, 93, 101, 131, 132, 140, 169, 190

see also the press Nicolau d'OIwer, Ll, 79, 86, 90,

94, 129 Nin, Andreu, 80, 112, 120, 122 nobility, the, 10-11, 12

seigniorial rights, 16 see also social structure

non-violent resistance, 85-6 see also violence

Norway, 42-3 noucentisme, 71, 79, 82

see also Catalan culture Nova Can\;6 movement, 146, 151 Nuria Statute (1931), 95-101 nyerros, 12

see also banditry

Oda a la Patria (Aribau), 25-6 Old Catalonia, 3, 4, 10

see also Catalonia Olerdola, Marquis of see Rius i

Ruis, M. Oliba of Vic, Bishop (Abbot of

Ripoll), 4 oligarchy, 33

see also political systems Oliver, Joan, 141 Oller, Berenguer, 9 Oller, Narcis, 27 Omnium Cultural, 149, 150 L'Opinio, 90, 92, 101 opposition movements:

agricultural unrest, 80, 102, 107, 112, 120

government in exile, 125-34, 137-8

popular, 135-42, 157-68, 169 student, 138-9, 157, 158-60 see also insurrection

Opus Dei, 136 see also the church

Orfe6 Catala choir, 85, 140, 143 Organic Law (1966), 159

see also legal system Organization for the Promotion of

Social Studies and Applied SocioJigy, 151

organized labour see labour organizations

organizations see institutional structure

Ors, Eugeni d', 59, 68, 82 Ortega y Gasset, Jose, 86, 96

Pacte Democratic de Catalunya, 171, 184

Pacte de Progres, 174-5 Padr6, Pau, 129 pagesos de remenfa, 4, II

see also the peasant class pairalisme, 39

see also social structure Palestra, 52 Pallach, Josep, 142, 174

Index

Papacy, the, 134, 136, 149 Paraiso, Basilio, 50 parliamentary system, 8-11, 14

219

Catalan, 38-9, 103, 177-9 Diputaci6 del General, 9, 10-11,

13, 14, 24, 43-4 see also political systems

particularism, 23-4 see also nationalism

Partido Comunista Espanol, 87 Partido Nacionalista Vasco see

PNV Partido Popular see PP Partido Reformista, 64-5, 182-3 Partido Republicano Radical see

RRP Partido Socialista de Andalucia see

PSA Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol

see PSOE Partido del Trabajo, 171 Partit Catala Proletari see PCP Partit Catalanista Republica see

PCR Partit Comunista de Catalunya see

PCC Partit Nacionalista Republica

d'Esquerra see PNRE Partit Obrer d'Unificaci6 Marxista

see POUM Partit Radical, 79, 92, 95, 103 Partit Republica Catala see PRC Partit Socialista de Catalunya

(Congres), 171 Partit Socialista de Catalunya­

Reargrupament, 174 Partit Socialista Unificat de

Catalunya see PSUC Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya

see PSC passive resistance see opposition

movements patriotic associations, 30 Patriotic Union see UP patriotism, 13

see also nationalism PCC, 112, 171, 181 PCE,92, 112, 113, 132, 170-1, 181 PCP, 112

220

PCR, 90, 92 peasant class, 3-4, 10

emancipation of, II see also social structure

Pedrals, R., 146 Per Catalunya i L' Espanya Gran

(manifesto), 72 Per la concordia (F. Camb6), 88 Perez, Antoni, 141, 153 Permanyer i Ayats, 41 Peter the Catholic, 5, 6 Peter the Great, King of Catalonia

and Aragon, 6-7, 8-9 Peter III the Ceremonious, 7 Philip II, King of Aragon and

Catalonia, 13 Philip III, King of Aragon and

Catalonia, 13 Philip IV, King of Aragon and

Catalonia, 13 Philip V, King of Spain, 14-15, 16 Philip of Anjou, 14 Philippines, 41, 43 Pi Margall, 28, 31, 35, 45, 47 Pi i Sunyer, Santiago, 125 Pi Sunyer, August, 65 Pi Sunyer, Carles, 95, 126, 129 Pich i Pon, Governor General, 110 Pisa, 7 Pitarra see Soler, Seraff Piz6n, Francesc, 140-1 Pia, Josep, 141 plays, 26, 27

see also literature pluralism:

and Catalan nationalism, 58-9 PNRE, 101-2 PNV, 82, 123 El Poble Catala (newspaper), 50,

62 poders factics, 175 poetry, 25, 26, 27, 58, 143, 146

see also literature Polavieja, General, 43, 44, 46 police forces, 120-1

Assault Guard, 114, 115 political autonomy see self­

government political Catalanism, 41-2, 43-6

Index

see also Catalan nationalism political crisis (1917), 72-5 political manifestos, 72, 179 political nationalism, 23-4

see also nationalism political nations see nation states political organizations, 30, 35-46,

52-3, 55-66 see also institutional structure

political rivalry: in Catalan republic (1931-7),

94-124 in nationalist movement, 35-8,

40-2, 43-6, 48-54, 55-8, 60-3, 67-9

political stability, 33-4, 111-12 political system, 8-11, 21-2

caciquismo, 33 consensual politics, 51-4, 67-72 and cultural communities, 51-2 degeneration of, 12-13 dynastic parties, 33, 34, 51, 63 liberalism, 38-9 monarchies, 8-11, 12, 14, 37-8 oligarchy, 33 parliamentary, 8-11, 13, 14, 24,

38-9, 43-4, 103, 177-9 ruptura, 170 ruptura pactada, 170 two-party, 33, 65-6, 73

Pomells de Joventut, 83 Popular Alliance see AP Popular Democratic Association of

Catalonia see ADPC Popular Liberation Front see FLP popular opposition movements,

135-42, 157-68, 169 see also opposition movements

population figures, I, 13 Por la igualdad de los derechos

lingiilsticos . .. (manifesto), 179

Porcioles, Josep M. de, 136, 140 Portela Valladares, 110 Portugal:

and Spain, 13, 28-9 POUM, 112, 116, 117-18, 120-1,

129, 131 Pous i Pages Josep, 125, 129, 130

Index 221

PP, 184, 193, 195-6 Prat de la Riba, Enric, 23, 29, 37,

40,44,57,59,61,62 Compendi de Doctrina

Catalanista, 41 and the Mancomunitat, 68 La Nacionalitat Catalana, 57, 59 reputation, 139

PRC, 75, 80, 92 press, the, 31, 99-100

books, 85, 99-100, 143, 144, 190 censorship, 41-2, 85, 121, 143,

148 journals, 26, 30, 39, 40, 54, 72,

90, 139-40, 141, 146, 147, 148 newspapers, 26, 30, 35, 40, 44,

48, 49, 50, 54, 57, 62, 71-2, 85,93, 101, 131, 132, 140, 169, 190

Press Law (1966), 148 see also legal system

prices, 19, 102 priests see the clergy Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 72, 79-

80, 82, 83-93 El Problema Nacional Catalil, 154 productivity, 188 El Progreso (newspaper), 62 Promos (journal), 141 promotional activities:

for Catalan culture, 148-51 proportional representation, 95

see also electoral systems prose, 25, 143

see also literature Provence, 5 provincial elections, 57, 79

see also elections provincialization:

of Catalonia, 20-7 provisional government, 94-105

see also Catalan Republic (1931-7)

PSA, 180-1 PSC, 142, 174, 177-8, 182, 184,

185 PSO, 50, 61, 65-6, 75, 80-2, 92,

95-6, 101, 109-13, 125, 170-I, 177, 185-6, 194-6

PSUC, 1I2-13, 116-26, 129, 131-3, 154, 170, 180-2, 184, 186

public administration, 70 public health, 71 public opinion, 22, 31, 140 public order, 120-1, 140-1

see also police forces, popular opposition movements

public works, 70 La Publicidad (newspaper), 48 publishing industry, 26, 72, 143, 147

clandestine, 147 Puerto Rico, 18 Puig i Cadafalch, losep, 37,44, 68,

76, 79-80, 83 Pujol, lordi, 133, 140-1, 150-3,

171, 177-9, 186, 193-4, 196

Quaderns de l'exili (journal), 139-40 Queipo de Liano, General, 116

Radical Republican Party see RRP Radio Barcelona, 151 Rahola, Pere, 44 Raimon (singer), 146 rambling clubs, 52

see also cultural associations Ramon Berenguer I, Count of

Barcelona, 4 Ramon Berenguer III, Count of

Barcelona, 5 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of

Barcelona, 5 rationing, 136 Ravent6s, Joan, 133, 142, 174 rebellion see insurrection regional autonomy, 28, 30

see also self-government Lo Regionalista (journal), 42 religious organizations, 136, 140

see also the church, institutional structure

remen~a, 4 see also peasant class

Renaixen~a movement, 21, 25-7, 30, 36, S8

La Renaixensa (newspaper), 30, 35, 37,40,41,42

222 Index

Republican Autonomist Bloc see Bloc Republica Autonomista

Republican Left of Catalonia see ERC

Republican Nationalist Centre see CNR

Republican Nationalist Federal Union see UFNR

Republican Union see UR Republican Youth see Joventut

Republicana republicanism, 47-54, 62, 64-6

in Barcelona, 37-50, 51, 53-4, 55, 60-1, 64-6, 79

Spanish, 89-92 see also Catalan nationalism

Republican-Socialist Alliance see Conjunci6n Republicano­Socialista

resistance movement (1939-50), 126-34

Communists in, 128-9 guerrilla warfare, 128 support for, 128

resistance movements, 136 non-violent 85-6

the Restoration (1874), 32-4, 36-7, 43

Revolta dels Gorretes (1688), 14 revolutionary movements, 30

see also insurrection Rib6, Rafael 155, 181, 182 Rios, Fernando de los, 94 Rius i Rius, M., Marquis of

Olerdola, 78 Rius i Taulet, 37 Robert, Bartomeu, 43, 44 Roca Junyent, Miquel, 172, 183 Roca i Roca, 1., 30, 56 Roca Operation, 183 Roda, Frederic, 140 Rodes, Felip, 73 Romanones, 67, 75, 76-7 Rosa Sensat Pedagogical Institute

see Instituci6 Pedagogica ... Rossell6 (region), 13-14 Rovira, Joan, 129 Rovira, Josep, 131 Rovira i Agelet, Joan, 68

Rovira i Virgili, Antoni, 79, 95, 124, 125, 137

Historia dels Moviments Nacionalistes, 43

RRP, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65 Rubi6 i Ors, Joaquim, 26, 27 Rumeu, Darius, Baron Viver, 78,

83-4 ruptura, 170

see also political system ruptura pactada, 170

see also political system rural life, 39

see also peasant class Rusifiol, Albert, 44 Russia, 42

see also Soviet Union Russian Revolution (1918), 75, 78

Sabate, Quico, 128 Sagarra, Josep M. de, 141 Sagasta, 45 Sainz Rodriguez, Pedro, 86 Sala Argemi, Alfons, 67, 78, 83, 85 salaries see incomes Sales, Joan, 139-40 Salmer6n, 55 Samaranch, Juan Antonio, 169, 176 Sam per, Ricardo, 107, 108 San Sebastian Pact (1930), 90 Sanchez Guerra, 84 Sanjurjo, General, 96 Sant Gervasi Pact (1914), 65 Santal6, Miquel, 129 Saragossa (city), 116, 117 sardana, 52, 54

see also dances Sardinia, 7 School of Civil Servants see Escola

de Funcionaris schools see educational system scout movement, 140, 141, 145-6,

155 see also youth movements

SDEUB, 145-6, 158, 159-60 Second Republic see Catalan

Republic (1931-7) Second World War see World War

II (1939-45)

Index 223

Seguf, Salvador, 82 seigniorial rights, 16

see also the nobility Selecta (publisher), 143 self-government:

Basque, 173, 176 cantonalism, 29 in Catalonia, I, 16-17, 36, 38-9,

75-9, 169-201 Manresa Bases, 38-9, 40, 41 municipal autonomy, 28 obstacles to, 191-6 regional autonomy, 28, 30 within Spain, 1 see also Catalan nationalism

serfs see peasant class serialized novels, 26

see also literature Serra, Nards, 150 Serra Hunter, Jaume, 125 Serra i Moret, Manuel, 80, 125,

129, 132, 137 Serra d'Or (journal), 146 Servicio de Informacion Militar, 122 Setmana Tragica (1909), 61, 62-3 Els Setze Jutges, 146 SEU, 139 Seville (city), 14 Sexenio Democratico (1868-74), 22,

28-34 Sicily, 6-7 Sickle National Youth see Joventut

Nacionalista La Fal~ Silvela, Francisco, 43-4 simony, 4

see also the church Sindicat Democratic d'Estudiants de

la Universitat de Barcelona see SDEUB

Sindicat Liiure, 78, 79, 80, 82, 89-90

Sindicato Espanol de Universitarios see SEU

social associations see cultural associations

social problems, 19, 72, 120, 128, 135

social reform, 36, 107 social structure, 19, 20, 38-9, 40

bourgeoisie, 16, 23-4, 33, 34, 72, 136-7

nobility, 10-11, 12, 16 pairalisme, 39

peasants, 3-4, 10, 11, 13 working class, 24, 30, 48-50, 65,

128 Socialist Movement of Catalonia

see MSC Socialist Party of Andalusia see

PSA Socialist Union of Catalonia see

USC El Socialista (newspaper), 49 Sodas Humbert, Josep M., 169-70 Sociedad Econ6mica de Amigos del

Pafs, 44 Sole Tura, Jordi, 23, 156, 172

Catalanisme i revolucio burgesa, 154

Soler, Seraff ('Pitarra'), 26 Solidaridad Obrera, 61, 62 Solidaridad Obrera (newspaper),

93, 131 Solidaritat Catalana, 51, 53-4,

55-8, 59, 60-3 Solidaritat Municipal, 60 Somatent, 78, 82, 84, 109 songs, 26, 140, 146

see also poetry South Africa, 42 Soviet Union, 120

and Catalonia, 87 German-Soviet pact, 125 see also Russia

Spain: to 1800, 1-15 anti-Catalan policies, 83-93 and Catalonia, 14-15, 21-2, 28,

42, 48, 49, 59, 75-9, 83-93, 107-8

C6digo Civil, 36, 38 Federal Republicanism, 28-34 federalization of, 119-20 and France, 13-14, 15, 17,75, 123 Franco regime. I. 118, 125-34,

135-42, 157-68 and Germany, 126 and Great Britain, 15, 123, 130

224 Index

under Juan Carlos, 1 Muslim Spain, 2-4, 5, 6 Negrin administration, 121-5 political instability, 18-19 political system, 21-2 and Portugal, 13, 28-9 Primo de Rivera dictatorship,

83-9 provincialization of Catalonia,

16-27 self-governing regions, I and United States, 130 see also Catalonia

Spanish Civil War (1936-9), Ill, 114-25

anarchists in, 115, 116-18, 120-1 Catalan Generalitat in, 114-25 Catalan troops in, 119 causes of, 114 effects of, 125-34

Spanish Communist Party see PCE Spanish Confederation of

Autonomous Right-wing Forces see CEDA

Spanish constitution, I, 95 Spanish Employers' Association see

CEOE Spanish Falange see Falange

Espanola Spanish immigrants:

in Catalonia, 48 Spanish language, 21, 25, 179,

189-90 Castilian, 25

Spanish Patriotic League see Liga Patri6tica Espanola

Spanish Republic (1931- ), 92, 102-24

Spanish Republicans: and Catalan nationalism, 89-92,

97 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

see PSOE Spanish Union of University

Students see SEU spirits see wines and spirits spoken Catalan, 25, 152

see also Catalan language sporting associations, 52, 85, 140

see also institutional structure Stalinism, 120, 132

see also communism standardization:

of Catalan language, 35, 57, 70 State of Autonomous Communities

concept, 172-3 state of emergency (1969), 148 stateless nations, I

see also nation states Statute of Self-government (1932),

96-101,110, Ill, 121, 126, 127, 129, 137, 172

Statute of Self-government (1979), 173-5, 193-4

strike action, 78, 102, 139, 142 general strikes, 49, 50, 62, 73,

74,90-1, 135, 157 student opposition movements,

138-9, 157, 158-60 see also opposition movements

students, 37, 38, 143-4, 145-6 Suarez, Adolfo, 169, 170-1, 184 suffrage:

male, 28, 33 see also electoral systems

Sunyol, Ildefons, 44, 50

tancament de caixes, 44 see also taxation

tariffs see trade protection Tarradellas, Josep, 101, 117, 120-1,

129, 137-8, 171-5 Tarragona (city and province), 3, 4,

69 taxation, 9, 12, 16,43-4, 72, 97-8 Tejero, Antonio, 179 Tele/Estel (journal), 147 Ten Years War see Cuban War tenant farmers, 107-8, 110

see also agriculture Termes, Josep, 23, 24 terrorism see violence textile industry, 18, 19, 36, 150 theatre see plays Thirty Years War, 13 'Tirant 10 Blanc, 8 Torras i Bages, Bishop, 39, 43

La Tradici6 Catalana, 39-40

Index 225

Torres, Picart, 118 Torres, Sebastia, 44 Tortosa (town), 4, 5 trade see foreign trade trade associations, 41, 42, 44, 46

see also institutional structure trade protection, 18, 19, 33, 34, 72

see also foreign trade trade unions, 61, 175-6

see also workers' organizations La Tradicio Catalana (J. Torras i

Bages), 39 trading nations, 7, 14 Tragic Week see Setmana Tragica translations:

into Catalan, 148 Treaty of Utrecht (1713), 15 Treball (newspaper), 132 Treintistes, 102 Tribunal de Garantfas

Constitucionales, 107-8 Tribunal de Orden Publico, 159

see also legal system Triple Alliance (1923), 82 troubadours, 5 Trueta, Josep, 126 Turkish Empire, 7 two-party system, 33, 65-6, 73

see also political systems

UCD, 170, 171, 174, 182, 184,201 UDC, 95, 129, 131-3, 138, 174 UFNR, 51, 61, 63, 64-5,66,80 UGT, 61, 72, 73, 81, 90, 118, 129,

131 UMN, 77-8, 79, 80, 83, 84, 88 Unamuno, Miguel de, 49, 96 unemployment, 79, 102, 175-6,

185-6 see also labour market

UNESCO, 136, 137 Uni6 Catalanista, 38-9,40-1,42,

43, 44, 45, 48, 52, 58, 80 Uni6 del Centre i la Democracia

Cristiana, 184 Uni6 Democratica de Catalunya see

UDC Uni6 Federal Nacionalista

Republicana see UFNR

Uni6 de Rabassaires, 80, 10 I, 102, 103, 108, 116, 129

Uni6 Socialista de Catalunya see USC Uni6n del Centro Democratico see

UCD Uni6n Momirquica Nacional see

UMN Uni6n Nacional, 50 Uni6n Patri6tica see UP Uni6n Regionalista, 44 Uni6n Republicana, 48, 50, 51,

53-4, 55, 56 United Left see IV United Nations, 129, 136 United Socialist Party of Catalonia

see PSUC United States:

and Catalonia, 126, 129 and Spain, 130 Wilson administration, 74-5

Universal Exhibition, Barcelona (1888), 37

Universitat Industrial, 57 universities, 98, 110, 121, 143-4

see also educational system UP, 83, 84 UR,60 urban development, 12 Us Presentem el General Franco

(pamphlet), 140-1 USC, 81, 92, 112, 125

Valencia, kingdom 0/, I, 6, 8, II, 12, 15

Valencia (city and province), 72, 115, 121, 122, 146, 147

Valles i Pujals, Joan, 68, 71 Valles i Ribot, J. M., 56, 60 Valls i Taberner, 86 La Vanguardia (newspaper), 140 Le Vatican et la Catalogne, 149 Vento sa i Calvell, 73, 74, 91 Verdaguer i Califs, 37, 38, 41, 44 Verdaguer, Jacint, 27 vertical union concept, 131, 135,

139, 170 see also institutional structure

La Veu de Catalunya (newspaper), 40, 44, 50, 54

226 Index

La Veu de Montserrat, 36, 39 Vicen~ Vives, Jaume, 141 Vidal i Barraquer, Francese,

Archbishop of Tarragona, 86, 133

Vidiella, Rafael, 87 Vigatanism, 39-40, 46 Vilar, Pierre, 23

La Catalogne dans l'Espagne Moderne, 9

Villalonga, Governor General, 110 Villar, Palas!, 159 Viola, Joaquim, 169 violence, 80-1, 87, 117, 148, 179,

192-3 assassination, 67, 80, 82, 111-12,

114, 117, 122, 128 banditry, 12 executions, 62, 117, 127 guerrilla warfare, 128 insurrection, 13, 14, 15, 17, 30,

32,41,61,62-3, 108-9 non-violent resistance

Viver, Baron see Rumeu, Darius vocational education, 70, 71

see also educational system

wages see incomes War of Matiners (1846-49), 22 War of Separation (1640-51), 13 welfare system, 71 Wilfred the Hairy, Count, 3 Wilson, President, 74-5 wines and spirits, 18, 20, 102 worker priests, 134

see also the clergy Workers' Alliance see Alianza Obrera

Workers' Commissions see CCOO Workers Front of Catalonia see

FOC workers' organizations, 32, 52, 61,

112,131,175-6 see also institutional structure

Workers' Party see Partido del Trabajo

Workers' Party of Marxist Unification see POUM

working class, 24, 48-50, 65, 128 Internationalists, 30 labour movement, 139, 157-8 see also social structure

working conditions, 29-30 see also labour market

World War I (1914-18), 65, 72-5 World War II (1939-45), 114,

125-6, 128

xarnego, 154 see also immigration

Xirinachs, J. M., 173

Young Catalonia see Jove Catalunya

Young Catholic Workers' Association see JOC

young people: Catalan spoken by, 152

youth movements, 30, 52, 83, 131, 133-4

scout movement, 140, 141, 145-6, 155

student movements, 138-9, 157, 158-60

see also institutional structure