Fungicide Beneficial Contact Toxicity

Withholding Period

Benzimidazole Hypoaspis High 4 weeks

Benomly Phytoseiulus persimilis High 4 weeks(Benlate) Typhlodrumus

occidentalisHigh 3 weeks

Carbendazim Phytoseiulus persimilis High 1 week

(Spin,Bavistin) Typhlodrumus occidentalis

Medium 1 week

Dichlofluanid Encarsia formosa High 1 week(Euparen) Trichogramma spp. High 4 weeks

Phytoseiulus persimilis Medium 2 weeks

Effect of some currently used fungicides on Beneficial insects used in IPM systems

Fungicide Beneficial Contact Toxicity

Withholding period

Mancozeb Phytoseiulus persimilis Medium 3 weeks

Pyraziphos Encarsia formosa High 3 weeks

(Afugan) Trichogramma spp. High 2 weeks

Typhlodrumus occidentalis

Medium 1 week

Mallada signatus High 2 week

Sulphur Encarsia formosa High 5 weeks

Trichogramma spp. High unknown

Thiram Encarsia formosa Medium 1 week

Trichogramma spp. Medium unknown

Powdery mildew (S. suliginea ) in greenhouse pumpkins (Ziv & Zitter, Cornell Uni.,1992)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 4 7 10

DAT

% L

eaf a

rea

with

PM

NaHCO3 2%KHCO3 2%KHCO3 0.5% + 0.5% SS0.5% SunSpray Oil

Review of some previous bicarbonate research

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

(% u

nhea

lthy

leav

es fr

om 5

0 le

aves

/pla

nt)

Control Topaz NaHCO3 KHCO3

Leveillula taurica on Capsicum (Elazar, et al Phytoparasitica 25:1,1997)

(5 w eekly sprays w ith f irst spray applied after one w eek of natural pow dery infection)

(f inal assessment made 5 days after last spray)

Powdery mildew in Euonymus (Ziv & Hagiladi, Israel 1993)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

19 25 32 40

Days after first treatment

% L

eaf a

rea

infe

ctio

n

KHCO3 1% + SS 1%NaHCO3 1% + SS 1%1% SunSpray OilNH4HCO3 1% + SS 1%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

(% u

nhea

lthy

leav

es fr

om 5

0 le

aves

/pla

nt)

Control Topaz NaHCO3 KHCO3

Alternaria alternata on Capsicum (Elazar, et al Phytoparasitica 25:1,1997)

(Post harvest storage decay after 14 days @ 80C and additional 3 days at 200C)

Similar results have been observed in Tomatoes with Alternaria solani (early blight)

Mode of ActionGROUP Y Multi-Site Contact Activity

•Creates a high pH environment that makes fungi excrete high levels of organic acids, using up precious energy.

•Bicarbonate ions react with the enzymes produced by the invading fungi.

•Increases the osmotic levels on foliage surfaces.

•Fungi spores swell as if to germinate, but the appearance of the germ tube is inhibited.

•Potassium Bicarbonates causes total collapse of Powdery mildew mycelia.

Electron micrographs of Uncinulanecator mycelia

Uni. Adelaide – Peter Crisp

Before Application of 3gm/L ecocarb + 3ml/L Synertrol Horti Oil

Five minutes after the application of 3gm/L ecocarb + 3ml/L Synertrol Horti Oil

Powdery Mildew in Cucumbers (Dr. Stephen Goodwin, 1999)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

34 37 44 48 51 56Days after planting

Mea

n se

verit

y sc

ore

(1-5

)

Control ecocarb Syn. Horti Oil Syn. Horti + ecocarb Fenarimol

a

b

c

a

ab

a

a

a a

a a

ab

bb

ab

a a

ab

bb

ab a

abc

bc

c

a

b

b

c

ab

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Infe

ctio

n le

vel (

1 =

20%

leaf

infe

ctio

n)

Topas ecocarb 4gm +Syn.Horti

ecocarb 3gm +Syn.Horti

ecocarb 2gm +Syn.Horti

Water

Leveillula taurica Tomato Powdery Mildew Trial(Glasshouse Trial - Uni. Adelaide, Waite)

8 applications were made with each treatment at 7 day intervals. The graph indicates the final assessment 7 days after the 8th application.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Infe

ctio

n le

vel (

2 =

21-4

0% le

af in

fect

ion)

Topas EcoCarb 4gm +Syn.Horti

EcoCarb 3gm +Syn.Horti

EcoCarb 2gm +Syn.Horti

Water

Sphaerotheca fuliginea Cucumber Powdery Mildew Trial (Glasshouse Trial - Uni. Adelaide, Waite)

8 applications were made with each treatment at 7 day intervals. The graph indicates the final assessment 7 days after the 8th application.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Infe

ctio

n le

vel (

1 =

0-21

% le

af

infe

ctio

n)

Topas EcoCarb4gm +

Syn.Horti

EcoCarb3gm +

Syn.Horti

EcoCarb2gm +

Syn.Horti

Water

Sphaerotheca macularis Strawberry Powdery Mildew Trial (Field Trial Mount Compass, S.A.)

Treatments w ere applied every tw o w eeks w ith assessment made tw o w eeks after each spray.

This chart represents the f inal leaf scores.

Powdery mildew (S.pannosa var. rosae ) control in Roses (Uni. Adelaide, Peter Crisp, 2002)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

17/10/02 22/10/02 27/10/02 1/11/02 6/11/02 11/11/02 16/11/02 21/11/02 26/11/02 1/12/02

Infe

ctio

n Le

vel (

2=20

% in

fect

ion)

WaterSyn-Horti-Oil 2ml/L + Ecocarb 3gm/LTriforine

Black Spot (Diplocarpon rosae ) control in Roses (Uni. Adelaide, Peter Crisp, 2002)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

17/10/02 21/10/02 25/10/02 29/10/02 2/11/02 6/11/02 10/11/02 14/11/02 18/11/02 22/11/02 26/11/02 30/11/02

Infe

ctio

n Le

vel (

2=20

% in

fect

ion)

WaterSyn-Horti-Oil 2ml/L + Ecocarb 3gm/LTriforine

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mea

n %

infe

ctio

n pe

r bu

nch

Untreated EcoCarb/Synertrol@ 250ml/100L

EcoCarb/Synertrol@ 500ml/100L

S,S,T ,T ,S,S

Treatment

5/01/00

27/01/00

15/02/00

14/03/00

Uncinula necator Field Trial (SARDI, Trevor Wicks 2000)

Downy Research

Downy Research

Safety to beneficials

Side-effects of pesticides against whitefly biocontrol agent Encarsia formosa

(Dr. Stephen Goodwin & Marilyn Steiner, 2003)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Chess

Eco-O

il+Eco

CarbAza

MaxNatr

asoap

OmiteSuc

cess

Pyrethr

umPro

claim

Pirimor

Thiodan

Confid

orMala

thion

% m

orta

lity

Warriparinga Powdery Mildew control arthropod summary (Peter Crisp Adelaide University, 2001-2002)

Potassium uptake?Potassium Levels in Shiraz Grape Juice & Skin

Treatments applied at 14 day intervals from 10cm shoots to 2 weeks before harvest. (Uni.Western Sydney Vineyard, 2001-2002)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Water Syn. Horti EcoCarb EcoCarb+Syn

ppm

K+

2 wks beforeVerasionHarvest

Advantages•Effective Broad Spectrum, with little chance of chemical resistance•Fast Acting•No adverse effect on human health or the environment•Soft to predators and beneficials•No with holding period •No visible residues

Effective Broad Spectrum, with little chance of chemical resistanceFast ActingNo adverse effect on human health or the

environmentSoft to predators and beneficialsNo with holding period (7 days in wine grapes)No visible residues