FUNGI. COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls.
Fungi - SEWBReC Presentation...production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the...
Transcript of Fungi - SEWBReC Presentation...production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the...
Fungi What are they?
What do they do?
Why are they important?
Taxonomy
Three domains of life
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Fungi
Animals
Choanoflagellates
Plants
Opisthokonts
710-1060 ma
Watkinson, et al., 2016
Chytridiomycota
Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Glomeromycota
Blastocladiomycota
Neocallimastigomycota
Cryptomycota (Rozella)
Zygomycetes and Olpidium
Watkinson, et al., 2016
Dikarya
Recap
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Glomercomycota
Blastocladiomycota
Chytridiomycota
Neocallimastigomycota
Zygomycetes and Olpidium
Cryptomycota (Rozella)
Watkinson, et al., 2016.
Ecosystem Functions
2.2 – 3.8 million
15,000, UK
Decomposition
Food Source
Hawksworth and Lücking, 2017;Yue, et al., 2018; Gleason, et al., 2011;
Burford, et al., 2006; Dutton & Evans, 1996.
Largest Organism!
Armillaria ostoyae
2.4 miles (3.8km)
across
2385 acres
2,400- 8650 years old
Morris, 2017.
Photo Courtesy: Morris, L., 2017 National Geographic
Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.
Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.
Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.
Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.
Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.
Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.
Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.
Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Joint, nutrient
absorbing Structure
90% of all plants
70% Arbuscular
460-407 ma
Watkinson, et al., 2016; Mello and Balestrini, 2018.
Nutrient Dynamics (Mycorrhizosphere)
Soil to root
Root to root (different
plants)
Wood Wide Web
Ploughing, fertilising,
monoculture
Watkinson, et al., 2016; Mello & Balestrini, 2018;
Phillips, 2017.
Disease
White-nose
syndrome
Chytridiomycosis
Fungal meningitis
Potato Blight
(Oomycete)
CDC, 2016; Lucas, 2017.
Most common question….
Can I eat it?
Medicines
Ecosystem drivers
Chemical powerhouses
Food
Beer, wine, bread
Soy Sauce
Cheese
Mushrooms
Quorn
Citric Acid
Seidl, 2006.
Medicine
Penicillium chrysogenum
Anti-cholesterol statins
Immunosuppressant cyclosporins and
steroids
Cortisone
Rhizopus nigricans
Seidl, 2006.
Threats Pollution
Habitat destruction
Climate change
Alien invaders
Lost and Found Fungi Project
Funded by Esmée
Fairbairn Foundation
What species are extinct?
What species are under-
recorded?
http://fungi.myspecies.info
Thanks for listening!
References and Recommended reading
Books
• Watkinson, S. C., Boddy, L., Money, N. P., 2016. The Fungi. Third Edition. United States of America: Elsevier.
• Phillips, M., 2017. Mycorrhizal Planet. First Edition. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
• Hawksworth, D & Lücking, R. 2017. Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species, p 79-95. Heitman, J., Howlett, J., B., Crous, W., P., Stukenbrock, H., E., James, T., Y., The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. Doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016
• McCoy, P., 2016. Radical Mycology. 1st Edition. Portland, Oregon: Chthaeus Press.
References and recommended reading
Online articles • Seidl, M., 2006. Industrial Uses of Fungi. The
Environmental Reporter, Available at: https://www.emlab.com/resources/education/environmental-reporter/industrial-uses-of-fungi-epicoccum/
SEM Images This work was supported by the Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, UK
References and recommended reading
Journal Articles
• Mello, A., Balestrini, R., 2018. Recent Insights on Biological and Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and their interactions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(?), pp.216. 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216
• Yue, K., García-Palacios, P., Parsons, S.A., Yang, W., Peng, Y., Tan, B., Wu, F., 2018. Assessing the temporal dynamics of aquatic and terrestrial litter decomposition in an alpine forest. Functional Ecology, 32 (10), pp2464-2475. 10.1111/1365-2435.13143
• Gleason, F. H., Küpper, F., C., Amon, J., P., Picard, K., Gachon, M., M., C., Marano, V., A., Sime-Ngando, T., Lilije, O., 2011. Zoosporic true fungi in marine ecosystems: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62(4), pp383-393. 10.1071/MF10294.
• Boer, W. D., Folman, L. B., Summerbell, R. C., Boddy, L., 2005. Living in a fungal world: impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29(4), 795-811.10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.005
• Dodd, M. S., Papineau, D., Grenne, T., Slack, J.F., Rittner, M., Pirajno, F., O’Neil, J., Little, C. T. S., 2017. Evidence for early life in Earth’s oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates. Nature, 543(7643), 60-64. 10.1038/nature21377.
References and recommended
reading • Burford, E. P., Hiller, S., Gadd, G., 2006.
Biomineralization of Fungal Hyphae with Calcite (CaCO3) and Calcium Oxalate Mono- and Dihydrate in Carboniferous Limestone Microcosms. Geomicrobiology Journal, 23(8), pp.599-611. 10.1080/01490450600964375.
• Dutton, M. V. & Evans, C. S., 1996. Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 42(9), 881-895. 10.1139/m96-114.
• Lucas, J. A., 2017. Fungi, Food Crops and Biosecurity: Advances and challenges. Advances in Food Security and Sutainability, 1-40. doi:10.1016/bs.af2s.2017.09.007
Websites
• CDC, 2016. Fungal Meningitis. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/fungal.html
• BCT, 2013. Are UK bats immune to White-Nose Syndrome which is killing millions of North American bats? Available: https://www.bats.org.uk/news/2013/08/are-uk-bats-immune-to-white-nose-syndrome-which-is-killing-millions-of-north-american-bats
• Morris, L., 2017. The World’s Largest Living Organism. National Geographic, Available: https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/the-worlds-largest-living-organism.aspx