Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- and Micro/Nanoscales

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Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 10

Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- and Micro/Nanoscales

edited by

Bharat Bhushan Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Howard D. Winbigler Professor, Director, Computer Microtribology and Contamination Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University, COlumbus, Ohio, U.S.A.

l1li...

" SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- and Micro/Nanoscales Keszthely, Hungary August13-25,2000

A C.I. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-0-7923-6837-3 ISBN 978-94-010-0736-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0736-8

Printed on acid-free paper

AII Rights Reserved © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recorcling or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

CONTENTS

Preface ................................................................................................................................ xi Group photo ... ................................................ .................................................... ............... XIV

Participants list ............................................. ........... ........................ .................................. xv

1. History

History of Tribology and Its Industrial Significance K. Ludema ................................................................................................................. .

2. Adhesion and Friction

Friction, Wear, Lubrication, and Materials Characterization Using Scanning Probe Microscopy B. Bhushan ................................................................................................................. 13

Atomic Scale Origin of Adhesion and Friction Viscoelastic Effects in Model Lubricant Monolayers M. Salmeron, S. Kopta, E. Barrena and C. Ocal............................................................. 41

Atomic-Scale Stick Slip R. Bennewitz, E. Meyer, M. Bammeriin, T. Gyalog and E. Gnecco ..... ............................ 53

Dissipation Mechanisms Studied by Dynamic Force Microscopies E. Meyer, R. Bennewitz, O. Pfeiffer, V. Barwich, M. Guggisberg, S. Schar, M. Bammeriin, Ch. Loppacher, U. Gysin, Ch. Wattinger and A. Baratoff ........................ 67

Frictional-Force Imaging and Friction Mechanisms with a Lattice Periodicity S. Morita, Y. Sugawara, K. Yokoyama and S. Fujisawa ................................................. 83

Atomic Scale Origins of Force Interaction S. Morita, Y. Sugawara, K. Yokoyama and T. Uchihashi ................................................ 103

Dynamic Friction Measurement with the Scanning Force Microscope O. Marti and H.U. Krotil.. ............................................................................................ 121

Towards the Ideal Nano-Friction Experiment J. W. M. Frenken, M. Dienwiebel, 1. A. Heimberg, T. Zijlstra, E. Van Der Drift, D.1. Spaanderman and E. De Kuyper ........................................................................... 137

Investigation of the Mechanics ofNanocontacts Using a Vibrating Cantilever Technique U. D. Schwarz, H. Holscher, W. Allers, A. Schwarz and R. Wiesendanger ....................... 151

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A Scanning Probe and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of C60 on Mica and Silver(lll) Surfaces T. Coffey, M. Abdelmaksoud and 1. Krim ... .... ...... ... ... .......... ....... ...... .... ... ..... .... ........... 171

Interactions, Friction and Lubrication Between Polymer-Bearing Surfaces 1. Klein ....................................................................................................................... 177

Effect of Electrostatic Interactions on Frictional Forces in Electrolytes L. I. Daikhin and M. Urbakh ... .......... ....... .... ... ....... ...... ...... ....... ... ....... ... ..... .............. ... 199

Adsorption of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces and its Relevance for Tribology 1. Colchero, A. Gil, P. 1. De Pablo, M. Luna, J. Gomez and A. M. Baro ........................... 215

Theory and Simulations of Friction Between Flat Surfaces Lubricated by Submonolayers M. H. Miiser ............................................................................................................... 235

Friction Mechanisms and Modeling on the Macroscale P. 1. Blau .................................................................................................................... 241

Experimental Aspects of Friction Research on the Macroscale P. 1. Blau .................................................................................................................... 261

The Anisotropic Friction Characteristics of Crystalline Materials: A Review B. L. Weick and B. Bhushan ........................................................................................ 279

Relationship Between Structure and Internal Friction in CoPt and FePd Alloys E. Klugmann ............................................................................................................... 299

Direct Measurement of Surface and Interfacial Energies of Glassy Polymers andPDMS L. Li, V. S. Mangipudi, M. Tirrell and A. V. Pocius ....................................................... 305

A Model for Adhesive Forces in Miniature Systems A. A. Polycarpou and A. Sub ....................................................................................... 331

Simple Model for Low Friction Systems M. D'Acunto .............................................................................................................. 339

Ultra-Low Friction Between Water Droplet and Hydrophobic Surface K. Hiratsuka, A. Bohno and M. Kurosawa ..................................................................... 345

AFM as a New Tool in Characterisation of Mesoporous Ceramics as Materials to Tribological Applications

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I. Piwonski and J. Grobelny ......................................................................................... 349

Discussion Forum Report: Bridging the Gap Between Macro- and MicrolNanoscale Adhesion and Friction M. Tirrell and E. Meyer ............................................................................................... 355

3. Wear

Modeling (and) Wear Mechanisms K. Ludema .................................................................................................................. 359

Surface Damage Under Reciprocating Sliding S. Fouvry and Ph. Kapsa .............................................................................................. 377

Wear Particle Life in a Sliding Contact Under Dry Conditions: Third Body Approach J. Denape, Y. Berthier and L. Vincent ........................................................................... 393

Fretting Wear Behaviour of a Titanium Alloy V. Fridrici, S.Fouvry and Ph. Kapsa .............................................................................. 413

Wear Measurements and Monitoring at Macro- and-Micro level N. K. Myshkin, M. I. Petrokovets and S. A. Chizhik ...................................................... 423

Slurry Erosion: Macro- and Micro- Aspects H. Mcl. Clark .............................................................................................................. 439

Macro-and Micro Kelvin Probe in Tribological Studies A. L. Zharin ................................................................................................................ 445

Thermomechanics of Sliding Contact: When Micro meets Macro A. Soom, C. I. Serpe and G. F. Dargush ........................................................................ 467

Nanostructuring of Calcite Surfaces by Tribomechanical Etching with the Tip of an Atomic Force Microscope M. Milller, Th. Fiedler and Th. Schimmel............... ......................................... ............. 487

Atomic-Scale Processes of Tribomechanical Etching Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy on the Layered Material NbSez R. Kernnitzer, Th. Koch, J. Kilppers, M. Lux-Steiner and Th. Schimmel.. ........................ 495

Determining the Nanoscale Friction and Wear Behavior of Si, SiC and Diamond by Microscale Environmental Tribology M. N. Gardos .............................................................................................................. 503

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On Some Similarities of Structural Modification in Wear and Fatigue L. Palaghian, S. Ciortan and M. Ripa ............................................................................ 525

The Mesostructure of Surface Layers of Metal Under Friction with Relatively High Coritact Stress I. I. Garbar .................................................................................................................. 529

The Effect of Impact Angle on the Erosion of Cennets I. Hussainova and J. Kubarsepp .................................................................................... 537

Wear Mechanism of Carbon Material-Steel Slide Bearing in Polluted Atmosphere A. Polak and S. Pytko .................................................................................................. 543

Nanomechanical Properties of Brittle Matter B. Wolf and P. Pautler ................................................................................................. 549

Testing Tribological Behaviour oflon-Beam Mixed Surface Layers Z. Rymuza, M.Misiak, A. Pi~tkowska and J. Jagielski ........................ , .......................... 557

Tribological Studies ofDLC Films Containing Different Amount of Silicon Coated by Reactive Ion Plating Y. Ozmen, A. Tanaka, and T. Surniya ........................................................................... 565

Tribological Aspects of Wear of Laser-Sintered Rapid Prototype Tools T. Sebestyen, 1. Takacs, L. T6th, F. Franek, and A. Pauschitz ......................................... 571

Discussion Forum Report: Bridging the Gap Between Macro- and MicrolNanoscale Wear 1. Larsen-Basse ............................................................................................................ 577

4. Lubrication

On the Effects of Roughness on Structures, Solvation Forces and Shear of Molecular Films in Nano-Confinement 1. Gao, W. D. Luedtke and U. Landman ........................................................................ 583

Nanoscale Lubrication and Friction Control 1. Gao, W. D. Luedtke and U. Landman ........................................................................ 607

Tribology of Ideal and Non-Ideal Surfaces and Fluids J. Israelachvili............................................................................................................. 631

N anoscale Wetting and De-Wetting of Lubricants with Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy M. Salmeron ............................................................................................................... 651

The Study of Very Thin Lubricant Films in High Pressure Contacts Using Spacer Layer Interferometric Methods

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H. A. Spikes ............................................. :; ................................................................ 663

Scaling Issues in the Measurement of Monolayer Films S. M. Hsu, P. M. McGuiggan, 1. Zhang, Y. Wang, F. Yin, Y. P. Yeh and R. S. Gates ................................ ~ ........................................................................... 691

New Electrolytes for Electrochemical Study in Hydrocarbon Solution X. Xu, H. Spikes and N. Brandon .................................................................................. 711

Limiting Friction in a Slider-Disk InteIface with Nanometer-Scale L.ubricant Films 1. Zheng and 1. L. Streator ............................................................................................ 717

Friction in Lubricated Contacts: From Macro- to Microscale Effects E. Ciulli. ..................................................................................................................... 725

The Present State of the Art on Degradation Models of Perfluoropolyethers _ with DLC Coatings in Thin-Film Magnetic Rigid Disks B. Bhushan and C. Kajdas ............................................................................................. 735

Fluid Film Lubrication with Applications to Machine Elements B. J. Hamrock ............................................................................................................. 747

Flow Modeling of Thin Films from Macroscale to Nanoscale A. Z. Szeri and V. Radel ........................................................... .-, ................................. 767

Discussion Forum Report: Bridging the Gap Between Macro- and MicrolNanoscale Lubrication 1. Israelachvili and H. Spikes ......................................................................................... 799

5. Applications

Micro-and Nanostructures: Preparation and Applications R. Kassing and E. Oesterschulze ................................................................................... 803

MicrolNanoscale Tribology ofMEMS Materials, Lubricants and Devices S. Sundararajan and B. Bhushan ................................................................................... 821

Macro- and Microtribology of Information Storage and Retrieval Devices B. Bhushan ................................................................................................................. 851

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High Spatial Resolution Chemical Imaging of Tribo-Surfaces in Magnetic Recording T. Liew, R. Ji and G. L. Chen ....................................................................................... 869

Analysis and Testing of Miniature Motors for Precision Engineering F. Franek .................................................................................................................... 877

Permanent Magnetic Levitation and Stability R. Bassani .................................................................................................................. 899

Load Carrying Capacity of Heavy-Duty Porous Journal Bearings M. Kozma .................................................................................................................. 915

Manufacturing Applications of Multi-Scale Tribology S. R. Schmid .............................................................. , ................................................ 923

Condition Monitoring Tools for Tribologists R. S. Cowan and W. O. Winer ...................................................................................... 931

Author Index ............................................................................................................... ,...... 951 Subject Index............................................................................................. ......... ............ .... 953

PREFACE

The word tribology was fIrst reported in a landmark report by P. Jost in 1966 (Lubrication (Tribology)--A Report on the Present Position and Industry's Needs, Department of Education and Science, HMSO, London). Tribology is the science and technology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. The popular equivalent is friction, wear and lubrication. The economic impact of the better understanding of tribology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion is known to be immense. Losses resulting from ignorance of tribology amount in the United States alone to about 6 percent of its GNP or about $200 billion dollars per year (1966), and approximately one-third of the world's energy resources in present' use, appear as friction in one form or another. A fundamental understanding of the tribology of the head-medium interface in magnetic recording is crucial to the future growth of the $100 billion per year information storage industry. In the emerging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry, tribology is also recognized as a limiting technology.

The advent of new scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques (starting with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981) to measure surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubricant-fIlm thickness, mechanical properties all on a micro to nanometer scale, and to image lubricant molecules and the availability of supercomputers to conduct atomic-scale simulations has led to the development of a new fIeld referred to as Microtribology, Nanotribology, or Molecular Tribology (see B. Bhushan, J. N. Israelachvili and U. Landman, "Nanotribology: Friction, Wear and Lubrication at the Atomic Scale," Nature, Vol. 374, 1995, pp. 607--616). This fIeld concerns experimental and theoretical investigations of processes, ranging from atomic and molecular scales to microscale, occurring during adhesion, friction, wear and thin-fIlm lubrication at sliding surfaces. Such studies are needed to develop fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena on a small scale and to study interfacial phenomena in micro- and nanostructures. Friction and wear on micro- and nanoscales have been found to be generally smaller compared to that at macroscales. Therefore, micro/nanotribological studies may identify regimes of ultra-low friction and zero wear.

The fIeld of tribology is truly interdisciplinary. Until recently, it has been dominated by mechanical" and chemical engineers who have conducted macro-tests to predict friction and" wear lives in machine components and developed new lubricants to minimize friction and wear. Development of the fIeld of micro/nanotribology has attracted many more physicists and chemists who have significantly contributed to the fundamental understanding of friction and wear processes on an atomic scale. Thus, tribology is now studied by both engineers and scientists. The research in micro/Jianotribology has grown very rapidly and it has developed as an established fIeld.

Because of the important role tribology plays in the industrial world, it is important that young scientists and engineers be aware of the opportunities for research in this

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field. Because of the multidisciplinary nature of the research and diversity of the research techniques used, it is difficult for young scientists and engineers to become familiar with the basic theories and applications of this field. The emerging field of micro/nanotribology is not covered in any undergraduate or graduate scientific curriculum.

The first institute focusing on the emerging field of MicrolNanotribology and Its Applications was organized in Sesimbra, Portugal in June 1996. The major focus at this institute was on studies using atomic force microscopy and related techniques in the areas of roughness, adhesion, friction, wear and lubrication and molecular dynamic simulations. A lot had been accomplished in the meantime and the feeling of some of the researchers was that macro- and micro-researchers may not be communicating enough and not growing together. This was considered to be an opportune time to have an institute where both camps can present, educate, and interact. Researchers from diverse disciplines of science and engineering have been working in micro/nanotribology and this course was expected to bring these people together and help develop the emerging discipline of micro/nanotribology. Furthermore, it helped develop further interactions between macro- and micro/nano­researchers. The scope of the course was broad and was of general interest to all working in the field oftribology.

The primary goal of the proposed ASI was to provide a forum whereby young scientists and engineers can become familiar with the state-of-the art of tribology on macro- and micro/nanoscales. To accomplish this goal, we invited internationally recognized lecturers working on both the fundamental and applied aspects of both macro- and micro/nanotribology. The course started out with the history of macro­and micro/nanotribology, followed by instrumentation, basic theories and latest results on friction, wear, lubrication, and industrial applications. A variety of research tools used in the research on macro- and micro/nanoscales were covered. Both experimental and computer modeling research were covered. Emphasis in the course was on applied aspects. The program for this' ASI stressed science and engineering topics that are not typically' available to students in any structured university curriculum, special course or a single conference. Participants were invited to give brief oral presentations or to present posters dealing with their current research. We attempted to invite students from both universities and industry in order to provide a strong interaction between academic research scientists and engineers. Further a special effort was made to attract and support students from the NATO partner countries, the Mediterranean Dialogue Countries and such NATO countries as Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Turkey, Greece, Spain and Portugal. Special efforts were made to obtain additional funding in order to support a larger number of students.

Response to the institute was overwhelming. There were 15 lecturers, 18 invited speakers and a total of 94 participants that attended the course. Lecturers and participants came from a total of 23 countries (11 NATO countries, 8 NATO Partner countries, 1 Mediterranean Dialogue countries, and 3 Other countries). A vendor exhibition of scientific equipment was held concurrently with the course for three days.

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We thank NATO Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division for the financial support. Additional funding to provide travel support to U.S. participants was provided by the National Science Foundation (Dr. J. Larsen-Basse, Manager, Surface Engineering and Tribology Program). Additionally, Directorate for Education and Human Resources of National Science Foundation provided travel support to three U.S. student participants. The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) provided travel support to three Turkish participants. The Instituto de Cooperacao Cientifice, e Tecnologica Internacional, Portugal provided travel support to one Portuguese participant. I would also like to thank members of the International Organizing Committee. Professor Miklos Zrinyi visited Danubius Hotel Helikon in Fall 1999 and selected this resort as a site for the course. He organized an excellent social, program. Professors Othmar Marti and Philippe Kapsa made important recommendations to the technical program. Finally, I would like to thank my two students and my secretary. Mr. Wei Peng designed and maintained the web site. Mr. William W. Scott handled all the manuscripts for this proceeding. Ms. Jennifer Pursell handled all communications and mailings. I hope that you find the proceeding productive and enjoyable.

Professor Bharat Bhushan ASI Director Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. August 25, 2000

Group Photo

Participants list

Mr. Joakim B. ANDERSSON Uppsala University The Tribomaterials Group Angstrom Laboratory Materials Science, Box 534 SE-75121 SWEDEN Tel: 46 18471 10 86 Fax: 4618471 3572 joakim.andersson@angstrom.uu.se

Dr. Roberto BASSANI University of Pisa Department of Mechanical, Nuclear and Production Engineering Via Diotisalvi, 2 Pisa 56126 ITALY Tel: 39-050-585=217 Fax: 39-050-585-265 bassani@ing.unipi.it

Dr. Bharat BHUSHAN The Ohio State University Department of Mechanical Engineering 206 West 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210-1107 USA Tel: 614-292-0651 Fax: 614-292-0325 bhushan.2@osu.edu

Dr. Peter J. BLAU Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008, MS 6063 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6063 USA Tel: 865-574-5377 Fax: 865.574-6918 blaupj@ornl.gov

Mr. Renato BUZIO Universita' di Genova Dipartimento di Fiscia Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 ITALY Tel: 39-010-353-6356 Fax: 39-010-362-2790 buzio@fisica.unige.it

Dr. Ahmet CAKIR Dokuz Eylul University Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

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BornovalIzmir 35100 TURKEY Tel: 90-232-388-28-80/ 13 Fax: 90-232-388-78-64 ahmet.cakir@deu.edu.tr

Dr. Sorin N. CIORTAN Dunarea de Jos University Department of Mechanical Engineering 47 Dornneasca Street Galati, 6200 ROMANIA Tel: 40-36-41-48-73 Fax: 40-36-46-13-53 sorin.ciortan@uga1.ro

Dr. Enrico CIULLI University of Pisa Department of Mechanical, Nuclear and Production Engineering Via Diotisalvi, 2 Pisa 56126 ITALY Tel: 39-050-585-261 Fax: 39-050-585-265 ciulli@ing.unipi.it

Dr. Hector Mcl. CLARK Maros utca 25, 112 1122 Budapest HUNGARY Tel: 361 3562615 Fax: None bori _ cIark@compuserve.com

Ms. Tonya Shea COFFEY North Carolina State University 2808 Isabella Drive Raleigh, NC 27603 USA Tel: 919-833-4735 Fax: 919-515-1333 tscoffey@unity.ncsu.edu

Dr. Jaime COLCHERO Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Campus Cantoblanco Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada C-III-205 E28049, Madrid SPAIN Tel: 34-91-39-74-754 Fax: 34-91-39-73-961 jaime.coclhero@uam.es

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Mr. Richard S. COWAN Georgia Institute of Technology Center for Integrated Diagnostics 801 Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30332-0405 USA Tel: 404-894-3270 Fax: 404-894-8336 rick.cowan@me.gatech.edu

. Dr. Mario D'ACUNTO via Cecco di Pietro 5 1-56123 Pisa ITALY Tel: 39-050-560247 m.dacunto@ing.unipi.it

Dr. Leonid DAIKHIN Tel Aviv University School of Chemistry RamatAviv 69978 Tel Aviv ISRAEL Tel: 972-3-6408902 Fax: 972-3-6409293 daikhin@post.tau.ac.il

Dr. Jean DENAPE National Engineering School of Tarbes BP 1629 65016 T ARBES Cedex FRANCE Tel: 00-33-562-44-2728 Fax: 00-33-562-44-2708 denape@enit.fr .

Dr. Abdallah A. ELSHARKA WY Kuwait University Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060 KUWAIT Tel: %5533 1082 Fax: 965484 7131 abdallah@kucOl.kuniv;edu.kw

Mr. Michel FAJFROWSKI MTS Systems 15 av Jean Jaures BP 238 94203 IVry sur Seine Cedex FRANCE Tel: 33-146-70-1180 Fax: 33-146-58-3514 michel.fajfrowski@mts.com

Mr. JozsefFEHER Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest 1521 HUNGARY Tel: 36-1-463-3229 Fax: 36-1-463-3767 joe.tkt@chem.bme.hu

Ms. Genoveva FILIPCSEl Budapest University of Technology and Economics -Budapest 1521 HUNGARY Tel: 36-1-463-3229 Fax. 36-1-463-3767 geni.f'k1;@chem.bme.hu

Dr. Friedrich FRANEK· Vienna University of Technology Institute for Precision Engineering Floragasse 7 Vienna, AI040 AUSTRIA Tel: 43-1-58801-35801 Fax: 43-1-58801-35899 friedrich.franek@tuwien.ac.at

Dr. Joost W. M. FRENKEN Leiden University Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory P. O. Box 9504 2300 RA Leiden THE NETHERLANDS Tel: 31-71-5275603 Fax: 31-71-5275404 frenken@phys.leidenuniv.nl

Mr. Vincent FRIDRICI University Ecole Centrale de Lyon Ecole Centrale de Lyon 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue BP 163 69130 Ecully FRANCE Tel: 33-4-72-18-65-62 Fax: 33-4-78-43-33-83 vincent.fridrici@ec-Iyon.fr

Dr. Isaac I. GARBAR Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Mechanical Engineering Department P.O. Box 653: . Beer-Sheva, 84105 ISRAEL Tel: 972-7~6477070 Fax: 972-7-6472813 garbar@menix.bgu.ac.il

Dr. Michael N. GARDOS Raytheon Electronic Systems P.O. Box 902, ElICI82 EI Segundo, CA 90245 USA Tel: 310-647-4357 Fax: 310-647-3536 nmgardos@West.raytheon.com

Ms. Danya GLUSCHOVE-CORBY Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Tribology Section Mechanical Engineering Dept. Exhibition Road London SW7 2BX, England UK. Tel: 44-207-594-7236 Fax: 44-207-823-8845 d.g1uschove-corby@ic.ac.uk

Mr. Jaroslaw GROBELNY Univeristy of Lodz 163, Pomorska St. Lodz 90-236 POLAND Tel: 48-42-635-56-99 Fax: 48-42-678-70-87 jgrobel@krysia.uni.lodz.pl

Dr. Bernard J. HAMROCK The Ohio State University Department of Mechanical Engineering 206 West 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210-1107 USA Tel: 614-292-4930 Fax: 614-292-3163· hamrock.l@osu.edu _

Dr. Ude HANGEN HysitroniSURF ACE Rhein Str7 D-41836 Hueckelhoven GERMANY Tel: 49-243-397-0305 Fax: 49-243-397-0302 u.hangen@Surface-tec.com

Dr.Ken~chiHlFU\TS(ij(A

Chiba Institute of Technology 2-17-1, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi Chiba 275-8588 JAPAN Tel: 81-47-478-0503 Fax: 81-47-478-0529 hiratsuka@pf.it-chiba.ac.jp

Dr. James D. HOLBERY CSEM Instruments, SA Jaquet-Droz 1 Neuchatel, CH-2000 SWITZERLAND Tel: 41-32-720-5847 Fax: 41-32-720-5730 james.holbery@csem.ch

Dr. Stephen M. HSU National Institute of Standards and Technology Room A256, Building 223 Mail Code 8520, NIST Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA Tel: 301-975-6120 Fax: 301-975-5334 stephen.hsu@nist.gov

Dr. Irina HUSSAINOVA Tallinn Technical University .Ehitatate Tee 5 Tallinn 19086 ESTONIA Tel: 372-620-3303 Fax: 372-620-2020 irina@meo.ttu.ee

Mr. Tae-Yeon HWANG Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology 95 West Plumeria Drive San Jose, CA 95134 USA Tel: 408-544-5696 Fax: 408-544-5665 tyhwang@sisa.samsung.com

Dr. Jacob ISRAELACHVILI University ofCalifomia at Santa Barb8ra Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering II, Room 3357 Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA Tel: 805-893-8407 Fax: 805-893-7870 jacob@engineering.ucsb.edu

Dr. Yutaka IWAMOTO Sony Corporation Communication and Network Co. 2-1-1 Shins;lkuragaoka, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 240-0036 JAPAN Tel: 81-45-353-6840 Fax: 81-45-353-6907 yutaka.iwamoto@ip.sony.com

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Dr. Czeslaw K. KAJDAS Warsaw University of Technology Department of Chemistry 17 Lukasiewicza Street 09-400 Plock POLAND Tel: 48-24-367-2191 Fax: 48-24-262-7494 ckajdas@zto.pw.plock.pl

Dr. Philippe KAPSA Laboratory of Tribology and Systems Dynamics UMCR CNRS 5513 Ecole Centrale de Lyon, BP 163 69131 Ecully Cedex FRANCE Tel: 33-472-186274 Fax: 33-478-433383 philippe.kapsa@ec-Iyon.fr

Dr. Rainer KASSING University of Kassel Institute for Technology Physics D-34109 Kassel GERMANY Tel: 0561-804-4532 Fax: 0561-804-4136 kassing@physik.uni-kassel.de

Dr. Alexey I. KHARLAMOV Institute for Problems of Materials Science 3, Kljijanovski str 03142 Kiev UKRAINE Tel: 038-044-4440256 Fax: 038-044-4442131 dep73@ipms.kiev.ua

Dr. Jacob KLEIN Wiezrnann Institute of Science P.O. Box 26 Rehovot76100 ISRAEL Tel: 972-8-934-3823 Fax: 972-8-934-4138 jacob.klein@weizrnann.ac.il

Dr. Eugeniusz KLUGMANN Technical University of Gdansk ETl Faculty Narutowicza 11-12 PL-80-952 Gdansk POLAND Tel: 48-58-347-17-34 Fax: 48-58-41-61-32 eklug@pg.gda.pl

Mr. Lior KOGUT University - Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering - Technion Haifa 32000 ISRAEL Tel: 972-04-8292090 Fax: 972-04-8292065 mekogut@tx.technion.ac.il

Dr. Mihaly KOZMA Budapest University of Technology and Economics 1521, Budapest, P.O. Box 91 Budapest 1521 HUNGARY Tel: 36-1-463-2363 Fax: 36-1-463-3510 kozrna@Xenia.gee.bme.hu

Mr. Andrzej 1. KULIK Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne EPFL-DP/IGA CH-I015 Lausanne SWITZERLAND Tel: 41-21-693-3359 Fax: 41-21-693-4470 root@igahpse.epfl.ch

Dr. Uzi LANDMAN Georgia Institute of Technology School of Physics 837 State Street, NW Atlanta, GA 30332-0430 USA Tel: 404-894c3368 Fax: 404-894-7747 uzi.landman@physics.gatech.edu

Mr. Karsten LANDWEHR HysitroniSURF ACE Rhein Str 7 D-41836 Hueckelhoven GERMANY Tel: 49-243-397-0305 Fax: 49-243-397-0302 k.landwehr@surface-tec.com

Dr. Jom LARSEN-BASSE National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Boulevard Room 545 Arlington, VA 22230 USA Tel: 703-306-1361 Fax: 703-306-0291

. jlarsenb@nsf.gov

Dr. Thomas LIEW Data Storage Institute National University of Singapore 5 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117608 SINGAPORE Tel: 65-874-8519 Fax: 65-777-2406 tomliew@mail.dsi.nus.edu.sg

Dr. Jean-Luc LOUBET CNRS Ecole Centrale de Lyon LTDS - Bat HI0 - BP 163 69131 Ecully Cedex FRANCE Tel: (33) 472 186281 Fax: (33) 478 433383 jean-Iuc.loubet@ec-Iyon.fr

Dr. Kenneth C. LUDEMA University of Michigan Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics 2250 GG Brown Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA Tel: 734-764-3364 Fax: 734-647-3170 kenlud@urnich.edu

Dr. Gustavo S. LUENGO L'OREAL Applied Physics Department 90 rue General Roguet Clichy, 92583 Cedex FRANCE Tel: 33-1-47567326 Fax: 33-1-47567962 gluengo@recherche.loteal.com

Dr. Othmar MARTI University ofUlm Department of Experimental Physics Albert-Einstein-Allee II 89069 Ulm GERMANY Tel: 497315023011 Fax: 497315023036 othmar.marti@physik.uni-ulm.de

Dr. Ernst MEYER Institute of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstr. 82 4056 Basel SWITZERLAND Tel: 41 61 2673724 or 67 Fax: 41 61 267 37 95 ernst.meyer@unibas.ch

Dr. Seizo MORITA Osaka University Department of Electronic Engineering Osaka University, 2-1 Yamado-Oka Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 JAPAN Tel: 81-6-6879-7761 Fax: 81-6-6879-7764 smorita@ele.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

Dr. Martin H. MUESER Johanries Gutenberg-Universitat Institut fur Physik, WA 331 55099, Mainz GERMANY Tel: 49-6131-392-3646 Fax: 49-6131-392-5441 martin.mueser@uni-mainz.de

Mr. Matthias MUELLER Universitaet Karlsruhe D-76128 Kalsruhe GERMANY Tel: 49-721-608-3423

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Fax: 49-721-607-593 matthias.mlleller@physik.lIni-karlsruhe.de

Dr. Nikolai K. MYSHKIN Metal-Polymer Research Institute of Belarus National Academy of Sciences 32 a Kirov Street Gomel 246050 BELARUS Tel: 375-232-526273 Fax: 375-323-526273 nkmyshkin@mai1.ru

Dr. Masayuki NAKAYAMA Dai-ichi Unviersity 1-10-2, Chuo, Kokubu-shi Kagoshima-ken JAPAN Tel: 81-995-45-0640, ext. 3221 Fax: 81-337-00-2234 nakamasa@ca2.so-net.ne.jp

Mr. Michael O'HERN MTS - Nano Instruments Innovation Center 1001 Larson Drive Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA Tel: 865-481-8451 Fax: 865-481-8455 mike.ohem~ts.com

Dr. Yilmaz OZMEN Pamukkale University Denizli Meslek YUksekokulu, Ulucarsi 20100 Denizli

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TURKEY Tel: 90-258-263-3794 Fax: 90-258-263-3794 yozmen@hotmail.com

Dr. Liviu C. PALAGHIAN Dunarea de Jos University Department of Mechanical Engineering 47, Donmeasca Street Galati, 6200 ROMANIA Tel: 40-36-41-48-73 Fax: 40-36-46-13-53 liviu.palaghian@ugal.ro

Mr. WeiPENG The Ohio State University Department of Mechanical Engineering 206 West 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210-1107 USA Tel: 614-292-4825 Fax: 614-292-3163 peng.44@osu.edu

Ms. Ulrika B. PETTERSSON Uppsala University Tribomaterials Group The Angstrom Laboratory P.O. Box 534 S-75121 SWEDEN Tel: 48-18-471 31 14 Fax: 46-18-471 3572 ulrika.pettersson@material.uu.se

Dr. Ireneusz PIWONSKI University of Lodz 163, Pornorska St. Lodz 90-236 POLAND Tel: 48-42-635-58-33 Fax: 48-42-678-70-87 irek@krysja.uni.lodz.pl

Dr. Adam POLAK Cracow University of Technology M4 ul. Warszawski 24 31155 Krakow POLAND Tel: 48 12 648 0555, ext. 3543 Fax: 48126488131 aspolak@mech.pk.edu.pl

Dr. Andreas A. POL YCARPOU University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 1206 West Green Street

332DMEB MC-244 Urbana,IL 61801 USA Tel: 217-244-1970 Fax: 217-244-6534 polycarp@uiuc.edu

Dr. Stanislaw J. PYTKO The Technical University of Mining and Metallurgy Al.Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Krakow POLAND Tel: 48-12-617-3065 Fax: 48-12-411-6295 s-'pytko@uci.agh.edu.pl

Ms. Minodora 1. RIPA Universitatea of Dunarea de Jos Str. Donmeasca 47 6200 Galati ROMANIA Tel: 40-36-46-13-53 Fax: 40-36-46-13-53 minodora.ripa@ugal.ro

Dr. Zygmunt RYMUZA Warsaw University of Technology Chodkiewicza 8 02-525 Warsaw POLAND Tel: 48-22-660-8602 Fax: 48-22-660-8601 kup_ryz@mech.pw.edu.pl

Dr. Salim SARIN Celal Bayar University Faculty of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Manisal45140 TURKEY Tel: 90-236-241-2144 ext. 274 Fax: 90-236-241-2143 salimsahin@hotmail.com

Dr. Miquel SALMERON Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Materials Sciences Division Mail Stop 66 Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Tel: 510-486-6230 Fax: 510-486-4995 salmeron@stm.lbl.gov

Dr. Steven R. SCHMID University of Notre Dame 377 Fitzpatrick Hall Notre Dame, IN 46556

USA Tel: 219-631-9489 Fax: 219-631-8341 schmid.2@nd.edu

Dr. Thomas SCHIMMEL Universitaet Karlsruhe D-76128 Kalsruhe GERMANY Tel: 49721 6083570 Fax: 49721 607593 thomas.schimmel@physik.uni-karlsruhe.de

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Mr. William W. SCOTT The Ohio State University Department of Mechanical Engineering 206 West 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210-1107 USA Tel: 614-292-4825 Fax: 614-292-3163 scott.445@osu.edu

Mr. Tamas SEBESTYEN Budapest University of Technology and Economics, BAY A TI Bertalan L. u. 2. 608. H-llll HUNGARY Tel: 361-463-1694 Fax: 361-463-3467 sebi@bzaka.hu

Dr. Valentinas SNITKA Kaunas University of Technology Research Center for Microsystems and Nanotechnology Kaunas 3031 LITHUANIA Tel: 3707451588 Fax: 3707451593 vsnitka@microsys.ktu.lt

Dr. Andres SOOM University at Buffalo SEAS 412 Bonner Hall Buffalo, NY 14260 USA

Tel: 716-645-2772, ext. 1105 Fax: 716-645-2495 soom@eng.buffal0.edu

Dr. Hugh A. SPIKES Imperial College Department of Mechanical Engineering London SW7 2BX UK Tel: 44-207-594-7064 Fax: 44-207-823-8845 h.spikes@ic.ac.uk

Mr. Thomas STIFTER University ofUlm Department of Experimental Physics D-89069Ulm GERMANY Tel: 697375023078 Fax: 69 737 5023036 thomas .stifter@physik.uni-ulm.de

Dr. Jeffrey L. STREATOR Georgia Institute of Technology Room 4206, MRDC Building 801 F erst Street Atlanta, GA 30332-0405 USA Tel: 404-894-2742 Fax: 404-894-8336 jeffrey.streator@me.gatech.edu

Dr. Andras Z. SZERI University of Delaware 126 Spencer Lab Newark, DE 19716 USA Tel: 302-831-8017 Fax: 302-831-6751 szeri@me.udel.edu

Dr. Matthew TIRRELL University of California at Santa Barbara Office of the Dean College of Engineering Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5130 USA Tel: 805-893-3141 Fax: 805-893-8124 tirrell@engineering.ucsb.edu

Dr. Mustafa TOP ARLI Dokuz EyluJ University Faculty of Engineering Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering BornovalIzmir 35100

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TURKEY Tel: 90-232-388-2880-17 Fax: 90-232-388-7864 mustafa. toparli@deu.edu.tr

Mrs. Ksenija TOPOLOVEC MIKLOZIC Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine Tribology Section Mechanical Engineering Dept. Exhibition Road London SW7 2BX, England UK Tel: 44-207-594-7236 Fax: 44-207-823-8845 k. topolovec@ic.ac.uk

Dr. Waldemar TUSZYNSKI Institute for Terotechnology ul. K. Pulaskiego 6/10 Radom 26-600 POLAND Tel: (004848) 44241 ext. 209 Fax: (004848) 44760 or 44765 waldemar.tuszynski@itee.radom.pl

Dr. Mahomed HanifUSSMAN University of Beira Interior Department of Textile Engineering Rua Marques Avila e Bolama 6200 Covilha PORTUGAL Tel: 351275319700 Fax: 351 275 319888 ussamn@ciunix.ubi.pt

Dr. Brian L. WEICK University of the Pacific 3601 Pacific Avenue Stockton, CA 95211 USA Tel: 209-946-3084 Fax: 209-946-3102 bweick@uop.edu

Mr. Ludger WEISSER Digital Instruments GmbH - Veeco J anderstrasse G D-68199 Mannheim GERMANY Tel: 49-621-842100 Fax: 49-621-842-1022 weisser@digmbh.de

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Mr. Thomas WYROBEK Hysitron, Inc. 5251 West 73rd Street Minneapolis, MN 55439 USA Tel:. 612-835-6166 Fax: 612-835-6166 wyrobek@hysitron.com

Ms. Xiaoyin XU Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine Tribology Section Mechanical Engineering Dept. South Kensington London SW7 2BX, England UK Tel: 44-207-594-7236 Fax: 44-207-832-8845 xiaoyin.xu@ic.ac.uk Dr. Anatoly L. ZHARIN Belarussian State Research & Production Powder Metallurgy Concern Deputy Director General Head of Tribology Laboratory 41 Platonov Street Minsk, 220071 BELARUS Tel: 375 (17) 232-83-62 Fax: 375 (17) 210-09-77 zharin@hotrnail.com

Dr. Miklos ZRINYI Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest 1521 HUNGARY Tel: 36-1-463-3229 Fax: 36-1-463-3767 zrinyi.fkt@chem.bme.hu