Fundamentals of Test Measurement Instrumentation
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8/13/2019 Fundamentals of Test Measurement Instrumentation
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ix
Table ofContents
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
1 Introduction to Test Measurement Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1
1.1 Introduction 11.2 Why and Where Test Measurement Instrumentation Is Used 2
1.3 Components of a Test Measurement System3
1.4 Characteristics of an Ideal Test Measurement System10
1.5 Differences between Test Measurement Instrumentation and
Process Instrumentation 14
1.6 Smart Transducers16
2 Static Transducer Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..192.1 Hysteresis26
2.2 Deadband29
2.3 Linearity32
2.4 Conformity39
2.5 Repeatability39
2.6 Accuracy41
2.7 Resolution42
2.8 Environmental Effects on Transducer Characteristics43
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x Fundamentals of Test Measurement Instrumentation
3 Dynamic Transducer Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..45
3.1 Frequency Response 47
3.2 Response Time49
3.3 Damping50
4 Transducer Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..53
4.1 Temperature Transducers53
4.2 Pressure Transducers67
4.3 Flow Transducers77
4.4 Displacement Transducers89
4.5 Velocity Transducers99
4.6 Acceleration Transducers100
4.7 Force Transducers105
4.8 Strain Transducers108
5 Signal Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..117
5.1 Voltage Amplifiers119
5.2 Linearizing Amplifiers 122
5.3 Strain Gauge Amplifiers123
5.4 Charge Amplifiers126
5.5 Filters128
5.6 Signal Isolators129
5.7 Analog-to-Digital Converters130
5.8 Differential versus Single-Ended Inputs131
6 Transducer Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..135
6.1 Wiring and Cabling1366.2 Grounding138
6.3 Connecting to the Test Rig138
7 Data Acquisition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..143
7.1 Digital Indicators143
7.2 Recorders146
7.3 Data Loggers146
7.4 Data Acquisition Systems1477.5 Filters151
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12 Electrical Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..217
12.1 Voltage217
12.2 Current219
12.3 Resistance220
12.4 Thermocouples222
12.5 Multifunction Calibrators223
13 Force Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..227
13.1 Dead-Weight Force Calibration227
13.2 Proving Rings233
13.3 Hydraulic Presses234
13.4 Shunt Calibration235
14 Flow Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..239
14.1 Provers241
14.2 Weigh Tank243
14.3 PVTt Calibration Facility245
14.4 Reference Flow Sensor246
15 Displacement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..249
15.1 Gauge Blocks250
15.2 Dial Indicators251
16 Vibration Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..253
16.1 Shaker Table260
16.2 Reference Accelerometer262
17 Strain Gauge Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..263
17.1 Bridge Shunt Calibration264
18 System Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..269
18.1 System Accuracy Statistics270
18.2 Root Sum Square Versus Sum of Errors275
18.3 Standards Accuracy 27718.4 Test Uncertainty Ratio278
18.5 Uncertainty Versus Accuracy279
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Table of Contents xiii
19 Transducer Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..285
19.1 Interpreting Manufacturers Specification Sheets286
19.2 Transducer Type297
19.3 Operating Principle298
19.4 Accuracy (% of full scale vs. % of reading)298
19.5 Linearity299
19.6 Hysteresis300
19.7 Environmental Operating Limits300
20 Test Procedure Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..303
20.1 Test Objective304
20.2 Required Measurements304
20.3 Accuracy Requirements304
20.4 Frequency Response Requirements305
20.5 Transducer Test Environment Limits306
20.6 Transducer Connections and Space Limitations306
20.7 Test Data Format307
20.8 Test Data Analysis308
20.9 Transducer Selection309
20.10 Calibration Requirements309
Appendix 1
Internet Links to Measurement Instrumentation Information. . . ..311
Appendix 2
Internet Links to General Engineering Information. . . . . . . . . . . ..323
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..325
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