Fundamentals of Small Hydro Power Technologies
Transcript of Fundamentals of Small Hydro Power Technologies
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Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Training
workshop
for
GTIEA
&
Cogen Africa Projects
November 1011, 2007Nairobi, Kenya
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Presentation Outline:
A. Hydropower in GeneralB. Fundamentals of Small HydroTechnologiesC. Barriers to the DevelopmentImplementation of SHPD. New Financing Model for SHP
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A. Hydropower in General AspectsHow Hydropower Works
Water constantly moves through a vast global cycle, evaporatingfrom lakes and oceans, forming clouds, precipitating as rain or
snow, then flowing back down to the ocean.
Hydropower is using water to power machinery or make electricity.
Hydropower uses water as fuel that is not reduced or used up in theprocess. Because the water cycle is an endless, constantly
recharging system, hydropower is considered a renewable energy.
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Types of Hydropower Facilities
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower
Advantages:
1. Hydropower is fuelled by water, so it's a clean fuel source.2. Hydropower doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels,
such as coal or diesel.
3. Hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, thus it's
a renewable power source.
4. Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control theflow of water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.
5. Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity.
Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of
recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating. Most
hydropower installations are required to provide some public access to
the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these opportunities.
6. Other benefits may include water supply and flood control if you have
storage scheme.
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Disadvantages:
1. Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream pastimpoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate
downstream to the ocean. Remediesare fish ladders or elevators, or by
trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Other remedies can be by
maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.
2. Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can
cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, which can be remediedby
various aeration techniques, which oxygenate the water.
3. Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is notavailable, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity. What is the
remedy for this ? Subject for discussion for all!!!
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower - cont
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B. Fundamentals of SHP Technologies:
Design and General Aspects
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Introduction to Small Scale Hydropower
1st Question: Why bother develop it afterall?' Why not leave waterfalls and the
beautiful landscape intact?Exercise for the
participants!! The following elements will be covered:
The Process of Evaluating a Site
The water resources and its potential
Civil Engineering Works
Electromechanical Equipment
Economical Considerations & Evaluation
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The Process of Evaluating a Site Identification of the Site
Evaluation of the water resources available for the plant andconsequentially its annual energy production
Preliminary Definition and Cost Evaluation of the Plant
Preliminary Evaluation of Economics of the Scheme afterresearching on financial alternatives, benefits available from
governments, tax incentives, etc.
Review of Regulatory requirements and its administrativeprocedures.
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The Water Resources and its Potential Hydrology:
Velocity-Area method Dilution Methods
Flow measuring structures e.g rectangular weir, V-noth weirs, flumes. Slope-Area method:
Sizing a power plant: FDC provides means of determining quickly how much of the
available water resources can be used by turbines of different sizes.
Power available from flow varies with time since Q is varying & isgiven by P = QHwhere Q is discharge, H is net head, is specificweight of water (9.81 kN/m3), is overall efficiency (may initially est.to be 0.8).
Annual energy production:
Can be estimated to a 1st approximation by measuring the usablearea under the FDC, converting to an actual qty of water in m3 in aspecific time, multiplying that by 9.8 and the net head (averaged) andmean efficiency (estimated). The result is annual energy in kJ which isconverted to kWh by dividing by 3600.
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Typical Basic Layout & Schematic Diagram
Civil Engineering Works
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Civil Engineering Works Dams/Weirs: has 2 functions:
To increase the available head To create a reservoir to store water
Intakes: have the following functions: To conduct water into the penstock or power
canal/tunnel
To minimise the amount of debris and sedimentcarried by the incoming water.
Waterways:
Tunnels/Canals: these convey water either directly orvia penstock to the turbines Forebay: designed to provide only enough storage to
provide extra volume needed during the turbine start-up
Penstocks: these are pressure pipes conveying waterto the turbines
Tailraces: these return water back to rivers afterpassing thru the turbines
Powerhouse: location for turbines, generators, etc 100 m head, the size is governed by diameter of thegenerator casing.
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Electromechanical Equipment
Hydraulic Turbines: They convert potentialenergy to mechanical energy. 3 categories
of conventional turbines:
Kaplan & Propeller turbines: these are axial flowreaction turbines used for low head
Francis turbines: these are radial flow reactionturbines with fixed runner blades and adjustable
guide vanes used for medium heads.
Peltons: these are impulse turbines with single ormultiple jets, each jet issuing thru a nozzle with a
needle to control the flow. They are used for
both medium and high heads.
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ElectromechanicalEquipment-cont.
Classification of Turbine types
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Electromechanical Equipment-cont.
Turbine types based on Head and Discharges
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Electromechanical Equipment - cont
Turbines: Type, geometry and dimensions depends
primarily on: Net head
Rated (design) discharge
Specific speed, Ns: determines the type & basic shape of
the runner & other parts of the unit. N=Ns*H(5/4)/P whereN is synchronous speed in rpm (N=(60f)/#of poles), H ishead and P is power
Runaway speed: theoretical speed that can be attainedwhen hydraulic power is at its max and electrical load is
disconnected.
Ratio power to net head:
Cost, of course!!
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Electromechanical Equipment-cont.
Generators: these transform mechanical energy toelectrical energy. There are two choices:
Synchronous alternators equiped witha DCexcitation system and Asynchronous Generator
which draws excitation from the grid.
Control equipment: Governors that can be mechanical or electrical
Switchgear panel and protection
Automatic control
Powerstation auxiliary electrical equipment Station service transformer
DC control power supply Outdoor substation
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Economical Considerations
Preamble: Profitability of a scheme is a function its
capital and of the revenuesfrom the sale of electricity. Main parameters influencing costs and revenues:
Type of turbine
Number of Units; turbines with murtiple runners or
multiple nozzles Speed of rotation
Turbine setting
Control equipment
Size of powerhouse
Sale of electricity
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Economical Considerations-cont Type of turbine:
For the same head, certain turbines are more difficulty tomanufacture than others consequently they are more
expensive. E.g for low heads, aPropeller is cheaper than aKaplandesigned for the same rated discharge. In mediumheads, a cross-flowturbine is cheaper than a Franciswhose runner is more complex.
Number of Units: Turbines with multiple runners or multiple nozzles
Speed of Rotation: Higher specific speed mean smaller turbine dimensions
and higher speed generators. Since the turbine cost
decreases with an increase in speed, there is a majorincentive to use ever higher specific speed. Furthermore, insmall units, if the speed is high enough, a standardgenerator may be directly coupled to the turbine, thussaving the cost of the gear box
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Economical Considerations-cont Turbine Setting
The negative aspect of high specific speeds, requiring adeeper setting to avoid cavitation, must also be included in the
assessment:
Additional foundation excavation
Extra dewatering costs
Higher costs of draft tube gate because of higher tailwater headetc
Control Equipment Turbines like Kaplan with double regulation (if both runner
blades & guide vanes are adjustable) require a more complex
control system that increases the costs. But others like thePelton wheel accept rather rudimentary control system like a
deflector infront of the nozzle.
E i l C id ti t
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Economical Considerations-cont Size of the Powerhouse
The powerhouse concrete volume can be determinedbased on a number of units and their throat diameter. Often
the cost of the civil work is higher than the cost of theequipment. Reducing the cost of the unit size decreasesthe cost of the powerhouse.
Sales of electricity
The revenue from the sale of electricity produced by oneunit is given by the following equation: R=9.81*Q*Hn*nTa where
Q is discharge in m3/s Hn is net head in m
n is overall efficiency of the system = running time Ta is electricity tarriff
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Economical Evaluation
Static Methods: Payback (recovery or break even period) Method:
determines # of years required for invested capital to beoffset by resulting benefits.
Return on Investment Method: calculates average annual,net of yearly costs, such as depreciation, as a percentage
of the original book value of the investment.
Dynamic Methods: these take into account totalcosts & benefits over the life of the investiment and
the timing of the cash flow
Net Present Value (NPV) Benefit-Cost ratio (B/C)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
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C. Barriers Challenging the Development &
Implementation of SHPs
1. Investor confidenceis lacking
2. Financing: Financial institutions are generally notfamiliar with small hydropower sector.
3. Technical capability: The engineering and consultingfirms in Africa have limited experience with carrying
out F/S, design & Construction of SHP. Without highquality assessment & F/S then investment will notcome in this sector
4. Lack of infrastructure for manufacturing, installationand operation. Most of the countries in Africa do not
have any facility to manufacture even the mostrudimentary turbines or parts that might be critical inmaintenance of the schemes.
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D. New Financing Model for SHP This is an entrepreneurial centered approach featuring a combination
of services and financing.
Under this model, a financier works to bring small, privately ownedcompanies together with a commercial investor to back SHPs.
The financier provides a range of services to privately owned coyswho want to supply clean electricity to their factories and communities
around to help them improve their lives and income
The financier provides the following services:
Accepting project risks
Offering convertible debt (i.e. Debt that may be converted to equity) atreasonably attractive terms.
Providing debt and equity financing options appropriate for the size of theentreprise and market conditions
Providing support services to the developer b4 and after an investment
Forstering partnership and relationship with social investors and partialrisk sharing lenders
D New Financing Model for SHP cont
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D. New Financing Model for SHP - cont
The entrepreneurial model should work as follows:
The financier provides first the seed money to pay for legal,engineering or environmental preparation
The funding can range from USD 100,000 to USD 3 Milliondepending on the size of the project and it is a case by case. For
our case, if we are superimpose GTIEA Project - FSP phase on
this model, the seed money comes to about USD 2.8 Million.
The financier acts like as an advisor helping and entrepreneurwith the business plan development , working with banks to get
the construction funding, negotiating PPAs and training
developers on approaches to business management andexpansion.
Once an enterprise begin to meet its objectives, it may beappropriate to provide a growth loan
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D. New Financing Model for SHP - cont
The entrepreneurial model would look like:
Financiere.g.
GEF/Gvt/IDA
Private Enterprisee.g.
Tea companies
thru EATTA
Commercial Investor
e.g. development
& commercial banks
Partnership
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1. Small hydro has proven itself as a major contributor to electrification
in developing countries, e.g China & India as examples where small
hydro has been developed in large parts of the countries.2. The interest in small hydro on the African continent as emerged over
the last couple of years, has resulted in a number of projects that will
pave the way for large scale introduction of small hydro. The current
interest by African Governments, international donors, development
banks and the private sector in increasing energy access in Africa willfacilitate the uptake of this robust, environmentally friendly form of
energy. GTIEA Project is a result of this interest!
3. The challenge upon us now is to maintain the momentum created
and ensure that the current interest will be translated into more small
hydro plants installed.
CONCLUSION