Fundamentals Of Occlusion
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Transcript of Fundamentals Of Occlusion
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Fundamentals Of Occlusion
Fahim VohraSDS 333
Fundamentals Of Fixed ProsthodonticsChap 2, Pg 11-23.
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Outline
• Definitions
• Mandibular movement
• Normal vs Pathological Occlusion
• Occlusal Interferences
• Schemes of Occlusion
• Determinants of Occlusion
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The Temporo-Mandibular Joints
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Why Is Occlusion Important ?• Assist in diagnosis• Planning in restorative care To minimize failure Ensure predictable outcome by minimising loads on teeth
Managing the environment so that we get the minimal amount of surprises (Similar to wearing a car seatbelt), the less the patient has to adapt the better.
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Definitions
OCCLUSION
A relationship between the masticatory surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth
The relationship between tooth contacts and mandibular movements
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Centric Occlusion
Relationship of the mandible to the maxilla when the teeth are in maximum occlusal contact, irrespective of the position or alignment of the condyle-disk assemblies.
The relationship between the maxilla and mandible when the teeth are maximally meshed with themandible in its most cranial position
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Centric Relation
A relationship of the mandible to the skull where the condyle is in an anteriorly, superiorly braced position along the articular eminence of the glenoid fossa, with the articular disc interposed between the Condyle and eminence.
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Mandibular Movements
• Mandibular movements occur around three axes
a) Horizontal axis b) Vertical axis c) Sagittal axis
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Horizontal Axis (Rotation)
This movement occurs in the sagittal plane when the mandible in centric relation makes a purely rotational opening and closing border movement around the transverse horizontal axis, which extends through both condyles.
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Vertical axis (Rotation)
This movement occurs in the horizontal plane when the mandible moves into a lateral excursion. The center for this rotation is a vertical axis extending through the rotating or working-side condyle.
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Working side• The side towards which the mandible moves during excursion
OR Mandible moving toward the cheek• Working side condyle pivots within the socket and is better
supported.
Balancing side (Non working side)• The side opposite to the direction in which the mandible
moves OR Mandible moving toward the tongue • Balancing side condyle has a downward orbiting path and is
more prone to injury or damage.
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Balancing SideCondyle has downward path
Mandible and TMJ
Working SideCondyle pivots
Movement direction
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Sagittal Axis
This movement occurs when mandible moves to working side, the condyle on the opposite side (Non working side) travels forward and downwards simultaneously. When viewed in the frontal plane, this produces a downward arc on the non working side, rotating about an anteroposterior (sagittal) axis passing through the other condyle
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Pure Hinge Movement
It occurs as the result of the condyles rotating in the lower compartments of the temporomandibular joints within a 10- to 13-degree arc, which creates a 20- to 25-mm separation of the anterior teeth
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• Occurs when the mandible moves forward (protrusion) • Teeth, condyles, and rami, all move in the same direction and
to the same degree. • Occurs within the superior cavity of the joint
Translation Movement
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Maximum Opening(Translation & Rotation)
Occurs in the upper compartment of the joint as the mandible drops down farther . Then the horizontal axis of rotation shifts to the area of the mandibular foramen, as the condyles translate forward and downward while continuing to rotate.
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Protrusive Position
When the mandible slides forward so that the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth are in an end-to-end relationship, it is in a protrusive position.
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Bennett Movement
It is defined as “the bodily lateral movement/ lateral shift of mandible resulting from movements of condyles along lateral inclines of mandibular fossa during lateral jaw movement”Dr Norman Bennett
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Bennett Angle
The angle formed between the sagittal plane and the average path of advancing condyle as viewed in the horizontal plane during lateral mandibular movements. Average range is 7.5-12.8 degree
WSCBSC
Sagittal plane
Bennett angle
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Posterior Determinant of OcclusionTMJ – Temporomandibular Joint
Bony surfaces
The dentist has no control on the posterior determinants i.e. TMJ
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Anterior Determinant of OcclusionTeeth
• Incisors• Canines• Premolars• Molars
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Posterior teeth Provide vertical stops Guide mandible to CO
Anterior teeth Guide mandible in protrusive, retrusive and lateral
excursions
The closer the tooth located to a determinant , more it will be influenced by it.
Anterior Determinants Of Occlusion
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Occlusal Interferences
• Interferences are undesirable occlusal contacts that may produce mandibular deviation during closure to maximum intercuspation or may hinder smooth passage to and from the intercuspal position .
• These can be of following types
a) Centricb) Working c) Non working d) Protrusive
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Centric Interferences
It is a premature contact that occurs when the mandible closes with the condyles in their optimum position in the glenoid fossae (CR) . It will cause deflection of the mandible in a posterior, anterior, and/or lateral direction
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Working Side Interference
It occurs when there is contact between the maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth on the same side of the arches as the direction in which the mandible has moved. If that contact is heavy enough to dis-occlude anterior teeth, it is an interference .
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• It is an occlusal contact between maxillary and mandibular teeth on the side of the arches opposite the direction in which the mandible has moved in a lateral excursion .
• It has the potential for damaging the teeth, PDL, MOM and TMJ due to changes in the mandibular leverage, the placement of forces outside the long axes of teeth and disruption of normal muscle function.
Non-Working Side Interference
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Protrusive Interference• It is a premature contact occurring between the mesial
aspects of mandibular posterior teeth and the distal aspects of maxillary posterior teeth .
• The proximity of the teeth to the muscles and the oblique forces make them potentially destructive.
• They also interfere with the patient's ability to incise properly
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Ideal vs PathologicOcclusion
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Ideal Occlusion
An ideal occlusion should provide comfort and function in a predictable way.
1) Ideal occlusion at tooth level Cusp tip to fossa or cusp to marginal ridge contact – i.e no incline
contacts
2) Ideal occlusion at articulatory system level Posterior stability, Anterior guidance, Lack of posterior
interferences.
3) Ideal occlusion at patient level Within the adaptability of the rest of the articulatory system.
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Features Of Ideal Occlusion
A) Anterior Guidance:
• In lateral excursions of the mandible, working-side contacts (preferably on the canines) disocclude or separate the nonworking teeth instantly.
• In protrusive excursions, anterior tooth contacts will disocclude the posterior teeth.
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Protrusive Guidance
Excursive Guidance
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Features Of Ideal OcclusionB) Posterior stability:
Enough posterior teeth in each arch with solid and stable contacts in appropriate positions to evenly distribute loads and to allow the mandible to close in a reproducible CO. Posterior teeth contact more heavily than anterior teeth
It is enhanced by tall cusp – deep fossa Maintains teeth position CO or ICP is easily reproduced Increased masticatory function
Signs of lack of PS, drifting, fremitus, fractured rest, mobility & wear
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Lack Of Posterior Stability
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C) Absence of posterior interferences
Features Of Ideal Occlusion
The non-working side
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D) Centric Occlusion is achieved at centric relation position
E) Occlusal loads are axially transmitted through the teeth
Features Of Ideal Occlusion
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Organization Of Occlusion
• There are three recognized concepts that describe how teeth should contact in various mandibular positions
1. Bilateral balanced occlusion2. Unilateral Balanced occlusion (Group function)3. Mutually protected occlusion (Canine protected)
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Bilateral Balanced Occlusion
• It dictates that a maximum number of teeth should contact in all excursive positions of the mandible.
• Use for complete denture occlusal scheme as contacts on non-working side prevent tipping of the denture
• Not used for fixed prosthodontics, as very difficult to achieve
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Unilateral Balanced Occlusion
• Also called group function• It requires teeth on the working side to be in
contact in lateral excursion and teeth on the non-working side are free of any contact.
• Avoids destructive , oblique forces on the non-working side.
• Prevents wear of maxillary palatal and mandibular buccal cusps
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Mutually Protected Occlusion• Also called canine protected occlusion• Anterior teeth overlap prevents the posterior teeth
from making any contact on either the working or the nonworking sides during mandibular excursions.
• Anterior teeth bear all the load and the posterior teeth are dis-occluded during excursions. Protecting the posterior teeth
• In CO, posterior teeth direct forces through their long axis and anterior teeth are slightly in or out of contact. Protecting the anterior teeth.
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Guidance
Describes the influenced path the mandible takes as a result of the contacting surfaces of the teeth. Depending on the contact and shape of the teeth they should be in harmony
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Protrusive Guidance
Influenced path the mandible takes as aresult of a forward thrust
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Lateral Guidance
• Canine• Describes the way in which lateral
excursions are affected by tooth to tooth contacts involving the canine teeth only resulting in disclusion of the posterior teeth
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Lateral Guidance
• Group function• When lateral
excursions are guided by more than one tooth other than the canines
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Hanau’s Quint
By modifying the following five factors, a scheme of occlusion can be developed that will suit a particular patient best.
1. Condylar guidance 2. Incisal guidance 3. Occlusal plane orientation 4. Compensating curves 5. Height of the Cusp
Except for the condylar guidance, all other factors can be modified during thefabrication of a prosthesis and the anterior guidance plays a predominant role.
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Anterior Guidance
• Guidance produced by the teeth themselves and not the temporomandibular joint (can be on any tooth)
• The influence of contacting surfaces of anterior teeth on mandibular movements.
• The influence of contacting surfaces of the guide pin and anterior guide table on articulator movements.
• The fabrication of a relationship of the anterior teeth preventing the posterior tooth contact in all eccentric mandibular movements.
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Effects Of Anatomic Determinants Of Occlusion
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Protrusive Incisal Path
The track of the incisal edges of the mandibular teeth from maximum intercuspation to edge-to-edge occlusion.
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Protrusive Incisal Path Angle
The angle formed by the protrusive incisal path and the horizontal reference plane is the protrusive incisal path inclination. It ranges from 50 – 70 degrees and is often 5-10º steeper than the sagittal condylar guidance.
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Incisal Guide Angle
The angle formed with the horizontal plane of occlusion and a line in the sagittal plane between the incisal edges of maxillary & mandibular central incisors when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation.
The angle formed in the sagittal plane between the horizontal plane and the slope of the incisal guide table.
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Importance of Anterior Guidance
Opening and closing of the mandible is simply a rotation of the condyles in the articular fossae.
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Importance of Anterior Guidance
As anterior guidance is normally steeper than the condylar guidance, the anterior teeth guide the mandible downwards during protrusive or lateral
movement and ..
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Importance of Anterior Guidance
(during protrusive movement).. produces dis-occlusion or separation of the posterior teeth.
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Importance of Anterior Guidance(during lateral movement)
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Importance of Anterior Guidance
Anterior guidance is linked to the combination of horizontal & vertical overlap of the anterior teeth
and can affect the occlusal surface morphology of
the posterior teeth.
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Inter-relationship with Vertical & Horizontal Overlap of the Anterior teeth
Anterior guidance can be made steeper by either increasing the vertical overlap (overbite) ‘A-B’, or by reducing the horizontal overlap (over jet) ‘C-A’ of the anterior teeth.
Anterior guidance can be made shallow by either decreasing the overbite ‘B-A’ or increasing the over jet ‘A-C’ of the ant. teeth.
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Condylar Guidance & Posterior tooth Morphology(without considering the role of A.G.)
Shallow condylar guidance normally requires shallow cusp angle or short cusp height and steeper condylar guidance
requires steep cusp angle or longer cusp height.
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Condylar side-shift & Posterior tooth Morphology (without considering the role of A.G.)
‘side shift +’ ‘No side shift’Similarly, in the presence of an immediate lateral side shift during lateral
movement (Bennett’s movement) the cusp height and cusp angle should be shallow.
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Influence of Anterior Guidance on Posterior tooth Morphology
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Influence A.G. on Posterior tooth Morphology(Effect of Overbite)
Greater overbite produces more disocclusion hence permits longer cusp height
Less overbite – less disocclusion – shorter Cusp height.
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Influence of A.G. on Posterior tooth Morphology(Effect of Over jet)
Greater over jet necessitates shorter cusp height.
Less over jet allows for long cusp height.
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Influence of A.G. on Posterior tooth Morphology
Summarizing,
greater anterior guidance allows posterior teeth to have longer cusp height
&
smaller anterior guidance requires posterior teeth to have shorter cusp height.
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Influence of A.G. on Posterior tooth Morphology
By increasing the anterior guidance angle to compensate for inadequate or shallow condylar guidance, it is possible to
increase the cusp height of the posterior teeth.
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Influence of A.G. on Posterior tooth Morphology
Similarly, increasing the anterior guidance will permit lengthening of the cusp that otherwise have to be shorter in the presence of
pronounced immediate lateral translation of the condyles.
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