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Transcript of Fundamentals of Income Translating a confusing mass of facts into a summary of the agricultural...
![Page 1: Fundamentals of Income Translating a confusing mass of facts into a summary of the agricultural property potential focuses on its ability to return a.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e855503460f94b8714d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fundamentals of IncomeFundamentals of Income
Translating a confusing mass of facts
into a summary of the agricultural
property potential focuses on its ability
to return a stable income.
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ObjectivesObjectives
The process of income capitalization
Estimating net operating income
Estimating and interpreting capitalization rates
Estimating a potential sale price from income
characteristics
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Objectives (cont.)Objectives (cont.)
Pros and cons of cash lease income analysisPitfalls of share lease and owner-operator
income analysisBasics of government payments to agriculture Income capitalization break down for non-income
driven motives6-3
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From Income to Selling Price
From Income to Selling Price
Frequently buyers focus on income potential Some want to add to their stock of land Some are replacing land Some want to balance their investment portfolio Buyers tend to focus on economic rent What income can an owner anticipate
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Group Discussion 6-1Group Discussion 6-1
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Income CapitalizationIncome Capitalization
Translates estimated income into potential sale price Involves judgements and assumptions Reconciling physical Reconciling economic Reconciling legal Reconciling social elements
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Income Capitalization (cont.)
Income Capitalization (cont.)
V = I / R V is value I is property income R is overall capitalization rate Relies on annual income (I) Anticipated rate of return (R) times selling price (V)
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Individual Activity 6-1Individual Activity 6-1
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Income Capitalization (cont.)
Income Capitalization (cont.)
Formula implies facts about property
Suited to estimating for unimproved land
Value is inversely related to capitalization rate
When the rate goes up value falls
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Group Discussion 6-2Group Discussion 6-2
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IncomeIncome
Income in capitalization is a special income estimate Net operating income (NOI) Match property capabilities with expected outcome Simulate the income the buyer can anticipate Capabilities of the land Capabilities of people
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Income (cont.)Income (cont.)
Three different tenure systems Owner-operator system - owner incurs all expenses Cash lease - farmer or rancher incurs production
expenses Share lease - landlord participates in production The best should opt to own their land Next best should opt for cash lease
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Income (cont.)Income (cont.)
Less capable should take a share lease Least productive should work for an operator Land quality affects leasing arrangement May insist on cash lease for inferior property Various tenure arrangements in local markets Identify the prevailing arrangements
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Group Discussion 6-3Group Discussion 6-3
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Income (cont.)Income (cont.)
Cash lease income estimation identifies gross potential income (GPI)
Avoid subjective judgements Use a multiple year average Previous years may not reflect future cash lease amount provides stating point Deduct all property related expenses
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Individual Activity 6-2Individual Activity 6-2
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Individual Activity 6-2 (cont.)
Individual Activity 6-2 (cont.)
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RateRate
Finding proper rate to apply is critical Analyze recent sales of similar properties Large differences indicates analysis failed Some income may have escaped analysis Estimate requires informed judgement Analyst should use indicated prices with caution
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Individual Activity 6-2Individual Activity 6-2
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Rate (cont.)Rate (cont.)
Small changes in lower rate has greater effect Historically, agricultural property rate is 4 - 6% Range land usually registers lower Less than 1% in areas of non-agricultural use Abnormally high rates indicates an imbalance Rate is a useful estimate of probable selling price
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Sale PriceSale Price
Sale price is NOI divided by capitalization rate (R) A logic approach Operating expense ratio (OER) Percentage of GPI that will cover expenses Evaluate the property income characteristics A great OER variance indicates difference in subject
property6-21
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Non-Irrigated Crop LandNon-Irrigated Crop Land
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Non-Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)
Non-Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)
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Non-Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)
Non-Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)
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Irrigated Crop LandIrrigated Crop Land
Revenue must cover maintaining the system Recover owner’s investment Often the farmer covers maintenance Irrigation systems wear out Costs must be recaptured over lifetime Capitalization rate should exceed unimproved land
rate6-25
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Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)
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Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)
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Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)Irrigated Crop Land (cont.)
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Share LeaseShare Lease
Much more complicated Cannot just identify a cash payment Assume a typical crop rotation for the land Identify inputs needed for the crop and prices Must be aware of government payments Must translate knowledge into capitalization regimen
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Government Payments to Agriculture
Government Payments to Agriculture
Since 1930’s government has paid farmers
Congress adopts controlling features of payments
Can affect level of income a farm produces
Estimate of benefits can vary widely
Specialized courses are available
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WarningWarning
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Government Payments to Agriculture
Government Payments to Agriculture
Administered by Farm Service Agency (FSA) of USDA Involves several basic parameters Established crop base Target price Loan rate Direct payment and a counter cyclical payment
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Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Crop base - crop specific acres in program Program yields - determined in the farm bill Target price - Amount for covered commodity Loan rate - Amount per unit CCC will loan Direct payments - payments regardless of production or
price Counter cyclical payments - Increases / decreases with
market prices6-33
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Calculating Government Program
Calculating Government Program
Calculating Government ProgramPayments
78 acre corn base at 175 bushels per acre
78 acre soybean base at 60 bushels per acre
Corn Soybeans
2003 2004-07 2003 2004-07
1 target price 2.60 2.63 5.80 5.80
2 loan rate 1.98 1.95 5.00 5.00
3 direct payment 0.28 0.28 0.44 0.44
4 counter cyclical 0.34 __________ __________ __________
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Calculating Government Program (cont..)
Calculating Government Program (cont..)
Calculating Government ProgramPayments
78 acre corn base at 175 bushels per acre
78 acre soybean base at 60 bushels per acre
Corn Soybeans
2003 2004-07 2003 2004-07
5 Direct payment:
6 Adjusted DP 0.238 __________ __________ __________
7 Base acres 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00
8 FSA Y ield 175.00 175.00 60.00 60.00
9 Payment $ 3,248.70 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
10 Per acre $ 41.65 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
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Calculating Government Program (cont.)
Calculating Government Program (cont.)
Calculating Government ProgramPayments
78 acre corn base at 175 bushels per acre
78 acre soybean base at 60 bushels per acre
Corn Soybeans
2003 2004-07 2003 2004-07
11 Counter cyclical payment:
12 Adjusted CCP 0.289 __________ __________ __________
13 Base acres 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00
14 FSA Y ield 175.00 175.00 60.00 60.00
15 Payment $ 3,944.85 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
16 Per acre $ 50.58 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
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Calculating Government Program (cont.)
Calculating Government Program (cont.)
Calculating Government ProgramPayments
78 acre corn base at 175 bushels per acre
78 acre soybean base at 60 bushels per acre
Corn Soybeans
2003 2004-07 2003 2004-07
17 Income estimate
18 Loan amount $ 27,027.00 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
19 Direct payment 3,248.70 __________ __________ __________
20 Counter cyclical pmt. $ 3,944.85 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
21 Total Income $ 34,220.55 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
22 Rent at 50 % $ 17,110.28 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
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Calculating Government Program (cont.)
Calculating Government Program (cont.)
Calculating Government ProgramPayments
78 acre corn base at 175 bushels per acre
78 acre soybean base at 60 bushels per acre
Corn Soybeans
2003 2004-07 2003 2004-07
23 Total income per acre $ 438.73 $ __________ $ __________ $ __________
Assumes: prices are such that counter cyclical payments are triggered
base acres are planted to program crops
actual yields are equal to FSA yields
FSA adjusted yield is equal to historical FSA yield
market price Is less than the loan rate
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Individual Activity 6-3Individual Activity 6-3
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Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Process is complicated Many variables can influence the bottom line Government programs can substantially increase
income Counter cyclical payment depends on market price Counter cyclical payment can fall below zero
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Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Case 1 Market price less than loan rate Corn
Target price 2.60
minus loan rate 1.98
equals eligible difference 0.62
minus direct payment 0.28
equals maximum counter cyclical payment 0.34
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Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Case 2 Market price greater than loan rate but less than target price Target price 2.60
minus market price 2.10equals eligible difference 0.50minus direct payment 0.28equals maximum counter cyclical payment 0.22
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Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Government Payments to Agriculture (cont.)
Case 3 Market price greater than loan rate and greater than target price Target price 2.60
minus market price 2.75equals eligible difference -0.15minus direct payment 0.28equals maximum counter cyclical payment 0.00
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Grazing LeaseGrazing Lease
Rangeland tenure arrangements vary
Units vary
Per acre cost
Per animal unit cost
Amount of digestible nutrients an animal requires
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Individual Activity 6-4Individual Activity 6-4
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Individual Activity 6-4 (cont.)
Individual Activity 6-4 (cont.)
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Grazing LeaseGrazing Lease
When recreation income vastly exceeds productivity Buyers have other motives Wish to preserve the natural state When cost per animal unit soars Aesthetic quality outweighs productive capability Must learn to deal with non-agricultural buyers
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Module 6 - ReviewModule 6 - Review
Understand the process of income capitalization
Converts expected income to value V= NOI / R Sale price inversely related to capitalization rate
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Module 6 - ReviewModule 6 - Review
Understand how to estimate net operating income
Cash lease Share lease Owner-operator NOI is estimate of economic rent
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Module 6 - ReviewModule 6 - Review
How to estimate and interpret capitalization rates
R = I / V Estimates from sales of similar properties Abnormal rates may signal change in the market trends
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Module 6 - ReviewModule 6 - Review
How to estimate a potential sale price from income characteristics
V = NOI / RAll sources of income must be consideredProperty related expenses only should be deducted
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Module 6 - ReviewModule 6 - Review
The pros and cons of cash lease and owner-operator income analysis Cash lease estimates require few subjective judgements
Data comes from market Knowledge of crops, commodity pricing, or exemptions not required Easy to calculate and explain 6-52
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Module 6 - ReviewModule 6 - Review
The pitfalls of share lease and owner-operator income analysesShare lease is often most prevalentMust forecast crop yields, crop and input prices,
input costsRequires much more knowledgeEntails subjective judgements 6-53
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Module 6 - ReviewModule 6 - Review
The basics of government payments to agriculture Consist of direct payments and counter cyclical payments May also include a CCC non-resource loan Do not depend on planting the base crop Payments can depend on target price and level of market 6-54
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Module 6 - ReviewModule 6 - Review
How income capitalization breaks down when buyers have non-income driven motives for owning land
Capitalization rates are very low Grazing land is sometimes priced by animal unit Extremely low capitalization rates are unstable
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Self-Assessment QuestionsSelf-Assessment Questions
Income capitalizationA net operating income of $1,500,000 and
a selling price of $27,272,700Cash lease, share lease, and owner-
operator residual are
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Self-Assessment QuestionsSelf-Assessment Questions
A NOI stands forTo effectively estimate an income approach
capitalized value, an analyst mustAll of the following are legitimate expenses to
be deducted in an income capitalization estimate of property value except for
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Self-Assessment QuestionsSelf-Assessment Questions
Abnormally low capitalization rates indicate
that
Direct payment, counter cyclical payments,
and target prices are
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