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Transcript of Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, Sixth Edition Chapter 13 Lecture PPT Prepared by Gina Mollet,...
![Page 1: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, Sixth Edition Chapter 13 Lecture PPT Prepared by Gina Mollet, Adams State College Bryan Kolb & Ian Q. Whishaw’s.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052122/56649c785503460f9492dfca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology,Sixth Edition
Chapter 13 Lecture PPT
Prepared by Gina Mollet, Adams State College
Bryan Kolb & Ian Q. Whishaw’s
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Cha
pter
13
The Occipital Lobes
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Portrait: An Injured Soldier’s Visual World
• P.M. – Struck by a bullet in the back of his brain– Lost sight in the right visual field– Could accurately guess about the presence or
absence of light– Difficulty reading and recognizing faces
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Anatomy of the Occipital Lobes
• No clear division on lateral surface of brain• Medial Surface
– Parieto-occipital surface– Calcarine Sulcus
• Contains much of primary visual cortex• Separates upper and lower visual fields
• Ventral Surface– Lingual gyrus
• V2 and VP
– Fusiform gyrus• V4
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Subdivisions of the Occipital Cortex
• Map based on monkey occipital cortex
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Subdivisions of the Occipital Cortex
• Roger Tootell– Map of human cortex
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Subdivisions of the Occipital Cortex
• Area V1– Laminar organization most distinct of all
cortical areas– Heterogenous
• Has more than one distinct function• Preserved in V2
• Striate cortex– Another name for visual cortex due to its
striped appearance
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Subdivisions of the Occipital Cortex
• Color Vision– Primary job of V4, but distributed throughout
occipital cortex– Plays a role in detection of movement, depth,
and position
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Connections of the Visual Cortex
• Connections– Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
• Input from LGN• Output to all other levels
– Secondary Visual Cortex (V2)• Output to all other levels
– After V2• Output to the parietal lobe - Dorsal Stream • Output to the inferior temporal lobe - Ventral Stream• Output to the superior temporal sulcus (STS) - STS Stream
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Visual Pathways
• Dorsal Stream– Visual Guidance of Movements
• Ventral Stream– Object Perception
• STS – Visuospatial functions
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A Theory of Occipital Lobe Function
• Vision begins in V1 (primary visual cortex), that is heterogeneous, and then travels to more specialized cortical zones
• Selective lesions up the hierarchy produce specific visual deficits
• Lesions to V1 are not aware of seeing
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Visual Functions Beyond the Occipital Lobe
• Vision-related areas in the brain make up about 55% of the total cortex
• Multiple visual regions in the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes
• Vision – Not unitary, composed of many quite specific
forms of processing– Five categories for vision
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Five Categories of Vision
• Vision for Action– Parietal Visual Areas in the Dorsal Stream– Reaching– Ducking– Catching
• Action for Vision– Visual Scanning– Eye Movements and Selective Attention
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Categories of Vision
• Visual Recognition– Temporal Lobes– Object Recognition
• Visual Space– Parietal and Temporal Lobes– Spatial location
• Location of an object relative to person (egocentric space)
• Location of an object relative to another (allocentric space)
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Categories of Vision
• Visual Attention– Selective attention for specific visual input– Parietal lobes guide movements and temporal
lobes help in object recognition
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Visual Pathways Beyond the Occipital Lobe
• Milner and Goodale – The dorsal stream is a set of systems for on-
line visual control of action– Evidence:
• Visual neurons in the parietal cortex are active only when the brain acts on visual information
• 3 pathways run from V1 to the parietal cortex, must be functionally dissociable
• Visual impairments after parietal lesions can be characterized as visuomotor or orientational
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Visual Pathways Beyond the Occipital Lobe
• STS stream– Characterized by polysensory neurons
• Neurons are responsive to both auditory and visual input or both visual and somatosensory input
– Originates from structures in the parietal and temporal cortex
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Imaging Studies of Dorsal and Ventral Streams
• Haxby and colleagues – PET study – Found activation for facial stimuli in the
temporal region and activation during a location task in the posterior parietal region and frontal lobes
– Detection of motion activated V5, while detection of shape activated the STS
– Color perception activated area V4
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Disorders of Visual Pathways
• Monocular Blindness– Loss of sight in one eye– Results from destruction of the retina or optic nerve
• Bitemporal Hemianopia– Loss of vision from both temporal fields– Results from a lesion to the optic chiasm
• Nasal Hemianopia– Loss of vision of one nasal field– Results from a lesion of the lateral chiasm
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Disorders of Visual Pathways
• Homonymous Hemianopia– Blindness of one entire visual field– Results from a complete cut of the optic tract,
LGN or V1
• Macular sparing– Sparing of the central or macular region of the
visual field – Results from a lesion to the occipital lobe
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Disorders of Visual Pathways
• Quadrantoanopia or Hemianopia– Complete loss of vision in one-quarter of the
fovea or in one-half of the fovea– Results from a lesion to the occipital lobe
• Field Defects– Scotomas - small blind spots– Results from small lesions to the occipital lobe
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Disorders of Cortical Function
• B.K.: V1 Damage and a Scotoma– Right infarct (dead tissue) in the occipital lobe– Experienced blindsight - could perceive
location without perceiving content– Lost one-quarter of the fovea, poor vision in
the upper left quadrant– Slow facial recognition
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Disorders of Cortical Function
• Case D.B.: V1 Damage and Blindsight– Had an angioma in the right calcarine fissure– Has a hemianopia– Cortical Blindness - blindsight in which he
reports no conscious awareness of seeing but can report movement and location of objects
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Disorders of Cortical Function
• Case J.I.: V4 Damage and Loss of Color Vision – Sustained a concussion and suddenly lost
color vision– Specific damage in the occipital cortex – Improved acuity at twilight or at night– Years later, no longer remembered color
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Disorders of Cortical Function
• Case P.B.: Conscious Color Perception in a Blind Patient– Suffered an ischemia that destroyed large
area of the posterior cortex– Can only detect presence or absence of light
and has intact color vision
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Disorders of Cortical Function
• Case L.M.: V5 (MT) Damage and the Perception of Movement– Vascular abnormality that produced bilateral
posterior damage – Loss of movement vision– Unable to intercept moving objects by using
her hand
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Disorders of Cortical Function
• Case D.F.: Occipital Damage and Visual Agnosia– Bilateral damage to the LO region and tissue
between the parietal and occipital lobes– Visual form agnosia - inability to recognize
line drawings of objects– Can use visual information to guide
movements, but not to recognize objects
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Disorders of Cortical Function
• Case V.K.: Parietal Damage and Visuomotor Guidance– Bilateral hemorrhages in the occipitoparietal
regions – Optic Ataxia - Deficit in visually guided hand
movements
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Disorders of Cortical Function
• Cases D. and T.: Higher-Level Visual Processes– D
• Right occipitotemporal lesion• Prosopagnosia - Facial recognition deficit• Could read lips
– T• Left occipitotemporal lesion • Alexia - Inability to read• Impaired lip reading
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Conclusions from Case Studies
• Distinct syndromes of visual disturbance
• Some provide evidence for a fundamental dissociation between the dorsal and ventral streams
• Visual experience is not unified
• Asymmetry in functions of occipital lobes
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Visual Agnosia
• Object Agnosia– Apperceptive Agnosia
• Deficit in the ability to develop a percept of the structure of an object or objects
• Simultagnosia– Unable to perceive more than one object at a time
• Results from bilateral damage to the lateral parts of the occipital lobes
– Associative Agnosia• Can perceive objects, but cannot identify them• Results from lesions to the anterior temporal lobes
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Visual Agnosia• Other Agnosias
– Prosopagnosia• Cannot recognize faces • Can recognize facial features, facial expressions,
and tell human from nonhuman faces
– Alexia• Inability to read• Form of object agnosia - inability to construct
perceptual wholes from parts or • Form of associative agnosia - word memory is
damaged or inaccessible• Results from damage to the left fusiform and
lingual areas
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Visual Imagery
• Neural structures mediating perception and visualization are not completely independent
• Right hemisphere superiority in mental rotation
• Evidence that the left temporal-occipital region is responsible for image generation
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Snapshot: Generating Mental Images
• Mark D’Esposito and colleagues– What is the neural basis for visual imagery? – fMRI study – Found that visualization of concrete words
increases activation in the left posterior temporal-occipital region
– Findings consistent with other imaging studies and case studies
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