Fundamentals of Audio Production. Chapter 15 1 Fundamentals of Audio Production Chapter Fifteen:...

Fundamentals of Audio Production. Chapter 15

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Fundamentals of Audio Fundamentals of Audio ProductionProduction

Chapter Fifteen:Chapter Fifteen:

Field RecordingField Recording


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Multitrack recording sessions

• Three phases– Basic tracking – recording the rhythm tracks

(e.g. bass, drums, guitar, piano)– Overdubbing – adding lead instruments and

vocals synchronized with the existing tracks, and correcting mistakes with punch-ins

– Mixdown – blending the tracks into a stereo or surround sound mix


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Session work

• The engineer operates the console and recorders

• The producer makes the artistic and aesthetic decisions that guide the engineer

• Assistant engineers or seconds may set up microphones and take care of cabling

• Some engineers also produce


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History

• Recordings were once made direct-to-disk– The signal from the microphones was routed

directly to the disk cutting lathe


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Direct-to-disk


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History

• The introduction of tape recorders allowed re-takes and editing

• Tape recordings could be used to duplicate disks of a single performance


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History

• Ampex introduced the three-track recorder in 1955, originally for the motion picture industry– One track for dialog, one for music and one

for sound effects

• The Ampex three-track recorder also allowed overdubbing, or adding tracks later that were in sync with existing tracks


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Ampex mono recorder


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Ampex six channel mono mixer


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History

• Track capacity expanded through the 1960s and 1970s with the introduction of four, eight, sixteen, and twenty-four track recorders

• Digital multitrack was introduced in the 1980s

• Digital audio workstations were introduced in the 1990s


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Modern mixing consoles

Consoles offer dozens of inputs and flexible outputs


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Modern mixing consoles

Digital consoles offer automated mixing and recall of other settings


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Modern digital recorders

Stereo digital audio tape (top) and digital multitrack (bottom) recorders


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Laying basic tracks

• Recordings are often made asynchronous or “out of sequence,” and recorded in different locations and over a period of time

• Rhythm tracks are the first to be recorded

• A click track is recorded for musicians to stay in time during subsequent sessions

• Scratch vocals may also be recorded


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Laying basic tracks

• Tracking engineers record basic tracks with maximum gain before distortion

• Tracks are recorded without effects and with little equalization

• Musicians hear the tracks through headphones

• A rough mix of the tracks may be made for each musician’s headphones


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Microphone placement

• The common technique for studio music recording is close miking– Cardioid microphones are placed close to the

sound source– Minimizes leakage of other sounds into the

microphones– The 3-to1 rule will help minimize phase

coloration from microphone leakage


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Microphone placement

• Experience is the best guide for microphone placement on any given instrument– Knowing where on the instrument to capture

its sound– Knowing which microphones work best on

which types of instruments

• Good recordings start with good quality instruments that well-tuned


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Overdubbing

• Overdubbing is the part of the recording process where lead instruments and vocals are added, and mistakes are fixed

• Punch in is the process of replacing mistakes by “punching” the record button as the musician plays along with the recording

• Punch ins may be automated on DAWs


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Overdubbing

• Comping from “compiling” or “composite” is the process of recording and keeping several performances and assembling the best of all takes onto a final comp track

• A number tracks can be bounced to a stereo mix on a pair of DAW tracks– Those bounced mixes are sometimes called

stems and are kept for later use


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Mixdown

• Blending the individual tracks into a “sonic image” is called mixing

• Tracks may be mixed into a stereo mix or surround mix

• Placing the sounds across the stereo sound field is accomplished by panning

• Loudness of individual tracks will convey how close the instrument is to the listener


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Mixdown

• Traditionally bass guitar, kick drum and snare drum have been mixed in the center of the stereo field

• This was necessary to avoid skipping in vinyl records – Loud transients and bass signals would cause

the cutting stylus to vibrate excessively and cut through into adjacent grooves


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Mixdown

Overdriving the recording stylus can break the land between grooves on a disk recording and cause skipping


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Using effects

• Equalization and effects are added during the mixdown

• “Outboard” effects devices are connected to the console using an effects loop

• The dry signal is sent to the device, and the wet, or effected, signal is returned to the console and added to the mix


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Effects loop


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Effects loop

Before electronic effects, dry signals were sent to a speaker in an acoustic chamber, captured by a microphone, and returned to the console


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Using effects

• Patch bays are used to expand the number of outboard effects that can be connected to the console

• Many patch bays provide a normalized connection that will be interrupted when a patch cable is inserted


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Patch bays

The normalized connection in the top drawing sends the signal to device #1. In the bottom drawing, inserting a patch cable

interrupts the signal and reroutes it to device #2


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Patch bays

Bantam or TT patch bay (top) and quarter inch TRS (bottom)


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Using effects

• “Less is more”– Effects should not call attention to themselves– Instead they should help create the “sonic

environment” in which the performance occurred


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Record keeping

• Recording sessions should be documented using track sheets

• Information on track assignments, equalization, and effects will be useful to subsequent engineers working on the recordings

Fundamentals of Audio Production. Chapter 15 1 Fundamentals of Audio Production Chapter Fifteen:...

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