Fundamentals of Applied Photonics · Photonics is one of the most important key technologies for...

Complementary English /1/

Lesson Two:

Fundamentals of Applied Photonics

Reading and Vocabulary:

Grammar:

Applied photonics The Articles

Part one: Reading & vocabulary

Read the text and answer the following question:

Societal Challenges Facing the Future of Photonics

The Photonics contribution to modern society is impressive but not always very

visible. The unique properties of light (colors, speed) together with the recently

developed new technologies allows the user of photonic components to bring

innovative products in end markets that go beyond the national borders. Photonics is

science and technology and includes the study of the generation, propagation,

modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, detection and sensing of

light.

Photonics is denoted a Key Enabling Technology (KET) by the EU and also

adopted by the Dutch top sector High Tech Systems and Materials (HTSM). Being a

basic technology it provides photonic components that allow innovative solutions in a wide field of applications and contributes directly in search for solutions for the

grand societal challenges of our time:

• In healthcare by radical new approaches moving from current, cost-intensive

treatment after onset of a disease, to the detection and prevention at the earliest

possible stage by new (hand held photonics based) diagnostic instruments, which allows to bring these new tools critical care as well as perform remote diagnostics.

• In energy saving (―green photonics‖) by the introduction of very efficient lightsources, (O)LEDs, and energy generation by highly efficient solar cells.

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• In security/safety by the emerging photonic sensing and imaging technologies for

higher levels of security and safety through the use of sophisticated surveillance and encryption technologies both in the field as well as in logistics (e.g. nano-dust

detection and THz imaging technology).

• In monitoring climate change by the earth‘s atmosphereobservation using advanced optical pollution (gas-) detection.

• In mobility by the development of the future multi-terabit

internet fed by full Fiber to the Home (FttH) deployment at

ever-increasing capacity and lower energy in internet datacenters allowing new economic initiatives and reducing traffic congestions (less CO2) by providing the future proof infrastructure for more home working.

• And last but not least Photonics will lead to new innovative entrepreneurshipsresulting in new captivating jobs for young people and new challenges for education at all levels, from primarily to high level education.

Vision and Ambition

Photonics is one of the most important key technologies for the 21st century

enabling solutions for the societal challenges the world is facing. History shows that scientific and technological breakthroughs lead to new and revolutionary industrial

activities and continue in the decades after the invention.

The 21st century is the century of the photon and with the knowledge and

technological breakthroughs we are ready to profit from the photonic revolution: achieving a new level in the generation, control and the application of light in many

high tech markets where Dutch industry and knowledge institutes will play a

prominent role.

Our ambitions are:

Exploit our generic integrated photonics technology into business

Continue R&D with focus on the photonics value chain for next gen products

Strengthen the micro-optics, display technology and packaging technologies

Participate in Photonics21 and in H2020/ECSEL projects

Doubling exports in the period 2015 – 2025

Job creation by facilitating education in the field of high tech and photonics

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Technology

Photonic integration: Includes the development of generic integration platforms

and foundry models. Addressed technologies comprise III-V semiconductors e.g.

InP, TriPleX and SOI, CMOS post processing; assembly, alignment and fixation,

RF processing in optical domain (microwave photonics). Also photonics technology will be combined with e.g. fluidics and mechatronic technologies.

Photonic-electronic integration : At the chip, board and system levels. Hybrid-and heterogeneous integration. Si-III/V integration; process control/improvement; assembly technologies; pick-and-place tools, optical PCB.

Packaging technologies: Packaging and assembly technologies for low cost

sources and detectors, flip chip optical coupling, combined glass and non-hermetic packaging. Assembly equipment for prototyping of bulk optics with high tolerance

requirements. Automated equipment and processes dedicated to wire bonding and fiber-coupling for series production.

Free space and micro optics: Architecture and assembling of optical components

into an advanced photonic device. This includes remote solid state lighting, photovoltaics, microscopy, advanced spectroscopy, health instruments and

lithography. 3D printing of high quality micro optical components.

New materials: Includes semiconductors, glasses, plasmonic materials, meta-

materials, photonic crystals, nano-(plasmonic) structures, quantum dots, nano-crystals, nonlinear materials, doped materials, magneto optical, electro optical and

random materials, organic materials, organic-in organic combinations and new bio

materials.

1. What are the domains of societal challenges that Photonics aims to solve?

2. How does Photonics intend to solve the problem of energy solving?

3. What can be inferred from the text about previous scientific and technologicalbreakthroughs?

4. Name two of the ambitions that scientists are working to carry out.

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Part two: Grammar

The Articles

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III. Fill in the blanks with a, an, the, or leave the blank.

1. Al is making fifteen dollars __ hour at Chambers' Turkey Products.

2. Jill makes it __ habit to buy clothes on sale.

3. To tell __ truth, a bank savings account may not be the best place for your money.

4. Helen showed __ initiative when she decided to start a business of her own.

5. Losing as little as __ quart of blood can result in shock and unconsciousness.

6. Over __ last 20 years, more than 3 million people have attended the

Country Dinner Playhouse.

7. Major changes have taken place in __ financial services industry.

8. Dr. Richards predicts __ extinction of the whooping crane.

9. Most people believe that __ liberty is very precious.

10. Taking a hot bath is __ good way to relax.

11. Lower programming costs raised the net income reported by __ major televisionnetworks this week.

IV.

Choose the correct variant.

1. It is washed by the waters of __.

(A) an Atlantic Ocean (B) Atlantic Ocean

(C) the Atlantic Ocean

2. The Queen of Great Britain is not __.

(A) the absolute (B) absolute

(C) an absolute

3. __ is the main modern art museum.

(A) Tate Gallery (B) A Tate Gallery

(C) The Tate Gallery

4. __ drive on the left-hand side in their country.

(A) the British (B) British (C) A British

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5. They are __.

(A) a nice people (B) the nice people

(C) nice people

6. The acting was poor, but we enjoyed __.

(A) music (B) a music (C) the music

7. She simply loves __ and dancing.

(A) music (B) a music (C) the music

V. Fill in the blanks with a, an or the, or leave blank.

1. __ Alaska is the largest state in __ United States.

2. She was driving at a speed of ninety miles __ hour.

3. Abraham Lincoln was President of__ United States during __ Civil War.

4. __ corn is the most important of all American crops.

5. __water in this glass is not good.

6. Jane and I had __ lunch at __ school cafeteria.

7. __ Rocky Mountains stretch all the way from __ Mexico to __ Arctic.

8. Richard wants to study __ Computer Engineering at __ Ohio State University.

VI. Choose the correct form in the parentheses.

1. (Apples / The apples) are good for you.

2. Look at (apples / the apples) on that tree! They're very large.

3. (Women / The women) are often better teachers than (men / the men).

4. In Britain (coffee / the coffee) is more expensive than (tea / the tea).

5. We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. (Cheese / The cheese) was especiallygood.

6. (Most people / The most people) still believe that (marriage / the marriage) and(family life / the family life) are the basis of our society.

7. They got married but (marriage / the marriage) wasn't successful.

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8. I know someone who wrote a book about (life / the life) of Gandhi.

9. (Life / The life) would be very difficult without (electricity / the electricity).

10. (Skiing / The skiing) is my favourite sport but I also like (swimming / theswimming).

11. (Second World War / The Second World War) ended in 1945.

12. Do you know (people / the people) who lived next door?

13. Are you interested in (art / the art) of (architecture / the architecture)?

14. (All books / All the books) on the top shelf belong to me.

15. Don't stay in that hotel. (Beds / The beds) are very uncomfortable.

16. Two of the biggest problems facing our society are (crime / the crime)

and (unemployment / the unemployment).

17. I hate (violence / the violence).

The end of Unit One

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Lesson Three

Biomedical Sensors & Detecting Techniques

Reading and Vocabulary:

Grammar:

Emerging Biomedical Sensing Technologies

Sentence and Their Applications Clause & Phrase

Part One: Reading & Vocabulary

Read the text and answer the following question:

Emerging Biomedical Sensing Technologies and Their Applications

The ongoing mergence of the 20th century revolution in information technology

with the 21st century revolution in biotechnology poses considerable demand for

new sensors, in particular new biomedical sensors. Currently, the recent advances in

the microelectronics industry, the availability of advanced micro-fabrication

technologies down to the micro and nano-scale, and inexpensive signal processing

systems have made the development of a variety of novel biomedical sensors

possible.

A good indication of that demand is the growing use of personal monitoring devices

such as glucose sensors for diabetics or the recently developed sensors for HIV

detection. Biomedical sensors can also make medical care more personal and

tailored to the individual needs of a patient. In the near future, a treatment procedure

could be adjusted to address a patient‘s unique metabolism and biological rhythms.

For example, the dose of a drug could be correctly determined in order to optimize

the healing process and minimize its side effects. In addition, biomedical sensors

will enable a broad range of medical services at a patient‘s home using a variety of

systems that employ a personal computer and the Internet. One may envision a

dedicated home-based analytical diagnostic system interfaced with a computer that

could monitor and store medical data over the lifetime of the person. In such a case,

specialized application software would be capable of recognizing incoming health

problems and could notify a person in advance of her or his health conditions.

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A modern biomedical sensor is a device which consists of a biologically or

biophysically-derived sensing element integrated with a physical transducer that

transforms a measure and into an output signal. The requirements for any good

biomedical sensor are specificity or the ability to pick out one parameter without

interference of the other parameters, sensitivity or the capability to measure small

changes in a given measure and, accuracy or closeness to the true measurement,

time response, biocompatibility, aging characteristics, size, ruggedness and

robustness, and low cost. In addition, the sensor must have compatibility with the

chemical, optical, optoelectronic, or electronic integrated circuit (IC) technology.

The above listed features have been researched comprehensively over the last two

decades and critical knowledge has been accumulated and the challenges have been

identified. One may claim that the biomedical sensor field has matured enough to be

poised for commercial success. In this paper, an overview of three of the primary

biomedical sensor technologies; electro-chemical, optical and acoustic are discussed

along with many of the biomedical applications.

About $20 billion per year are spent for analytical testing worldwide. Specialized

laboratories located away from a patient, doctor, or hospital perform nearly all of the

testing causing significant time delays in reporting results. Modern biomedical

sensors developed with advanced micro-fabrication and signal processing techniques

are becoming inexpensive, accurate, and reliable and, with an average detection time

on the order of a few minutes, can significantly reduce the delay time as well as

bring the testing to doctor‘s offices and patient‘s homes. As a result, the wide use of

biomedical sensors may lead to more individualized health care services that will be

tailored for the needs of a patient and will match a specific genotype. Indeed, one

may envision using biomedical sensors for optimizing drug doses, monitoring the

effectiveness of treatments, and monitoring health conditions over person‘s life time.

In addition to decreased time delays, miniaturization of biomedical sensors and

integration with micro-fluidic devices is yielding advanced analytical micro-systems

such as a BioChemLab-on-a-Chip. Integration of several sensors on a single

substrate produces transducer arrays. A few recent examples include electronic

noses and tongues that are capable of performing multi-measure and detection in a

few minutes.

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Part Two: Grammar

Clause, Phrase & Sentence

The basic unit of English grammar is the clause:

A clause is a group of words that DOES contain both a subject and a verb.

[An unlucky student almost lost a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000] [when he left it in the waiting room of a London station.]

[William Brown inherited the 1698 Stradivarius violin from his mother] [and had just had it valued by a London dealer at £180,000.]

Clauses are made up of phrases:

A phrase is a group of words that DOES NOT contain a subject and a verb. For example, a prepositional phrase functions as a modifier and only consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers the object may have.

[An unlucky student] + [almost lost] + [a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000]

[when] + [he] + [left] + [it] + [in the waiting room of a London station.] [William Brown] + [inherited] + [the 1698 Stradivarius violin] + [from his

mother]

[and] [had just had it valued] + [by a London dealer] + [at £180,000.]

We can join two or more clauses together to make sentences.

A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject, a verb and a complete meaning.

An unlucky student almost lost a 17th century violin worth almost £200,000 when he left it in the waiting room of a London station.

William Brown inherited the 1698 Stradivarius violin from his mother and had just had it valued by a London dealer at £180,000.

All clauses in English have at least two parts: a noun phrase and a verb phrase:

Noun phrase (subject) Verb phrase

The children laughed

All the people in the bus were watching

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But most clauses have more than two parts:

Noun phrase (subject) Verb phrase

The children laughed

John wanted a new bicycle

All of the girls are learning English

This soup tastes awful

Mary and the family were driving to Madrid

She put the flowers in a vase

The first noun phrase is the subject of the sentence:

The children laughed.

John wanted a new bicycle.

All the girls are learning English.

She put the flowers in the vase.

English clauses always have a subject:

His father has just retired. Was a teacher. He was a teacher.

I‘m waiting for my wife. Is late. She is late.

… except for the imperative which is used to give orders:

Stop!

Go away.

… and for "soft imperatives" like invitations and requests:

Please come to dinner tomorrow.

Play it again please.

If we have no other subject we use "there" or "it" as subject. We call this a ‗dummy subject‘:

There were twenty people at the meeting..

There will be an eclipse of the moon tonight.

It‘s a lovely day. It‘s nearly one o‘clock.

I have toothache. It hurts a lot.

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Simple sentences:

A simple sentence has only one clause:

The children were laughing.

John wanted a new bicycle.

All the girls are learning English.

Compound sentences:

A compound sentence has two or more clauses: (We stayed behind) and (finished the job)

(We stayed behind) and (finished the job), then (we went home)

The clauses in a compound sentence are joined by coordinating conjunctions: John shouted and everybody waved.

We looked everywhere but we couldn‘t find him.

They are coming by car so they should be here soon.

The common coordinating conjunctions are: and – but – or – nor – so – then – yet

Complex sentences: A complex sentence has a main clause and one or more adverbial clauses. Adverbial clauses usually come after the main clause:

Her father died when she was very young

Her father died (main clause)

when (subordinating conjunction)

she was very young (adverbial clause)

She had a difficult childhood because her father died when she was very young. She had a difficult childhood (main clause)

because (subordinating conjunction)

her father died (adverbial clause)

when (subordinating conjunction)

she was very young (adverbial clause).

Some subordinate clauses can come in front of the main clause:

Although a few snakes are dangerous most of them are quite harmless Although (subordinating conjunction)

some snakes are dangerous (adverbial clause)

most of them are harmless (main clause).

A sentence can contain both subordinate and coordinate clauses:

Although she has always lived in France, she speaks fluent English because her mother was American and her father was Nigerian

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Although (subordinating conjunction) she has always lived in France (adverbial clause), she speaks fluent English (main clause) because

(subordinating conjunction) her mother was American (adverbial clause)

and (coordinating conjunction)

her father was Nigerian (adverbial clause).

I. After each sentence write P (phrase), IC (independent clause), or SC

(subordinate clause) to identify the bolded group of words. 1. The excerpt from Knots in My Yo-Yo String is in our textbook. ______ 2. Jerry was neat when he was young. ______ 3. If he cut paper figures, he would measure them first. _______ 4. Then he would cut carefully with scissors. ______ 5. In junior high,he won penmanship awards. ______ 6. He did not use crayons when he colored pictures. ______ 7. He preferred colored pencils. _______ 8. Whatever Jerry did, he did neatly and precisely. _______ 9. When he received a detention for disobedience, he was shocked. ______ 10. He thought it was a mistake. ______ 11. Jerry loved following the same pattern of safe behavior each day. ______ 12. After a movie he always ordered the same type of hot dog. ______ 13. As he grew older, he experienced a change of heart. ______ 14. He realized that safe wasn’t always best. ______ 15. We have to take chances sometimes if we want to be successful. _______ 16. Until you try something new, you don‘t know if you will like it. ______ 17. Some people are simply afraid to try new things. ______ 18. As soon as I am able, I want to try skydiving. _______ 19. Soaring through the clouds looks like it would be exhilarating. ______ 20. What new adventure in life will you find? ______

II. Choose the correct answer. 1. The librarian took from her desk a new edition of one of the classics.

A. Prepositional phrase B. Independent clause

C. Dependent/subordinate clause

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http://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/266338/1-the-librarian-took-from-her-desk-new-edition-of-one-classi


2. It is unfortunate that Mr. Jones will not return.



3. The man whose neck was broken has recovered completely.



4. Gayle is the one for whom you are looking.



5. If the manager is unable to help, try the assistant manager.



6. Many books of mysteries and detective stories are found in our library.



7. Because my wife entered the pie contest, I was unable to be a judge.



8. The report that the island is under water is misleading.



9. The city council objected when the mayor changed his mind.



10. Our work on the planning committee includes all kinds of new ideas andconcepts.



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http://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/325447/6-many-books-mysteries-and-detective-stories-are-found-our-l

http://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/325447/6-many-books-mysteries-and-detective-stories-are-found-our-l

http://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/136095/8-the-report-that-island-is-under-water-misleading


III. Complete the following sentences using appropriate subordinating

conjunctions.

1. The children were happy ……………….. they received their prizes. 2. The people listened eagerly ……………….. the leader spoke. 3. This is the place ……………… we spent the night. 4. ………………… he tried hard, he failed. 5. ……………….. she is beautiful, she is not intelligent. 6. Will you wait here ……………… I come? 7. She will not come ………………. we compel her. 8. Do ……………. you have been told to. 9. She began to cry ……………… she had lost her golden necklace. 10. They could not come ……………… it was raining.

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Fundamentals of Applied Photonics · Photonics is one of the most important key technologies for...

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