Fundamental Unit of Biogeography Geographic Range.
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Transcript of Fundamental Unit of Biogeography Geographic Range.
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Fundamental Unit of Biogeography
Geographic Range
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Conveying Range – Outline Maps
Range of Sooty Butterfly (Zegris eupheme)
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Conveying Range – Outline Maps
Range of Racoon (Procyon lotor)
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Conveying Range – Outline Maps
Range of Three-ridge Mussel (Amblema plicata)
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Conveying Range – Outline Maps
Bird Map
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Conveying Range – Dot Maps
Locations for emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides)
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Conveying Range – Dot Maps
Locations for brown trout (Salmo trutta) – dot and outline map
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Conveying Range – Dot Maps
Blue jay distribution in 20th precentile contours
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Conveying Range – Contour Maps
Blue jay distribution as relative abundance
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Limitations
• Outline – not across entire range (clumped disperson)
• Dots – inaccuracies of locale information
• Contour – spotty data
• BUT– Georeferencing– Geostatistics– GIS – integration of data
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Patchy Nature of Range - Spatially
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Patchy Nature of Range - Temporal
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Factors Affecting Distribution of Species
• Limiting abiotic factors (range of tolerance)
• Biotic interactions
• Hutchisonian niche – n-dimensional hypervolume
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Niche Dimensions and Range
• Fundamental niche
• Realized niche
• Fundamental geographic range
• Realized geographic range
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Distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus (Connel 1961)
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Gaps in Distribution
• Metapopulations– Sink and source subpopulations– Atlantic snail
• Barriers
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Other Source and Sink Distributions
• Migration – temporal and resource-driven
• Irruptions
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Red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata) – source (black) and sink (gray) range
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Of Note
• Any fluctuations of population size will influence the realized geographic range
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All winter at high latitude – will extend range with resource shortage
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Variation over Range
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Abiotic Limiting Factors
• Range of tolerance
• Fundamental niche
• Overlapping effects
• Trade-offs for tolerance of given factor
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Disturbance
• Limit/expand range of species
• Patch dynamics
• Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
• Bluff and Great Lakes Examples
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Pupfishes (Cyprinodon nevadensis)
• Adults tolerate 0 – 42°C
• Found in cold to hot springs across range
• Eggs develop at 20-36°C
• Need access to a sink habitat to persist
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Biotic Factors - Competition
• Exploitative
• Interference
• Ranges are often reflection of “ghosts of competition” past – example Connell’s barnacle study
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Kangaroo Rats (Didymops spp.) – was it competition?
• Same niche• Two disjunct species• Realized niche of 3
species segregated by substrate
• Competitive exclusion?• Resource partitioning?• Parapatric speciation?• No evidence of
competition on edges
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Biotic Effects - Predation
• Community regulator
• Coevolutionary mechanism
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Loss of Barriers
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Keystone Predator
Implications outside range of otter?
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Mutualism – Correlate to Distribution?
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Diffuse Competition
• MacArthur (1972) – southern limits of many N. Amer. Birds not attributable to– Abiotic factors– Habitat limitation– Competition or Predation
• 202 land birds in Texas, only 29 found in Panama; Panama 564 land bird species
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Yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) – one of the 29 found in both.Insectivore, limited to mangrove swamps and islands in tropics