Fundamental Principles of Pest Control
description
Transcript of Fundamental Principles of Pest Control
![Page 1: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fundamental Principles of Fundamental Principles of Pest ControlPest Control
Dr. Richard M. HousemanDr. Richard M. Houseman
Department of EntomologyDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Missouri-ColumbiaUniversity of Missouri-Columbia
![Page 2: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ObjectivesObjectives
• Unit 1: pg. 1-39 “Applying Pesticides Correctly”– Pests– Identification and Damage
• Insects• Plant Diseases• Weeds• Vertebrates
– Pest Management– Pesticides
• Mode of Action
![Page 3: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Core ManualCore Manual
• ‘Learning Objectives’– Clues to what is
important• ‘Terms to Know’
– Definitions of common words
• ‘Test Your Knowledge’– Example test questions
![Page 4: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Pest Management Pest Management (pg.5)(pg.5)
Objectives
1. Prevention = keep from becoming a problem
2. Suppression = reducing to an acceptable level
3. Eradication = destroying an entire pest population
![Page 5: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
• Mechanical• Exclusion/removal• Heat/cold
• Biological • Natural enemies,
microbials• Pheromones/hormones
• Cultural• Tilling, burning,
mowing, flooding• Crop rotation, trap crops• Planting/harvest timing
![Page 6: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
• Sanitation• Eliminate breeding sites• Remove
pathogens/sources• Disinfect
equipment/tools• Host Resistance
• Using disease-resistant varieties
• Genetics• Manipulate host
resistance• Sterility in pest
![Page 7: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
• Chemical• The use of natural or
synthetic substances that directly cause the death, repulsion, or attraction of pests.
Considerations• Mode of Action• Persistence• Non-target effects• Resistance
![Page 8: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mode of ActionMode of Action
• Mode of Action– The way a chemical kills a pest.
Examples:• Repellents, poisons, eradicants, systemics
![Page 9: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PersistencePersistence
• Persistence– The length of time a chemical is active after being
applied.
Categories: • Non-Persistent
– Kills the pest, breaks down in a relatively short period of time• Persistent
– Residues remain active for period of time after application
![Page 10: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Non-Target EffectsNon-Target Effects
• Non-Target Effects– Pesticide effects on non-pest organisms.
Potential risks:• May kill beneficial organisms• May create new pests
– Ex.-Killing natural enemies of a non-pest.
![Page 11: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ResistanceResistance
• Resistance– Lessening of the effectiveness of a pesticide for
reducing the pest population
Principles: • Chemicals kill only susceptible pests• Survivors pass traits for survival to their offspring• Resistance develops over generations
![Page 12: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ResistanceResistance
• To promote:– Use same pesticide
repeatedly – Use over large areas– Use highly residual
chemicals
• To limit:– Rotate pesticides– Target applications– Use persistent chemicals
wisely
![Page 13: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pests Pests (pg.3)(pg.3)
• A Pest is any unwanted organism
– Based on what organism does, not on what they are.• Compete for food or water• Cause injury, disease, or annoyance
![Page 14: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pests Pests (pg.3)(pg.3)
Types of Pests
1. Continuous = nearly always present
2. Sporadic = occasionally present; migratory/cyclical
3. Potential = not normally pests, require control only in certain situations
![Page 15: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pest Identification Pest Identification (pg.3)(pg.3)
• How to Identify?• Physical features • Damage or Symptoms
• Why Identify?• Pests differ in their habitats, behavior, life cycles, and
susceptibility to control methods.
![Page 16: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Insect & Insect-like Pests Insect & Insect-like Pests (pg.6(pg.6))
• Physical Features• Segmented bodies• Jointed appendages• Exoskeleton made of
chitin• Bilateral symmetry
![Page 17: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
InsectsInsects
• Three body regions (pg.6)
• Head– 1 Pair of antennae– Various mouthparts
• Thorax– 3 pairs of legs– 2 pairs of wings
• Abdomen– Body systems
![Page 18: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
InsectsInsects
• Life Cycle (pg.7)– Metamorphosis
1. NoneOnly change is size
2. GradualEgg, nymph, adult
3. IncompleteEgg, nymph, adult (H2O)
4. CompleteEgg, larva, pupa, adult
![Page 19: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Insect-like Groups Insect-like Groups (pg.8)(pg.8)
• Arachnids– Spiders, mites, ticks
• 2 regions, 8 legs• Crustaceans
– Pillbugs• 3 regions, >8 legs
• Chilopods– Centipedes
• Many regions & legs• Diplopods
– Millipedes• Many regions & legs
![Page 20: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Insect-like GroupsInsect-like Groups
• Nematodes– Microscopic roundworms
• Mollusks– Slugs, snails
Look like insect larvae– Non-segmented– No metamorphosis
![Page 21: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Insect Pests of PlantsInsect Pests of Plants (pg.10) (pg.10)
• Types of damage– Leaf eating– Plant-sucking– Internal feeding– Stem boring– Root feeding
![Page 22: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pests of AnimalsPests of Animals (pg.11) (pg.11)
• Types of damage– Stinging– Biting– Blood sucking– Toxin injecting
![Page 23: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
InsecticidesInsecticides (pg.15) (pg.15)
• Modes of Action1. Repellents
Keep insects away from an area or host2. Disrupters
Interfere mechanically with body function3. Poisons
Deactivate biological systems in the body– Stomach = must be eaten– Contact = must be touched
![Page 24: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plant PathogensPlant Pathogens (pg.16) (pg.16)
• Plant Disease– Any condition that causes a plant to function or
appear different from normal
![Page 25: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Plant Diseases Plant Diseases (pg.16)(pg.16)
• Plant Responses to Disease Agents
1. Overdeveloped tissuesie. galls, leaf curls, swelling
2. Underdeveloped tissuesie. stunting, lack of chlorophyll
3. Death of Tissuesie. leaf spot, wilting, blight, cankers
![Page 26: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Plant DiseasesPlant Diseases
• Pathogens include:– Fungi– Bacteria– Viruses– Mycoplasmas
![Page 27: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
FungiFungi (pg.16) (pg.16)
• Feed on other organisms• Most are beneficial
– Decomposers• A few parasites
– Feed on living plant tissues
• Reproduce by spores• Microscopic, resistant
stage
![Page 28: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
FungiFungi
• Symptoms• Soft rot of fruit• Rusts, smuts• Curling, powdery
mildew of leaves • Spots on leaves
![Page 29: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
BacteriaBacteria (pg.17) (pg.17)
• Microscopic• Symptoms
• Blights, spots , rots • Reproduce by cell
division
![Page 30: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
VirusesViruses (pg.17) (pg.17)
• Sub-microscopic• Symptoms
• Abnormal growth, mosaics
• Reproduce inside host cell
• Vector transfer
![Page 31: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
MycoplasmasMycoplasmas (pg.17) (pg.17)
• Smallest living things• Plant-feeders
• Symptoms• Yellow, stunting
• Reproduce independently
• Insects, mites, grafting
![Page 32: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fungicides & BactericidesFungicides & Bactericides
• Modes of Action (pg.20)– Protectants
• Applied before or during initial infection
– Eradicants• Applied after infection
– Systemics• Internal transport to all
tissues of plant
![Page 33: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
WeedsWeeds (pg.21) (pg.21)
• A weed is any plant growing where it is not wanted.
Effects:– Compete for resources– Contaminate harvest– Harbor pests or release toxins– Look ‘bad’
![Page 34: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
WeedsWeeds
• Development (pg.21)– Seedling– Vegetative
Producing leaves, stems, roots
– ReproductiveProducing flowers, seeds
– Maturity
![Page 35: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
WeedsWeeds
• Life Cycles (pg.21)– Annuals = one year– Biennials = two years– Perennials = more that
two years
![Page 36: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Weed Identification Weed Identification (pg.22)(pg.22)
• Grasses• Narrow, parallel veins,
round stems• Sedges
• Narrow, parallel veins, triangular stems
• Broadleaves• Fan-like, branching
veins
![Page 37: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Herbicides Herbicides (pg.25)(pg.25)
• Modes of Action– Contact
• kills parts of plant the chemical touches– Translocated
• absorbed and distributed throughout the plant– Selective
• kills only undesireable plants– Non-selective
• kills all plants in an area
or
or
![Page 38: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
HerbicidesHerbicides
![Page 39: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Herbicides Herbicides (pg.26)(pg.26)
• Modes of Action (cont’)– Foliar
• Applied to leaves of the weed (foliage)– Soil
• Applied to the ground around the weed
Example:2,4-D is a foliar-translocated-nonpersistent-selective
or
![Page 40: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
VertebratesVertebrates (pg.29) (pg.29)
• Have backbones• Many potential pests
• Various situations and impacts.
• Eat crops, kill livestock, transmit disease, contamination, etc.
![Page 41: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Poisons Poisons (pg.30)(pg.30)
• Few pesticides available– Rodenticides: most commonly-used– Piscicides– Avicides
• Usually highly toxic to humans
![Page 42: Fundamental Principles of Pest Control](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062811/56815f8f550346895dce91f6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
SummarySummary
• Identification of the pest and an understanding of its biology is important.
• The best pest management programs combine all of the available control tactics.
• When using chemicals, it is important to understand their mode of action, persistence, risk of resistance, and their effect on non-target organisms.