Functionalism introduction

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evident than it first appears, and is a matter ofconfusion and controversy within the profession,particularly in regard tomodern architecture.

The place of functionalism in building can be tracedback to theVitruviantriad, where 'utilitas' (variouslytranslated as 'commodity', 'convenience', or 'utility')stands alongside 'venustas' (beauty) and 'firmitas'(firmness) as one of three classic goals of architecture.Functionalist views were typical of somegothicrevivalarchitects, in particularAugustus Welby

Pugin wrote that there should be no features about abuilding which are not necessary for convenience,construction, or propriety and all ornament shouldconsist of enrichment of the essential construction ofthe building.[1]

The debate about functionalism and aestheticsis oftenframed as a mutually exclusive choice, when in factthere are architects, likeWill Bruder,JamesPolshek andKen Yeang, who attempt to satisfy allthree Vitruvian goals.[citation needed]

Contents

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1 History of functionalism2 Modernism3 Danish Functionalism4 Examples
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o 4.1 Sdra ngby5 Functionalism in landscape architecture6 References

[edit]History of functionalismIn the early years of the 20th century, ChicagoarchitectLouis Sullivanpopularized the phrase 'formever follows function' to capture his belief that abuilding's size, massing, spatial grammar and other

characteristics should be driven solely by the functionof the building. The implication is that if the functionalaspects are satisfied, architectural beauty wouldnaturally and necessarily follow.

Sullivan's credo is often viewed as being ironic in lightof his extensive use of intricateornament, since acommon belief among functionalist architects is that

ornament serves no function. The credo also does notaddress whose function he means. The architect of anapartment building, for instance, can easily be at cross-purposes with the owners of the building regarding howthe building should look and feel, and they could bothbe at cross-purposes with the future tenants.Nevertheless 'form follows function' expresses a

significant and enduring idea. Sullivan's protegeFrankLloyd Wright is also cited as an exemplar of functionaldesign.

In the mid-1930s, functionalism began to be discussedas an aesthetic approach rather than a matter of design
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integrity. The idea of functionalism was conflated withlack of ornamentation, which is a different matter. Itbecame a pejorative term associated with the most

bald and brutal ways to cover space, like cheapcommercial buildings and sheds, then finally used, forexample in academic criticism ofBuckminsterFuller'sgeodesic domes, simply as a synonym for'gauche'.

For 70 years the preeminent and influential AmericanarchitectPhilip Johnson held that the profession has no

functional responsibility whatsoever, and this is one ofthe many views today. Johnson said, "Where formcomes from I dont know, but it has nothing at all to dowith the functional or sociological aspects of ourarchitecture".[2]The positionofpostmodern architectPeter Eisenmanis based on auser-hostile theoretical basis and even more extreme:

"I don't do function."[citation needed] The best-knownarchitects in the west, likeFrank Gehry,StevenHoll, Richard MeierandI.M. Pei, see themselvesprimarily as artists, with some secondary responsibilityto make their buildings functional for clients and/orusers.[citation needed].

[edit]ModernismMain article:Modern architecture

The roots ofmodern architecture lie in the work of theFranco-Swiss architect Le Corbusierand the German
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architectMies van der Rohe. Both were functionalistsat least to the extent that their buildings were radicalsimplifications of previous styles. In 1923 Mies van der

Rohe was working in WeimarGermany, and had begunhis career of producing radically simplified, lovinglydetailed structures that achieved Sullivan's goal ofinherent architectural beauty. Le Corbusierfamouslysaid "a house is a machine for living in"; his 1923book Vers une architecturewas, and still is, veryinfluential, and his early built work such as theVilla

SavoyeinPoissy,France, is thought of as prototypicallyfunctional.

[edit]Danish Functionalism

Auditorium, Aarhus University.

The term Danish Functionalism is sometimes used todescribe the Danish branch of functionalistic

architecture which had its heyday in the 1960s.Danish Functionalists focused primarily on functionalityat the expense ofaesthetics and produced a number ofbuildings that are characterized by straight angles, flatroofs, and a kind of roughness provided by the
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minimally decoratedconcreteslabs that the buildingsthemselves are made of. Possibly the most well knownexample of the Danish Functionalist style isAarhus

University, which is the design of ArchitectC.F. Mller.[edit]ExamplesExamples of functionalist architecture:

Sdra ngby,Stockholm,Sweden Aarhus University,Denmark Villa Savoye, Poissy,France[edit]Sdra ngbyTheresidential areaofSdra ngbyinwesternStockholm,Sweden, blended a functionalistorinternational style with garden cityideals.Encompassing more than 500 buildings, it remains thelargest coherent functionalisticvilla area in Sweden andpossibly the world, still well-preserved more than a half-century after its construction 193340 and protected asanational cultural heritage.[3]

[edit]Functionalism in landscapearchitecture

The development of functionalism in landscapearchitectureparalleled its development in buildingarchitecture. At the residential scale, designerslikeChristopher Tunnard,James Rose, andGarrettEckboadvocated a design philosophy based on the
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creation of spaces for outdoor living and the integrationof house and garden.[4] At a larger scale, the Germanlandscape architect and plannerLeberecht

Miggeadvocated the use of edible gardens in socialhousing projects as a way to counteract hunger andincrease self-sufficiency of families. At a larger scale,theCongrs International d'ArchitectureModerneadvocated for urban design strategies basedon human proportions and in support of four functionsof human settlement: housing, work, play, and

transport.[edit]References

1. A.W.N.Pugin, The true principles of pointed orChristian architecture : set forth in two lecturesdelivered at St. Marie's, Oscott.

2. P. Heyer. Architects on Architecture: New Directions

in America, p2793. Detailed references listed in the article onSdra

ngby.4. Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow. Landscape Design: A

Cultural and Architectural History. New York: Abrams,2001. p.23, 454-5

Vers une Architecture and Villa Savoye: AComparison of Treatise and Building- A multipartessay explaining the basics of Le Corbusier's theoryand contrasting them with his built work.
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Behne, Adolf (1923). The Modern FunctionalBuilding. Michael Robinson, trans. Santa Monica:Getty Research Institute, 1996.

Forty, Adrian. "Function". Words and Buildings, AVocabulary of Modern Architecture. Thames &Hudson, 2000, p. 174-195.

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