Functional properties and health benefits of orange juice · HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.20 0.29 1.16 0.31...

Functional properties and health benefits of orange juice

Thais Cesar, PhD

Pharmaceutical School,

Sao Paulo State University – UNESP

Araraquara SP, Brazil

Orange juice

Functional Properties: 1. Essential nutrients for a healthy diet 2. Protection against cardiovascular disease 3. No association with gain of weight or obesity 4. Decrease of insulin resistance 5. Improvement of antioxidant capacity 6. Decrease of inflammation markers 7. Improves satiety

Orange juice

• Natural source of vitamins and minerals:

Vitamin C, Folic Acid, Potassium

• Easily incorporated into a healthy diet plan

100% fruit juices, as Orange Juice, are associated with a lower BMI and a healthier diet in children and adults

O’Neil et al Nutr Res 2011, Nutr J 2012

0

20

40

60

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100

kcal Carb Ca K Vit C Folate

Nutritional contribuition

6% 12% 18% 9.6% 100% 12.5%

USDA Nutrient Database (2005 e 2007) release 2.1b

4

% R

DA

- 2

00

0 k

cal d

iet

8 oz of orange juice

Orange juice

• Citrus flavonoids Hesperidin & Naringin 15.6 mg/240mL 1.9 mg/240mL

• Cholesterol-lowering potential in animal

and human

(Kurowska et al, 2000; Roza et al, 2007)

Orange juice and Coronary Heart Disease

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total Cholesterol and LDL-C

• Naringenin and Hesperitin in vivo

1) activity ACAT1, ACAT2, MTP

2) lipoproteins assembly (VLDL)

3) LDL receptor ( Plasma Clearance of LDL)

(Roza 2007, Wilcox 2001; Borradaile 2002; Aptekman and Cesar, 2010)

Orange juice and Coronary Heart Disease

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• Clinical study

• Orange Juice: transfer of Cholesterol to HDL in

normolipidemic and hypercholesterolemic individuals (Cesar et al, Nut Res 2010, 30: 689)

Long-term orange juice consumption is associated with low LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in

normal and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects

Hypothesis: OJ consumption (≥ 12 months) is associate with low risk factors for CVD in subjects with normal and moderately high cholesterol blood levels.

Aptekmann and Cesar; Lipids in Health and Disease 2013, 12:119 http://www.lipidworld.com/content/12/1/119

Long-term orange juice consumption is associated with low LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B …

Subjects: • employees OJ factory with free daily access to OJ

• 103 men (18–66 y) • 26 women (18–65 y)

OJ Consumption: • 41% = 2 cups (480 mL) OJ/d • 59% = non-consumers


Anthropometric Normolipidemic Hypercholesterolemic

Orange juice Non-consum. Consumers Non-consum. Consumers

Weight (kg) 75.9 11.4 70.8 10.0 78.5 13.8 83.0 10.5

BMI ( kg/m2) 25.1 3.63 23.8 2.89 26.6 2.8 27.0 3.4

Body fat (%) 27.8 5.03 25.1 7.52 28.0 5.7 27.0 4.1

Waist circ.(cm) 90.4 9.96 87.5 9.33 96.3 8.2 97.5 9.3

No differences between OJ consumers and non-consumers


Dietary Normolipidemic Hypercholesterolemic

Orange juice Non-consum. Consumers Non-consum. Consumers

Energy (MJ/d) 11.5 5.04 11.6 2.51 12.0 2.88 11.8 2.0

Carbohydrate (g/d) 327 111 346 113 382 123 367 72

Total fat (g/d) 95 32 99 28 90 38 91 27

Vitamin C (mg/d) 138 115 227 121* 174 120 273 158*

Folate (µg/d) 393 138 500 148* 423 146 538 166*

Increase of Vitamin C (+60%) and Folate (+27%) in OJ consumers


Biochemical Normolipidemic Hypercholesterolemic

Orange juice Non-consumers Consumers Non-consumers Consumers

Triglicerides (mmol/L) 1.15 0.37 1.11 0.55 1.86 0.63 2.16 1.12

Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) 5.08 0.70 4.54 0.78* 6.77 0.41 6.40 0.58*

HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.20 0.29 1.16 0.31 1.14 0.27 1.16 0.23

LDL-C (mmol/L) 3.35 0.61 2.74 0.80* 4.78 0.48 4.20 0.86*

Apo B (g/L) 0.90 0.19 0.79 0.21* 1.27 0.17 1.12 0.17*

Homocysteine (µmol/L) 9.95 2.81 9.17 2.31 11.1 2.53 10.0 2.31

-8% Cholesterol, -15% LDL-C , -14% LDL/HDL , -12% Apo B in OJ consumers


Conclusions OJ consumption was not associated with: • weight, BMI, waist or body fat • blood serum Triglyceride or Homocysteine But, OJ consumption was associated with reduction of: • total cholesterol • LDL-cholesterol • LDL/HDL ratio • apo B

High carbohydrate intake associated with

Insulin Resistance (sub-normal response of Insulin) (NCEP Report, 2004; IDF 2005)

Controversia: Sugar OJ increases the Insulin Resistance? • 1 cup (8 oz) = 22g sugar (sucrose : glucose : fructose/ 2:1:1)

OJ flavonoids • prevent oxidative and inflammatory stress, • safe energy source (Ghanim et al, 2007)

Orange juice

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Insulin resistance

• IR is commonly associated with obesity and large waist circumference

• Development of IR:

• Pre-condition to Metabolic Syndrome

hyperlipidemia

diabetes mellitus type 2

hypertension

cardiovascular disease

Adipose Tissue:

Release pro-inflammatory mediators: PAI1, TNF-α, IL-6, C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Free Fat Acids

Oxidative Stress & Adipokines

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Diabetes

Pro-thrombotic Pro-inflammatory

Metabolic syndrome

(Grundy et al, 2005)

Atherosclerosis

Insulin resistance

Biochemical and

Clinical Charac.

Normal Weight Overweight/Obese

N = 37 N = 28

Orange Juice (750mL/d) 1o day 60o day 1o day 60o day

Glucose mg/dL 79 6.8 79 5.0 80 8.5 81 6.9

Insulin IU/mL 6.8 3.1 5.0 2.3* 8.5 4.3 6.9 3.4*

Insulin Resistance Index 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.5* 1.7 1.0 1.4 0.7*

HOMA index % 26 % 18%

Overall: IR 22 %

Preliminary data, Cesar et al

Oxidative Stress

Biochemical and

Clinical Charact.

Normal weight Overweight

N = 17 N = 17

Orange Juice (750mL/d) 1o day 60o day 1o day 60o day

C-Reactive Protein, mg/dL 0.32 0.3 0.28 0.6* 0.38 0.5 0.27 0.5*

Antioxidant capacity % 10.6 3.9 27.9 7.5* 12.1 7.1 26.6 8.5*

Blood Pressure

Systolic, mmHg 119 ± 8 114 ± 11* 128 ± 10 123 ± 12

Diastolic, mmHg 75 ± 5 74 ± 9 83 ± 9 79 ± 7*


Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in patients with C hepatitis

Chronic C Hepatitis

Patients

Normal weight

N = 46

Orange Juice (500mL/d) 1o day 60o day

TBARS % 5.7 ± 2.1 2.9 ± 1.9**

Antioxidant Capacity % 12.1 ± 10.7 19.7 ± 8.5*

C reactive protein, mg/mL 4.6 ± 2.1 0.9 ± 1.4**


Liver Enzymes Normal Level

High Level

Orange Juice 1o day 60o day 1o day 60o day

Alanine Transaminase (U/L)

11 – 45 > 46

27 ± 12 26 ± 13 82 ± 31 67 ± 22*

Aspartate Transaminase (U/L)

11 – 39 > 40

31 ± 7 32 ± 8 81 ± 12 66 ± 12*

-Glutamyl Transpeptidase 7 – 58 > 58

(U/L) 35 ± 13 34 ± 16 182 ± 132 135 ± 87*

Inflammation in patients with C hepatitis treated with OJ

Fresh or Pasteurized OJ ?

Which one is better?

OJ processing can influence the concentration of citric bioactive

compounds and therefore may affect their bioavailability in human body.

Fresh OJ is perceived as a superior flavor beverage, but pasteurization

process is needed for the consumers safety.

OJ commercially processing

• 8oz fresh OJ: 125mg Vit C and 76µg Folate

• 8oz processed OJ: 86mg Vit C and 46µg Folate

• OJ bioactive compounds and flavonoids:

Can processing methods influence the satiety (appetite) and energy intake?

(Bai, et al, 2010)

Biochemical markers and appetite after acute intake of OJ

• Effect of acute intake of fresh and pasteurized OJ on markers of satiety in individuals with normal weight and overweight.

• Test drink: sugars + H2O

Insulin Glucose

Adiponectin Leptin

Normal Weight Obese

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mg/

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Glucose (BMI < 25kg/m2)

Test

Fresh OJ

Past OJ

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Glucose (BMI 25kg/m2) Test

Fresh OJ

Past OJ

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Insulin (BMI < 25kg/m2) Test

Fresh OJ

Past OJ

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Fresh OJ

Past OJ

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Test Fresh OJ Past OJ Test Fresh OJ Past OJ

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b b

a

B B

B

Glucose (AUC after 300 min)

Insulin (AUC after 300 min)

Normal weight Obese

Normal weight Obese

b

a a,b

A A A

Leptin • appetite stimulators • appetite inhibitors • in the hypothalamic ARC and postsynaptic sites

Adiponectin • Insulin-sensitizing property • Inverse association with IR

and Diabetes (obesity) Leptin

Adipocytes

Energy Expenditure

Appetite

CNTF (cytokine)

Biochemical markers and appetite after acute intake of OJ

satiety

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Normal Obese

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Normal weight Obese

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Leptin (AUC after 300 min)

Adiponectin (AUC after 300 min)

A

Conclusions

Consumption of Orange Juice (long and short-term): • No effect on the Nutritional Status of regular consumers • Reduced markers related to insulin resistance and

cardiovascular disease • Increased the antioxidant capacity • Decrease inflammation markers in blood and liver • Improve the satiety

• Is good for your health!

Functional properties and health benefits of orange juice · HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.20 0.29 1.16 0.31...

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Transcript of Functional properties and health benefits of orange juice · HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.20 0.29 1.16 0.31...