FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS€¦ · DK’s First Science Encyclopedia is filled with fun science...

THE AIM

This Activity Pack can be used with children either at home or in the classroom. It includes five activities, one for each day of the week.

Children can dip in and out and complete as many activities as they like. The focus of the pack is for children to explore some of their favourite science topics – from the human body, the living world and physical materials, to forces and motion and earth and space.

There are lots of interesting, fun and educational activities and experiments to complete; it’s time to GET SCIENTIFIC!

ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9

DK CURRICULUM RESOURCE:

SCIENCE!FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS

BOOKS INCLUDED IN THIS PACK

DK’s First Science Encyclopediais filled with fun science facts about many different subjects, from the human body and animals to facts about space and matter.

From the blood and breathing to rocks and minerals, kids will love getting to grips with this exciting encyclopedia.

Perfect for homework or just for fun, Science Encyclopediaplace for young scientists a

five activities, one for each day

Children can dip in and out and complete as many activities as they like. The focus of the pack is for children to explore some of their favourite science topics – from the human body, the living world and physical materials, to forces and motion and earth and space.

There are lots of interesting, fun and educational activities and experiments to complete; it’s time to GET SCIENTIFIC!

BOOKS INCLUDED IN THIS PACK

First Science Encyclopedia

many different subjects, from the human body and animals to facts

DK CURRICULUM RESOURCE:

SCIENCE!FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS

complete as many activities as they like. The focus of the pack is for children to

topics – from the human body, the living world and physical materials, to forces

1

human body and animals to facts about space and matter.

From the blood and breathing to rocks and minerals, kids will love getting to grips with this exciting encyclopedia.

Perfect for homework or just for fun, First Science Encyclopedia

First Science Encyclopediais filled with fun science facts about many different subjects, from the

is the ideal starting Science Encyclopedia is the ideal starting Science Encyclopediaplace for young scientists aged 7 - 9.

First Science Encyclopediais filled with fun science facts about many different subjects, from the human body and animals to facts about space and matter.

2

SCIENCE DK CURRICULUM RESOURCE:

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES& OUTCOMES• ACTIVITY 1: LIFE SCIENCE –

INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

CURRICULUM LINKS: Identifying

inherited characteristics in living

things; understanding that variation

occurs within offspring; understanding

the difference between inherited and

environmental characteristics.

OUTCOMES: A completed Inheritance

Profile; a list of inherited and

environmental characteristics.

• ACTIVITY 2: LIFE SCIENCE – HEART RATES

CURRICULUM LINKS: Understanding

and describing the functions of the

heart and blood; identifying that the

heart rate increases with exercise;

recording scientific results using

description, drawings, diagrams

and tables.

OUTCOMES: A record of heart rates

with exercise; a diagram of the heart

with labels.

• ACTIVITY 3: MATERIALS SCIENCE – PROPERTIES OF MATTER

CURRICULUM LINKS: Organising objects

according to the material they are

made from; describing materials

according to their properties; recording

and analysing results of a ‘sink or

float experiment’; creating a new

invention with different materials.

OUTCOMES: A list of materials and

objects made from those materials;

a description of the properties of

materials; a record of results from

an experiment; a ‘planning sheet’

for a new invention.

• ACTIVIT Y 4: PHYSICAL SCIENCE – FORCES AND MOTION

CURRICULUM LINKS: Understanding

and describing the functions of the

heart and blood; identifying that

the heart rate increases with exercise;

recording scientific results using

description, drawings, diagrams

and tables.

OUTCOMES: A record of heart rates

with exercise; a diagram of the heart

with labels.

• ACTIVITY 5: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE – STARRY SKIES

• CURRICULUM LINKS: Defining the

different features of the solar system;

creating an informative leaflet about

the life cycle of a star; observing and

creating an image of the night-sky.

OUTCOMES: A leaflet about the life

cycle of a star; drawings and crafted

pictures of the night-sky.


3

ACTIVITY ONE:

LIFE SCIENCE – INHERITANCE

Note, for this activity, children need photos of themselves, their siblings and their parents or relatives. It might also be helpful to have pictures of their parents when they were the age the children are now.


[Pages 32–33]

DID YOU KNOW?

Your genes are a set of chemical

instructions for building someone just

like you. You inherit them from your

parents, which is why you are like them

in many ways. But unless you are a

twin, your genes are unique. [2]

Look at any photographs of your

parents. Discuss which characteristics

you have inherited from your parents.

GET SCIENTIFIC!

Copy and complete the Inheritance

Profile on this page by inserting images

and notes to show the things that you

and any of your siblings have inherited

from your parents.

Do you share any characteristics with your siblings, or do they look different to you? Use the following categories as starting points:

• Face shape

• Ear lobes (attached or not)

• Eye colour

• Hair colour

PARENT 1

OFFSPRING 1 OFFSPRING 2

INHERITED:

PARENT 2

4


33

Inheritance Life science

32

You

r gen

es are a

set of chemica

l in

struction

s for build

ing

someon

e just

like you

. You

inherit them

from y

our

paren

ts, which is w

hy y

ou a

re like them

in m

an

y w

ays. B

ut u

nless y

ou

are a

twin

, you

r gen

es are u

niqu

e.

Inheritance

Seeing doubleId

entica

l twin

s share m

ost of their gen

es. A

qua

rter of these are m

irror twin

s, which

mea

ns tha

t they a

re a m

irror ima

ge of

each other. F

or exam

ple, they m

ight ha

ve a

n id

entica

l mole, bu

t on the opposite

arm

to each other.

Colour blindness

Som

e people have a

gen

e which ca

uses

them to be colou

r blind

. Look a

t the circle below

. If you

can

see the nu

mber

insid

e then y

ou a

ren’t colou

r blind

.

What does D

NA

stand for?

Who do you look like?

Child

ren ha

ve a m

ixture of g

enes

from their pa

rents. T

his is why

from

their paren

ts. This is w

hy

you

mig

ht have y

our m

um

’s ey

es but y

our d

ad

’s smile!

Deo

xyrib

onuc

leic

aci

d.

Chrom

osomes

Chrom

osomes

You

r gen

es are org

an

ised in

to Y

our g

enes a

re orga

nised

into

46 chromosom

es, arra

ng

ed in

23 pa

irs. Gen

es an

d chrom

osomes a

re m

ad

e from the chem

ical ca

lled D

NA

.

Tiny cellsC

ells are the bu

ildin

g blocks tha

t ma

ke up a

ll livin

g thin

gs. E

ach cell in

you

r body

conta

ins

a com

plete set of gen

es – the inform

ation

to m

ake y

ou a

s you

are.

Am

azing DN

AD

NA

is ma

de of lon

g

molecu

les. Ea

ch molecu

le is m

ad

e up of tw

o parts join

ed

together like a tw

isted rope la

dd

er. D

NA

carries in

struction

s on how

to m

ake cells w

ork, an

d how

differen

t types of cells d

evelop an

d join

together to build

a

living thin

g, such a

s a pla

nt or a

nim

al.

Test your fam

ily and friends to see if anyone you know

is colour blind.

Mem

brane

Nucleus

What is a gene?

Every cell in

your bod

y conta

ins

a set of a

bout 20,000 gen

es. A

ll living thin

gs pass on

their gen

es to their offspring. S

exua

l reprod

uction

combin

es two sets

This child has inherited her hair

and skin colour from

her mother.

The chromosom

es of your father determ

ine w

hether you will be

a boy or a girl.a boy or a girl.

You can only roll your tongue if the right genes are active.

DN

A

molecules are

made of tw

o long strands tw

isted around each other.

of genes. Y

ou’ve got tw

o of each

gene, on

e from you

r mother a

nd

on

e from you

r father. S

ometim

es the gen

e from you

r mother com

es in

to action

, an

d other tim

es your

father’s gen

e win

s out.

Chromosom

e

Tu

rnT

urn

an

d lea

rnA

nim

al

reprod

uction

: p

p. 30-31

Hea

lth:

Hea

lth:

pp

. 40-41

DNANANstrandscarryinfofofrmation.

FINA

L TASK

FINA

L TASK

FINA

L TASK

Wha

t are the d

ifferences

Wha

t are the d

ifferences

Wha

t are the d

ifferences

or va

riatio

ns b

etween

yo

u

or va

riatio

ns b

etween

yo

u

or va

riatio

ns b

etween

yo

u

an

d y

ou

r siblin

gs? S

o fa

r, a

nd

yo

ur sib

ling

s? So

far,

an

d y

ou

r siblin

gs? S

o fa

r,

yo

u’ve a

dd

ed ‘in

herited

’ y

ou

’ve ad

ded

‘inh

erited’

yo

u’ve a

dd

ed ‘in

herited

’

cha

racteristics to

yo

ur

cha

racteristics to

yo

ur

cha

racteristics to

yo

ur

pro

file, bu

t wh

at a

bo

ut

pro

file, bu

t wh

at a

bo

ut

pro

file, bu

t wh

at a

bo

ut

‘enviro

nm

enta

l’ ‘en

viron

men

tal’

‘enviro

nm

enta

l’

chara

cteristics? cha

racteristics?

chara

cteristics?

Wha

t could

these be?W

hat cou

ld these be?

Wha

t could

these be?

33

Inheritance Life scienceLife science

32

You

r gen

es are a

set of chemica

l in

struction

s for build

ing

someon

e just

like you

. You

inherit them

from y

our

paren

ts, which is w

hy y

ou a

re like them

in m

an

y w

ays. B

ut u

nless y

ou

are a

twin

, you

r gen

es are u

niqu

e.

Inheritance

Seeing doubleId

entica

l twin

s share m

ost of their gen

es. A

qua

rter of these are m

irror twin

s, which

mea

ns tha

t they a

re a m

irror ima

ge of

each other. F

or exam

ple, they m

ight ha

ve a

n id

entica

l mole, bu

t on the opposite

arm

to each other.

Colour blindness

Som

e people have a

gen

e which ca

uses

them to be colou

r blind

. Look a

t the circle below

. If you

can

see the nu

mber

insid

e then y

ou a

ren’t colou

r blind

.

What does D

NA

stand for?

Who do you look like?

Child

ren ha

ve a m

ixture of g

enes

from their pa

rents. T

his is why

from

their paren

ts. This is w

hy

you

mig

ht have y

our m

um

’s ey

es but y

our d

ad

’s smile!

Deo

xyrib

onuc

leic

aci

d.

Chrom

osomes

Chrom

osomes

You

r gen

es are org

an

ised in

to Y

our g

enes a

re orga

nised

into

46 chromosom

es, arra

ng

ed in

23 pa

irs. Gen

es an

d chrom

osomes a

re m

ad

e from the chem

ical ca

lled D

NA

.

Tiny cellsC

ells are the bu

ildin

g blocks tha

t ma

ke up a

ll livin

g thin

gs. E

ach cell in

you

r body

conta

ins

a com

plete set of gen

es – the inform

ation

to m

ake y

ou a

s you

are.

Am

azing DN

AD

NA

is ma

de of lon

g

molecu

les. Ea

ch molecu

le is m

ad

e up of tw

o parts join

ed

together like a tw

isted rope la

dd

er. D

NA

carries in

struction

s on how

to m

ake cells w

ork, an

d how

differen

t types of cells d

evelop an

d join

together to build

a

living thin

g, such a

s a pla

nt or a

nim

al.

Test your fam

ily and friends to see if anyone you know

is colour blind.

Mem

brane

Nucleus

What is a gene?

Every cell in

your bod

y conta

ins

a set of a

bout 20,000 gen

es. A

ll living thin

gs pass on

their gen

es to their offspring. S

exua

l reprod

uction

combin

es two sets

This child has inherited her hair

and skin colour from

her mother.

The chromosom

es of your father determ

ine w

hether you will be

a boy or a girl.a boy or a girl.

You can only roll your tongue if the right genes are active.

DN

A

molecules are

made of tw

o long strands tw

isted around each other.

of genes. Y

ou’ve got tw

o of each

gene, on

e from you

r mother a

nd

on

e from you

r father. S

ometim

es the gen

e from you

r mother com

es in

to action

, an

d other tim

es your

father’s gen

e win

s out.

Chromosom

e

Tu

rnT

urn

an

d lea

rnA

nim

al

reprod

uction

: p

p. 30-31

Hea

lth:

Hea

lth:

pp

. 40-41

DNANANstrandscarryinfofofrmation.

5

ACTIVITY TWO:

LIFE SCIENCE – HEART RATES

BEATS IN 10

SECONDS

MULTIPLY BY 6

BEATS PER

MINUTE

RESTING

JOGGING

STAR JUMPS

RESTING


[Pages 36–37]

DID YOU KNOW?

Every time your heart beats, it pumps

blood around your body. Half of the

heart sends blood through your lungs.

The other half sends blood around

the rest of your body. [Page 36]

Our heart is a muscle which functions

as a very powerful pump to transport

blood around the body. It beats

somewhere between 60 and 100 times a

minute (B.P.M.), but can beat even faster

than that if needed. The more you move

and exercise, the higher your B.P.M.

GET SCIENTIFIC!

Find some space to get active! With a

sibling, friend or family member, you

need to record each other’s heart rates

when you do the following exercises:

Match the following exercises to the right heart rates. Explain your choices:

What pattern do you see?

Can you identify that heart rate

increases or decreases with exercise?

Why do you think this happens?

What is the heart working harder to do?

Walking slowly

Sleeping

Sprinting

Reading

Jogging

Walking fast

105 B.P.M

67 B.P.M

140 B.P.M

120 B.P.M

78 B.P.M.

95 B.P.M

Answers: Sleeping 67 B.P.M.; Reading 78 B.P.M.; Walking slowly 95 B.P.M.; Walking fast 105 B.P.M.; Jogging 120 B.P.M.; Sprinting 140 B.P.M.

6

ACTIVITY TWO:

LIFE SCIENCE – HEART RATES


FINAL TASK

Draw and label the heart diagram

on this page using what you know

about the heart and the information

on page 7 of this activity pack.

Use this list to help you!

Right atrium

Left atrium

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs

Oxygen-poor blood from the body

[Pages 36–37]

7


Every few

second

s you brea

the in a

ir. In

side you

r lun

gs,oxygen from

the air

passes in

to your blood

, which then

ca

rries the oxygen a

ll roun

d you

r body.

Blood and breathingBlood and breathing

Transport systemB

lood tra

vels arou

nd

our

body

in tu

bes called

blood

vessels. The vessels ca

lled

arteries (red

) carry

blood

aw

ay from

you

r heart.

Vessels ca

lled vein

s (blu

e) carry

blood

back to y

our hea

rt.

How

many tim

es does a child’s heart beat every day?

Heart

Arteries

Veins

The left-hand pum

p squirts blood to the organs and m

uscles.

Your beating heartE

very tim

e you

r heart

beats, it pu

mps

blood a

roun

d y

our

body. H

alf of the

heart sen

ds blood

throu

gh y

our

lun

gs. T

he other ha

lf send

s blood

arou

nd

the rest of y

our bod

y.

LungsY

our lu

ng

s fill most of the spa

ce insid

e Y

our lu

ng

s fill most of the spa

ce insid

e y

our ribca

ge. T

hey ta

ke in oxy

gen

y

our ribca

ge. T

hey ta

ke in oxy

gen

from

the air a

nd

send

out w

aste

carbon

dioxid

e.

A c

hild

’s h

eart

bea

ts b

etw

een

130,

000

and

170,

000

times

a d

ay.

White blood cells, w

hich are part of the im

mune

system, fight disease.

Platelets help to

repair broken skin and blood vessels.

Red blood cells, the

most com

mon type of

blood cell, carry oxygen.

You breathe through your nose

or your mouth.

The right-hand pum

p sends blood to the lungs to receive oxygen.

Blood from legs and feet

Blood to legs and feet

Blood to all parts of body

Blood from

right lung

Blood to left lung

No lungs

Not every

an

ima

l has lu

ng

s. T

here are other w

ays

an

ima

ls breathe.

Insects su

ch as ca

terpillars

breathe throu

gh bod

y

openin

gs ca

lled spira

cles.

Frog

s can

absorb oxy

gen

throu

gh their skin

– even

un

derw

ater.

Ma

ny

sea crea

tures su

ch as

sharks brea

the throug

h gills.

Your lungs are like sponges. They are full of tiny channels and cham

bers.

The muscle under

your lungs is called the diaphragm

. This m

oves up and down

to make you breathe.

Nostril

Mouth

Tooth

3736 Life science

Blood and breathing

Blood and breathing

Liquid of lifeB

lood is made up of

three types of cells floating in plasm

a.

8

ACTIVITY THREE:

MATERIALS SCIENCE – PROPERTIES OF MATTER


[Pages 54–55]

DID YOU KNOW?

Some materials are hard and brittle,

while others are flexible. Some materials

are colourful, while others are

transparent. These kinds of features

are called “properties”. [Page 54]

Look at some of the materials listed below and match them to the object that they are suitable for making.

Answers: Metal, Knives and Forks; Plastic, Water Bottles; Wood, Tables and Chairs; Glass, Windows; Leather, Shoes and Belts; Cotton, T-shirts; Paper, Envelopes.

Metal

Plastic

Wood

Glass

Leather

Cotton

Envelopes

Tables and Chairs

Windows

Knives and Forks

Shoes and Belts

T-shirts

Paper Water Bottles

Use the Wordbank below to help you

describe each of the seven objects listed

in the box on the left. For example:

Shoes and Belts are bendy.

SmoothSoft Hard

SQUASHABLE

STRONGStretchyFRAGILE

Rough Weak

ColourfulTWISTABLEDull

SHINY THIN

Reflective

9

ACTIVITY THREE:

MATERIALS SCIENCE – PROPERTIES OF MATTER

OBJECT FLOAT SINK

COIN

PENCILPENCILPENCILPENCIL

COTTON BALLCOTTON BALL

CRAYONCRAYON

RUBBERBANDBAND

WOODENSTICK


[Pages 54–55]

GET SCIENTIFIC!

Have a guess: which of the materials

listed on the previous page might sink

in water? Which would float?

Carry out your own Sink or Float

experiment at home with a parent/carer

or sibling. Use a fairly deep bowl of water or sibling. Use a fairly deep bowl of water

along with household objects like those

listed on the sheet opposite. Add any of

your own objects/materials. Make sure

that you record your findings!

FINAL TASK

Imagine you’ve been asked to

come up with a new invention!

What are your ideas?

When you’ve come up with

something, create a list of materials

that you’d like to use in your own

invention.

Make sure you explain why you’d

like to use them and what purpose

they serve! Complete a Planning

Sheet to show your ideas.

10


5554

Som

e ma

terials a

re hard

an

d

brittle, while others a

re flexible. S

ome m

ateria

ls are colou

rful, w

hile others a

re tran

sparen

t. These kin

ds

of featu

res are ca

lled “properties”.

Properties of matter

Brittleness

Som

e ma

terials, su

ch as w

ind

ow

gla

ss, are pa

rticula

rly brittle.

They

will brea

k when

pushed

ou

t of shape even

a sm

all a

mou

nt.

Does it float?

It’s easy

to learn

a

bout som

e properties, su

ch as the a

bility

to float. T

he am

oun

t of m

atter in

a certa

in

volum

e of an

object is ca

lled its d

ensity.

Objects a

nd

liquid

s floa

t on liqu

ids of a

hig

her den

sity a

nd

sin

k throug

h liquid

s of a

lower d

ensity.

Is diamond harder than quartz?

Properties of matter

Materials science

Broken

glass

Yes,

dio

mon

d is

the

har

dest

min

eral

of

all.

It ca

n sc

ratc

h qu

artz

.

Freezing point is the tem

perature at which

a liquid becomes a solid.

Plasticity is how

well

a solid can be reshaped.

Conductivity is how

well

a material lets electricity

or heat travel through it.

Boiling point is the

hottest a liquid can get before becom

ing a gas.

Main properties

There a

re ma

ny d

ifferent

properties of ma

tter.

A sm

ooth flowA

smooth flow

Som

e liquid

s flow m

ore S

ome liqu

ids flow

more

easily

than

others. It depen

ds

easily

than

others. It depen

ds

on their “stickin

ess”, or viscosity. on

their “stickiness”, or viscosity.

Hot la

va from

a volca

no flow

s H

ot lava

from a

volcan

o flows

slowly

becau

se it is sticky.slow

ly beca

use it is sticky.

An onion sinks through oil and

water, but floats on syrup.

Syrup sinks below w

ater.

A cork floats on oil.

Oil floats on w

ater.

1 TalcTalc

Hardness

A scien

tist called

Fried

rich Mohs crea

ted a

scale

usin

g ten

min

erals to com

pare how

hard

they

are. M

an

y m

ateria

ls are g

rad

ed on

this scale.

are. M

an

y m

ateria

ls are g

rad

ed on

this scale.

are. M

an

y m

ateria

ls are g

rad

ed on

this scale.

are. M

an

y m

ateria

ls are g

rad

ed on

this scale.

Tensile strength is how

much a m

aterial can stretch w

ithout breaking.

Flamm

ability is how

easily and quickly a substance w

ill catch fire.

Reflectivity is how

well

a material reflects light.

Water reflects w

ell.

Malleability is how

well

a solid can be shaped w

ithout breaking.

Flexibility is how easily

a material can be bent.

Solubility is how w

ell a substance w

ill dissolve, such as salt in w

ater.

Transparency is how

well a m

aterial will let

light pass through it.

Com

pressibilityC

ompressibility

Ga

ses can

be squ

ashed

, or com

pressed, by

squ

eezing

more

into the sa

me

space. T

his is wha

t spa

ce. This is w

hat

happen

s when

you

ha

ppens w

hen y

ou

pum

p up a

tyre.

A plastic building brick sinks

through oil but floats on water.

2 G

ypsum3

Calcite

4 Fluorite

5 A

patite6

Feldspar7

Quartz

8 Topaz

9 C

orundum

10 D

iamond

Gas can be com

pressed because its particles are far

apart. A bicycle pum

p pushes the particles closer together.

Diam

ond is the hardest

mineral.

Foot pump

Gas particles

A good insulator

Hea

t can

not ea

sily pa

ss throu

gh som

e ma

terials.

These a

re know

n a

s in

sula

tors. For exa

mple,

aerog

el can

completely

block the hea

t of a fla

me. B

ut

don

’t try this a

t home!

Talc is the Talc is the Talc is the Talc is the softest m

ineralsoftest m

ineralhandson

Collect some

different pebbles and put them

in order of hardness. A

pebble is harder than another if it scratches it. This is

how M

ohs worked

out his scale.

ACTIVITY FOUR:

PHYSICAL SCIENCE – FORCES AND MOTION

11


[Pages 90–91]

DID YOU KNOW?

It can be difficult to make an object move,

but once it is moving, it will go on moving

until something stops it. Force is needed

to start something moving, make it move

faster, and make it stop. [Page 90]

FIND OUT!

You are going to carry out a object-

rolling experiment. You need to complete

the five stages listed below. Make sure

that you record your findings on the

experiment sheet on the next page.

1. Make a ramp using fi ve books and a plank of wood or other material.

2. Roll a ball or object down the ramp and measure how far it goes.

3. Consider how you can make it roll further without throwing it.

4. Try this again but change the ball or object. Try a different type of ball or

another object that rolls, for example a tin of beans or another type of can or bottle. Which do you think will go further and why?

5. Try this again but change the surface. Try another smooth surface, as well as a rough surface like carpet. What changes do you see?

ACTIVITY FOUR:

PHYSICAL SCIENCE – FORCES AND MOTION

12

EQUIPMENT WHAT I DID:

WHAT I FOUND OUT: A DRAWING OF MY EXPERIMENT:


[Pages 90–91]

GET SCIENTIFIC!

Use an experiment sheet like the one below or create your own to record your results!

FINAL TASK

Read your experiment sheets to see what

you have found. Can you describe the

different stages of your experiment using

some of the following words?

FORCES ACCELERATIONMOTIONENERGY MASS

DROPHEIGHTINCREASESPEED KINETIC DECREASE

13


It can

be difficu

lt to ma

ke an

object move,

It can

be difficu

lt to ma

ke an

object move,

but on

ce it is movin

g, it will g

o on m

oving

bu

t once it is m

oving, it w

ill go on

movin

g

un

til somethin

g stops it. F

orce is need

ed

un

til somethin

g stops it. F

orce is need

ed

to start som

ething

movin

g, ma

ke it move

to start som

ething

movin

g, ma

ke it move

faster, a

nd

ma

ke it stop.

Forces and motion

New

ton’s second law

The big

ger the force a

nd

the lighter

the object, the grea

ter the accelera

tion.

A profession

al cy

clist with a

lightw

eight

bike will a

ccelerate fa

ster than

a n

orma

l person

cyclin

g to w

ork.

How

fast can a skydiver fall?

Forces make things

Forces make things

accelerate. In this case, accelerate. In this case, the force is created by the force is created by the cyclist’s pow

erful legs.the cyclist’s pow

erful legs.

Accelerating is fun, but defining it

in scientific terms can be confusing.

This is because acceleration doesn’t just m

ean speeding up. It is any change in velocity. So, it is also used to describe slow

ing down and changing direction.

The

max

imum

vel

ocity

of

falli

ng t

hrou

gh a

ir is

200

kph

(12

4 m

ph).

New

ton’s laws of m

otion In

1687, Isaa

c New

ton presen

ted three

importa

nt ru

les that expla

in how

forces ma

ke thin

gs m

ove. They

have becom

e the foun

da

tion

of physics a

nd

work for ju

st abou

t everythin

g, from

footballs to frog

s. N

ewton’s first law

A

n object stay

s still, or keeps movin

g in

a

straig

ht line a

t a con

stan

t speed, if it

isn’t bein

g pu

shed or pu

lled by

a force.

New

ton’s third lawN

ewton’s third law

Every

action

has a

n equ

al a

nd

opposite rea

ction. T

he leaf m

oves aw

ay a

s the frog

leaps in

the opposite direction

.

InertiaW

hen thin

gs are sta

nd

ing still or m

oving, they

con

tinu

e to rema

in in

the state they a

re in

(un

less force is applied

to them to cha

nge it).

This ten

den

cy to be as they a

re is called

inertia

.

The golf ball will carry


on rolling until friction, on rolling until friction, gravity, and air resistance gravity, and air resistance slow

it down.

slow it dow

n.

Balanced forces

Forces a

ct on objects

all the tim

e. Opposin

g

all the tim

e. Opposin

g

forces can

be bala

nced

out.

When

this happen

s, the object w

on’t be pu

shed in

an

y d

irection.

LIFT

THRU

ST

Speed and velocityS

peed is d

ifferent from

velocity. Speed

is how fa

st you

are g

oing

a

nd

is easy

to work ou

t – divid

e how fa

r you

travel by

the time it

takes. Y

our velocity

is how fa

st you

travel in

a pa

rticula

r direction

. C

han

gin

g d

irection w

ithout slow

ing

redu

ces you

r velocity, but

you

r speed stay

s the sam

e.

DRA

G/

DRA

G/

FRICTIO

NFRIC

TION

GRAV

ITYG

RAVITY

The football w

ould stay still if the footballer

didn’t kick it.

Rescue helicopters balance forces so they can hover above the w

aves.9190 Physical science

Forces and motion

Tu

rna

nd

learn

Ma

gn

etism:

pp

. 78-79 G

ravity

: G

ravity

: p

p. 88-89

intw

ohou

rs,you

rspeed

isIf

you

drive

80km

(50m

iles)

40kph

(25m

ph).

It can

be difficu

lt to ma

ke an

object move,

It can

be difficu

lt to ma

ke an

object move,

but on

ce it is movin

g, it will g

o on m

oving

bu

t once it is m

oving, it w

ill go on

movin

g

un

til somethin

g stops it. F

orce is need

ed

un

til somethin

g stops it. F

orce is need

ed

to start som

ething

movin

g, ma

ke it move

to start som

ething

movin

g, ma

ke it move

faster, a

nd

ma

ke it stop.

Forces and motion

New

ton’s second law

The big

ger the force a

nd

the lighter


ter the accelera

tion.

A profession

al cy

clist with a

lightw

eight

bike will a

ccelerate fa

ster than

a n

orma

l person

cyclin

g to w

ork.

How


Forces make things

Forces make things



erful legs.






The

max

imum

vel

ocity

of

falli

ng t

hrou

gh a

ir is

200

kph

(12

4 m

ph).

New

ton’s laws of m

otion In

1687, Isaa

c New

ton presen

ted three

importa

nt ru

les that expla

in how

forces ma

ke thin

gs m

ove. They

have becom

e the foun

da

tion

of physics a

nd

work for ju

st abou

t everythin

g, from

footballs to frog

s. N

ewton’s first law

A

n object stay


g in

a

straig

ht line a

t a con

stan

t speed, if it

isn’t bein

g pu

shed or pu

lled by

a force.

New

ton’s third lawN

ewton’s third law

Every

action

has a

n equ

al a

nd

opposite rea

ction. T

he leaf m

oves aw

ay a

s the frog

leaps in


.

InertiaW

hen thin

gs are sta

nd

ing still or m

oving, they

con

tinu

e to rema

in in

the state they a

re in

(un


to them to cha

nge it).

This ten

den

cy to be as they a

re is called

inertia

.




it down.

slow it dow

n.

Balanced forces

Forces a

ct on objects

all the tim

e. Opposin

g

all the tim

e. Opposin

g

forces can

be bala

nced

out.

When

this happen

s, the object w

on’t be pu

shed in

an

y d

irection.

LIFT

THRU

ST

Speed and velocityS

peed is d

ifferent from

velocity. Speed

is how fa

st you

are g

oing

a

nd

is easy

to work ou

t – divid

e how fa

r you

travel by

the time it

takes. Y

our velocity

is how fa

st you

travel in

a pa

rticula

r direction

. C

han

gin

g d

irection w

ithout slow

ing

redu

ces you

r velocity, but

you

r speed stay

s the sam

e.

DRA

G/

DRA

G/

FRICTIO

NFRIC

TION

GRAV

ITYG

RAVITY

The football w


didn’t kick it.



Forces and motion

Tu

rna

nd

learn

Ma

gn

etism:

pp

. 78-79 G

ravity

: G

ravity

: p

p. 88-89

intw

ohou

rs,you

rspeed

isIf

you

drive

80km

(50m

iles)

40kph

(25m

ph).

It can

be difficu

lt to ma

ke an

object move,

It can

be difficu

lt to ma

ke an

object move,

but on

ce it is movin

g, it will g

o on m

oving

bu

t once it is m

oving, it w

ill go on

movin

g

un

til somethin

g stops it. F

orce is need

ed

un

til somethin

g stops it. F

orce is need

ed

to start som

ething

movin

g, ma

ke it move

to start som

ething

movin

g, ma

ke it move

faster, a

nd

ma

ke it stop.

Forces and motion

New

ton’s second law

The big

ger the force a

nd

the lighter


ter the accelera

tion.

A profession

al cy

clist with a

lightw

eight

bike will a

ccelerate fa

ster than

a n

orma

l person

cyclin

g to w

ork.

How


Forces make things

Forces make things



erful legs.






The

max

imum

vel

ocity

of

falli

ng t

hrou

gh a

ir is

200

kph

(12

4 m

ph).

New

ton’s laws of m

otion In

1687, Isaa

c New

ton presen

ted three

importa

nt ru

les that expla

in how

forces ma

ke thin

gs m

ove. They

have becom

e the foun

da

tion

of physics a

nd

work for ju

st abou

t everythin

g, from

footballs to frog

s. N

ewton’s first law

A

n object stay


g in

a

straig

ht line a

t a con

stan

t speed, if it

isn’t bein

g pu

shed or pu

lled by

a force.

New

ton’s third lawN

ewton’s third law

Every

action

has a

n equ

al a

nd

opposite rea

ction. T

he leaf m

oves aw

ay a

s the frog

leaps in


.

InertiaW

hen thin

gs are sta

nd

ing still or m

oving, they

con

tinu

e to rema

in in

the state they a

re in

(un


to them to cha

nge it).

This ten

den

cy to be as they a

re is called

inertia

.




it down.

slow it dow

n.

Balanced forces

Forces a

ct on objects

all the tim

e. Opposin

g

all the tim

e. Opposin

g

forces can

be bala

nced

out.

When

this happen

s, the object w

on’t be pu

shed in

an

y d

irection.

LIFT

THRU

ST

Speed and velocityS

peed is d

ifferent from

velocity. Speed

is how fa

st you

are g

oing

a

nd

is easy

to work ou

t – divid

e how fa

r you

travel by

the time it

takes. Y

our velocity

is how fa

st you

travel in

a pa

rticula

r direction

. C

han

gin

g d

irection w

ithout slow

ing

redu

ces you

r velocity, but

you

r speed stay

s the sam

e.

DRA

G/

DRA

G/

FRICTIO

NFRIC

TION

GRAV

ITYG

RAVITY

The football w


didn’t kick it.



Forces and motion

Tu

rna

nd

learn

Ma

gn

etism:

pp

. 78-79 G

ravity

: G

ravity

: p

p. 88-89

intw

ohou

rs,you

rspeed

isIf

you

drive

80km

(50m

iles)

40kph

(25m

ph).

ACTIVITY FIVE:

EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE – STARRY SKIES

14


[Pages 96–97]

DID YOU KNOW?

There are many more stars in the

Universe than there are grains of sand on

all the beaches on the Earth. Many are

far brighter than our Sun. [Page 96]

FIND OUT!

Can you match the following things

in our universe to their definition?

GET SCIENTIFIC!

Create an informative leaflet entitled:

The Life Cycle of a Star. In it, show the The Life Cycle of a Star. In it, show the The Life Cycle of a Star

stages of a medium-sized star as it burns

and eventually dies. There should be at

least four stages – so you might want to

fold your leaflet into four! Use diagrams

and information from the text to help you

create your leaflet.

FINAL TASK

Make it your mission to look up at

the stars in the night sky. Sketch

what you see using pencil and paper.

You might even turn your night-sky

into a poster for your bedroom!

A MEDIUM-SIZED STAR THAT HAS STARTED TO RUN OUT OF FUEL

A SYSTEM OF MILLIONS OR BILLIONS OF STARS HELD TOGETHER BY GRAVITY

A HUGE GLOWING BALL OF HOT GAS, MAINLY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM

THE STAR AROUND WHICH THE EARTH ORBITS

THE PLANET ON WHICH WE LIVE (THE WORLD)

THE FORCE THAT ATTRACTS A BODY TOWARDS THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH

SUN

EARTH

STAR

GRAVITY

RED GIANT

GALAXY

Turn to page 15 in this pack to check your answers, using the extract from DK First Science Encyclopedia.

15


There a

re ma

ny

more sta

rs in the

Un

iverse than

there are g

rain

s of sa

nd

on a

ll the beaches

on the E

arth. M

an

y a

re fa

r brighter tha

n ou

r Su

n.

Starry skies

How

many stars can you see on a clear, dark night?

Stars in motion

The position

of the stars

seems to cha

ng

e throug

hout

the nig

ht. The sta

rs are n

ot rea

lly m

oving, thou

gh. It is

the Ea

rth that is tu

rnin

g

benea

th them.

Starshine O

ur S

un

is a sta

r that is

halfw

ay throu

gh its life.

In the life cy

cle, it sits betw

een bein

g form

ed

within

a n

ebula

an

d

becomin

g a

red g

ian

t.

Abo

ut 2

,000

.

White dw

arfsThe outer layers of the star are eventually throw

n off into space. The cooling core is left behind. This is called a w

hite dwarf.

White dw

arfs are no bigger than the Earth.

SupernovaeThe m

ost massive

stars end their lives in huge supernovae explosions.

Black holes

When the biggest stars explode, m

ost m

aterial is blown outw

ards. But the core is crushed and collapses to form

a black hole.

Red giants

Stars are fuelled by the gas hydrogen. They burn until the hydrogen starts to run out. Then they expand, form

ing a red giant star. N

ebulaeG

ravity pulls together little knots of dust and gas inside the nebulae. Each one could becom

e a star, as gravity squeezes it tighter and it becom

es hotter.

The lives of starsT

he lives of stars beg

in

insid

e thick cloud

s of g

as in

space,

called

nebu

lae.

Shapes in the skyH

un

dred

s of yea

rs ag

o, people grou

ped sta

rs that

appea

r close together in

the sky in

to shapes ca

lled

constella

tions. T

hey a

ll have n

am

es – often rela

ted

to their shapes. T

his is the Plou

gh, in

Ursa

Ma

jor.

The Sun is made

mostly

ofhydrogen.

Nuclear reactions

Rem

nantsThe fragm

ents of the star can rem

ain glowing

in space for hundreds of years.

Core

Outer layer

9796 Earth and space science

Starry skiesStarry skies

Leave a camera shutter

open for a few hours on a

clear night, and you can see the stars leave trails

as the Earth rotates.

FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS€¦ · DK’s First Science Encyclopedia is filled with fun science...

Documents

Transcript of FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS€¦ · DK’s First Science Encyclopedia is filled with fun science...