PRESENTATION ON

TRACTION ENGINE CONTROL USING MICROCONTROLLER

SHRI SHANKARACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY :GAURAV AHUJA KUNIKA SAHU

GUIDED BY : MR. H.S. THAKUR SIR E.E.E. DEPARTMENT

Introduction to Intelligent Train Engines :-

Introduction to Intelligent Train Engines :-

• We know that the railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia and perhaps the most complicated in all over the world. There are so many different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods…. etc. and their so many multiple routs & that’s why the train accidents are becoming more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train engines itself so that it tries to avoid accidents.

• The idea is whenever any engine observes a red signal on its track it will start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some distance before the signal pole. After then when it gets green signal it will start increasing its speed again. As a result the driver can feel relax even if he forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid accidents by the implementation of this idea.

General description:-• What we have to do is we have to attach a transmitter with

signal pole which will start transmitting signals only when the red light is on. If there is no signal transmitted means there is a green signal. The engine has a receiver which catches these transmitted signals and takes desire actions.

• Here in our project we have used IR transmitter and receiver instead of RF for demo purpose. But same idea can be easily implemented for long range using RF type transmitter and reciever with a little more cost.

Demonstration Model :-• The train engine runs on 12V DC motor so that we can easily vary its

speed by varying applied voltage. The switching voltage is applied in step of 6V (min speed) , 8V, 10V and 12V (max. speed). The 230 VAC is step-down to 12 VAC by 12-0-12, 5 Ampere step down transformer.

230 to 12-0-12

5ATransformer

230 VAC

CONTROLLING CIRCUIT AND DC

MOTOR

12 VAC LINE

SLIDING CONTACTS IR SENSOR

TSOP 1738

SIGNAL ROADAND IR TRANSMITTER

• As shown in previous figure this 12 VAC line runs parallel with track at the top of the train. Movable tapping are taken from this line and fed to the internal circuit of engine. These tapping slides as the train runs on the track and give continuous supply to circuit. The IR reciever sensor is placed at the top of the engine, senses the signals transmitted by IR transmitter attached to signal pole and performs the speed regulation as per programmed in the controller.

• For the signal control we have created an Android Application which communicate with an external circuit connected with the traffic signals. This application uses bluetooth channel to communicate with the controller.

Since some work is to be done on the signal poles and some emergency protection sensor part of the project. This all will be covered in the extended project.

As of now, In our project engine will recieve the signals through the bluetooth communication with the android application dirrectly instead of receiving the IR signal from the signal pole.

BLUETOOTH COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CONTROLLER & THE ANDROID APPLICATION :-

•The first page of the application will just let you know the terms and conditions of the app including the copyright policies.

•The screen shot of the second page is shown in figure it is just for ensuring authorised access only.

•After entering the required Credentials the user can access the controls over the train.

After successful login, user need to connect to bluetooth module of the controller circuit using its pairing password.

Once the bluetooth module is successfully connected with the application, the blue background text will be converted into a green background text showing “Connected”

Communication between the two takes place now.

User will have two buttons available “forward” & “reverse”.

Pressing either of the buttons will provide options for the speed selection as shown in figure.

A break button is always available for stopping the train at any moment.

Direction & Speed Control :-

Direction & Speed Control :

• There are many methods available to control the speed of dc motors. But here we are using the armature voltage control to vary the speed.

• The main component of this circuit is the darlington transistor (TIP122) and PWM (pulse width modulated) signal generated by the controller.

• The greater will be the duty cycle of PWM signal to the base the lesser will be the resistance between it’s emmitter and collector terminal.

• When the user selects the required dirrection and speed in the application menu, it sends certain data to the controller. The controller decodes the data and performs the required action as programmed in it.

• The interfacing diagram of microcontroller with bluetooth module and the speed control circuit is shown in the next figure.

• Let for the forward dirrection, the controller sends a LOW signal to the relay & TIP122 (2) hence Relay is in normally closed position and terminals of TIP122(2) acts as a open circuited.

• Also according to the speed selected PWM signal with required Duty cycle is sent to the TIP122(1) which controls the power through the circuit.

FORWARD MOTION :

M

+12 V

ATM

EGA3

28 8

9

10

RX

GND VCC

TX

+5 V

XTAL1

XTAL2

0 (RX)1 (TX)

16

MHZ

5V RELAY

TIP122 (1)TIP122 (2)

12 V DC MOTOR

BT MODULE HC-05

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

N/C

LOW

LOW

PWM

DIRRECTION

OPEN

• Similiarly for the opposite dirrection, the controller sends a HIGH signal to the relay to shift it to normally open position and a LOW signal to TIP122(1) so its terminal acts as open circuited.

• Also according to the speed selected PWM signal with required Duty cycle is sent to the TIP122(2) which controls the power through the circuit.

REVERSE MOTION :

M

+12 V

ATM

EGA3

28 8

9

10

RX

GND VCC

TX

+5 V

XTAL1

XTAL2

0 (RX)1 (TX)

16

MHZ

5V RELAY

TIP122TIP122

12 V DC MOTOR

BT MODULE HC-05

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

N/O

PWM

HIGH

LOW

DIRRECTION

OPEN

BRAKING:

• If braking command is send to the engine at any movement. The controller checks the PWM signal transmitting at that moment. And reverse the dirrection with a lesser speed for a small duration.

Introduction to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) :

Introduction to a Printed Circuit Board :

• A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

• A PCB along with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA).

• PCB's can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. We have used the single sided PCB.

• PCB layout design.• Silk Screen Printing• Etching• Drilling• Soldering

Following are the basic steps of PCB design :-

Manufacturing :

PCB layout design :-• The required circuit design is captured in a

schematic using software like proteus, eagle etc. And most of these software also allow the design to be simulated.

• After the circuit design is captured in a schematic, then the PCB layout of the circuit is designed through it. Here we have used the express pcb for PCB layout designing.

Silk Screen Printing :• When the PCB layout is designed it is printed in a

glossy laser paper.• On applying heat and pressure on the printed PCB

layout will replicates the pattern onto the copper layer of the PCB which act as a protective mask against etching solution.

Etching process• In this process the board is submerged in etching

solution such as ferric chloride. This solution removes the unprotected copper leaving behind the required conducting path only.

• Chemical etching is usually done with ammonium per sulphate or ferric chloride.

24Fig. Etching with ferric chloride Fig. After etching (only required conducting path remains)

Holes through the PCB are made using small drill bits, wherever components are to fixed, this process is known as drilling.

The required components are soldered along with the conducting copper path hence completing the circuit.

Fig. Printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) of our project

THANKYOU