FULLTRAM project - Appalachian State UniversityBordeaux tramway network in revenue service since...

June 2006June 2006

FULLTRAM project

Jean-Paul MOSKOWITZ

June 7th, 2006 2nd International Hydrogen Train and Hydrail Conference, Herning, Denmark 2

The need for clean public urban transport keeps growing

1 City = 1 Tramway


Market requirements

New expectations– Visual impact: no overhead contact line

over a crossroad/square(i.e. Nice, ~500m)

preservation of historical city center

(i.e. Bordeaux, ~30% line)

all over the line

With usual constraints– Acquisition cost, Life Cycle Cost– Availability, Safety, Accessibility

And assumptions on existing properties– Remain a zero-emission vehicle– Retain same passenger capacity

– Energy optimisationconsumption reductionreduction in peak power required from power supply network


Overhead contact line

Pantograph

Catenary 750Vdc

Foundation &power poles Track 0 V


Removal of overhead contact line


Removal of overhead contact line

Improve vehicle integration into the cityImprove vehicle integration into the city


Alternatives to OverHead Contact Line

Ground level power supply (Alstom/Innorail)

On-board electric energy storage (batteries, flywheels, supercapacitors)

On-board electric energy production (internal combustion engine, fuel cell)


Ground level power supply(ALSTOM/Innorail)


InnorailBordeaux tramway network

in revenue service since December 2003

Phase 1 : 25 km, 47 stations, 44 trains 10.5 km APS

Phase 2 : 44 km, 84 stations, 70 trains 13.7 km APS


InnorailBordeaux tramway in city

Bordeaux CITADIS LRTon Pont de Pierre

Photo La CUBPlace Pey-Berland: CITADIS LRT in front of Bordeaux cathedral Photo La CUB


On-board Energy Storage

Typical 30 meter LRV characteristics:– mass: 40 t (empty) to 60 t (seated + 6 standees/m²)– Mean Energy: 4 kWh/km– Peak Power: 600 to 900 kW– Mean Power: 100 to 200 kW (inc. auxiliaries: 20 to 65 kW)

Main requirement:– No catenary between stations

Additional benefit– Braking energy recovery


On-board Energy StorageBatteries

Mature technology, continously evolving (Ld, NiCd, NiMH, Li-ion…)

Slow recharge to ensure battery lifetime

Suited for crossroad crossing


On-board Energy StorageBatteries for Nice future Tramway

In revenue service in 2007no overhead contact line on 2 squares :

Jean Médecin Place Masséna: 440mJean Jaurès Garibaldi: 470m

Use of NiMH batteries


On-board Energy Storage Flywheels

Balance Power/Energy suited for wireless operation in city centre

Allows braking energy recoveryRechargeable during vehicle stopsLifetime ~ vehicle lifetime (30 years)


Demonstration on Rotterdam tramway fitted with a flywheel

With pantograph lowered:Crossing Erasmus Bridge Up to 50 km/h

Energy optimisation


Energy optimisation:from sub-station to vehicle

Vehicle without Energy Storage System

TractionElectric Sub-station

RecoveryRheostatic lossesGrid restitution

Traction Energy Braking Energy

Vehicle under OverHead Contact Line


Energy optimisation:from sub-station to vehicle

Vehicle with Energy Storage System

Electric Sub-stationRheostatic losses

Flywheel discharge

Traction Energy Braking Energy

Recovery Grid restitutionFlywheel Recharge

Vehicle under OverHead Contact Line


FULLTRAM project objectives

Overhead Contact Line and all High Voltage equipment Removal (substations…) on line and in depotRemain Zero Emission vehicle Fuel Cell VehicleHybrid traction system : onboard energy storage allows braking energy recovery and supplies power "smaller FC"On-board hydrogen storage.Hydrogen storage, compression and distribution in the depot.On-board energy management (Fuel cell and energy storage system).


Scope of the FULLTRAM project

H2 indepot

H2 Production: Primary energy source: natural gas, bio-gas, electrolysis …

M M

FUEL CELLESS

H2O

H2H2H2

Air (O2)

Energy Management

H2

FUEL CELL

ALSTOM performed a feasibility study (PREFULLTRAM project) supported by PREDIT and DRAST, with the partnership of Air Liquide, Axane, INRETS and Grenoble LRT Authorities


PREFULLTRAM project objectives

Assess technical feasibility of an experimentation on CITADIS tramway in real operation conditions with passengers

Assess economical feasibility (Life Cycle Cost)

State requirements and recommandations for future tramway generation

RAMS objectives : the same as actual tramway systems

Lifetime objective : same as actual tramway systems = 30years.


Today Citadis tramway

Full low floor all equipment are roof mounted


Impact on Rolling Stock

FlywheelFlywheel Space for FuelCells and H2 tanks

Energy storage solutions depends of the following itemsNumber of Fuel Cells (2, 3 or 4) (data issued from FEBUSS European project)Number of Flywheels (1 or 2)Type of H2 tank (350b or 700b)Autonomy duration (0.5 or 1 day)

Flywheel2.5 m21200 Kg

Fuel cell (2 stacks)5 m21400 Kg

Tanks 350b1 day: 1120Kg 12.6m20.5 day: 745Kg 8m2

Hypothesis used for sizingLine length : 12 kmvehicles (30 m long)60 000 km/year/train9 hours/day (average)

Tanks 700b1 day: 1150Kg 4.5m20.5 day: 580Kg 2.5m2

Miscelaneous0.2 m2550 Kg


Impact on Rolling Stock(long term)

In order to put Fuel Cell equipment on roof, reductions of mass and volume must be obtained:

No watercooling for motorsAuxiliary converter length : -20% mass : -20% massTraction boxes length : -20% mass : -20% massBrake resistor length : -50% mass : -50% massAir conditioning length : -100mmLow Voltage boxes length : -50% mass : -10% for tram –50%for roofBatteries length : -25% mass : -25%

Evaluation of available space on roofEvaluation of mass limitation due to maximum axle-loadEvaluation of structural resistanceConsideration about interfaces, connections, accessibility, maintenance, ….

Those assumptions are not yet achievable


Fuel Cell Tramway Project

Tests organisation

Simulations

Tests on bench test


Simulations

Models and tools have been developped

Use of Advisor simulation tool, developped by NREL

Use of Fuel Cell, flywheel and supercapacitor models

Simulation of the hybrid vehicle


COPPACE: simulationsfor 30m-tram and 18 lines


Bench test

Test bench has been erected during COPPACE project, in Tarbes

Test of each component separately: supercapacitor (2004), flywheel(2005), single fuel cell module (use of FEBUSS 100 kW module: 2007)

Test of simultaneous use of these components to validate the hybrid architecture (2007)


COPPACE test bench

Outdoor H2storage area

Hydrogen connections


COPPACE test bench

Low & high pressure H2 reducing station


COPPACE test bench

Resistive Load

Control desk


6 7b

12

7

6 7b

1 2 7

Small ‘ labo ’ spaceNo circulation from cab to cab

30m

30m

Schematic of a potential demonstration vehicle

More ‘ labo ’ spaceSmaller passenger area

1 => Fuel Cell2 => Tanks

7 => Flywheel6 => Hacheur pour la pile=> Limit passenger space

Today equipment characteristics don't allow themToday equipment characteristics don't allow themto be roofto be roof--mountedmounted


Barriers to commercialization

There are technical, institutional, and economic barriers to thecommercialization of fuel cells.

Technical: - durability- reliability- size and weight

Institutional: lack of codes and standards necessary for safe and reliable use of H2 and fuel cells in railway public transport

Economical: - cost of fuel cell- high cost of developing and operating a large infrastructure network for production, delivery, anddistribution of hydrogen


Conclusions

The need for "wireless" tramways is real and growing

Fuel cells not yet mature for LRV applications and require significant progress in terms of:– Mass, volume and surface reductions for rolling stock

equipments, fuel cell components and H2 on-board storage

– Cost reduction for commercialisation– Lifetime increase for railway application

Fuel Cell and HFuel Cell and H22: a long: a long--term solutionterm solution

www.alstom.com

The need for clean public urban transport keeps growingMarket requirementsOverhead contact lineRemoval of overhead contact lineRemoval of overhead contact lineAlternatives to OverHead Contact LineAlternatives to OverHead Contact LineGround level power supply (ALSTOM/Innorail)InnorailBordeaux tramway networkInnorailBordeaux tramway in cityAlternatives to OverHead Contact LineOn-board Energy StorageOn-board Energy Storage BatteriesOn-board Energy StorageBatteries for Nice future TramwayOn-board Energy Storage FlywheelsDemonstration on Rotterdam tramway fitted with a flywheelEnergy optimisation:from sub-station to vehicleEnergy optimisation:from sub-station to vehicleAlternatives to OverHead Contact LineFULLTRAM project objectivesScope of the FULLTRAM projectPREFULLTRAM project objectivesToday Citadis tramwayImpact on Rolling StockImpact on Rolling Stock(long term)Fuel Cell Tramway ProjectSimulationsCOPPACE: simulationsfor 30m-tram and 18 linesCOPPACE: simulationsfor 30m-tram and 18 linesCOPPACE: simulationsfor 30m-tram and 18 linesBench testCOPPACE test benchCOPPACE test benchCOPPACE test benchSchematic of a potential demonstration vehicleBarriers to commercializationConclusions

FULLTRAM project - Appalachian State UniversityBordeaux tramway network in revenue service since...

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