Full-Wave (Bridge) Rectifier

What happens when a diode fails?

(Diodes always fail as OPEN circuits)

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

Zener Diode

Zener Diode

Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Transistors

Three-terminal devices with three doped silicon regions and two P-N junctions

Two basic ways of implementation:Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)Field-Effect Transistor (FET)

TransistorsBipolar Junction Transistors

n

n

pB

C

E

C = collectorB = baseE = emitter

NPNtransistor

TransistorsBJT

TransistorsBJT

TransistorsBJT

PNP NPN

TransistorsField-Effect Transistors

TransistorsField-Effect Transistors

TransistorsFET

TransistorsFET

When VG is positive, electrons in the p-type substrate are attracted to the oxide–silicon interface, and form an n-type conduction channel. The electrical model is represented by resistors in series. The transistor is in its ON state.

NMOS

TransistorsFET

When VG = 0, the area underneath the oxide layer is still p-type, which forms a “back-to-back” diode with the n region, as shown in the electrical representation. The transistor is in its OFF state.

NMOS

TransistorsFET

PMOS