Abstract

This report discusses about Continuous stirred tank reactors in series for sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to prodius sodium acetate. It involves the study about how the conductivity is measured to indicate the conversion of the reactants to products with time. Inaddition this report will determine the reaction rate constant to produce the products.

Table of contents

Title Page

Abstract 1

Table of contents 3

List of Figures and tables 5

List of Symbols 6

Introduction 7

Experimental Details 8

Results 9

Sample of calculations 14

Discussion 17

Conclusion and Recommendation 18

References 19

Appendices 20

2

List of Figures and Tables

Title Page

Figure 1 6

Figure 2 6

Figure 3 13

Figure 4 13

Figure 5 14

Table 1 7

Table 2 7

Table 3 10

3

List of symbols

Fa The volumetric flow rate of NaOH [mL/min]

Fb The volumetric flow rate of CH3COOH [mL/min]

V Volume of the reactor (mL)

a0 The initial conentration of NaOH in the reactor [mol/dm3]

a1 The steady state concentration of NaOH in the reactor [mol/dm3]

aµ The concentration of NaOH in feed vessel [mol/dm3]

a∞ The concentration of NaOH after infinite time [mol/dm3]

at The concentration of NaOH after time t [mol/dm3]

∞ƛ Conductivity of the solution after infinite time (mS)

ƛ˳ The initial conductivity of the solution (mS)

ƛ1 The steady state conductivity of the solution (mS)

aƛ NaOH conductivity (mS)

c∞ƛ Sodium acetate conductivity (mS)

K Reaction rate constant

Xa NaOH conversion

C∞ Concentration of sodium acetate after infinite time [mol/dm3]

T Temperature [K]

4

Introduction

In all industries production, reactors are considered to be the most important equipments inorder a reaction would undergo to produce products at a requested time with good quality expected. CSTRs allow for the continuous production of the desired chemical with less accumulation of not needed products.

One of the most common reactors are the Continuous stirred tank reactors in series. Continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) are open systems.It operates in a steady basis which means that the reator don’t change with time. Reactants are continuously introduced into the reactor, while products are continuously removed. CSTRs are very well mixed, so the contents have relatively uniform properties such as temperature throughout.[1] This experiment involves a reaction between Sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to produce sodium acetate and ethyl alcohol.

CSTR is a helpful way to do a reaction which eventually reaches steady state. Most of the CSTR are connected to the computers which gives the readings everything that goes in the reaction. The readings show the conductivity of the reactants and the products formed. Inaddition from the readings we can conclude the variation in the reactants’ conversion with respect to time and hence to determine the reaction rate constant.

The reaction that has been done is shown by this reaction:

NaOH +CH3COOC2H5 ------------> CH3COONa + C2H5OH

5

Experimental Details

Apparatus

Figure 2: CSTR reactor in series [2]

Figure 1: 2000 mL volumetric Flask

Procedures [3]

1) To study the reaction of NaOH and ethyl acetate, 0.05 M of NaOH and 0.05 M of ethyl acetate are preapred using 2000 mL volumetric flask.

2) NaOH solution was filled in the reagent vessel 1 and Ethyl acetate in the other reagent vessel.

3) Adjust the temperature controller to 25 °C and the pump speed to 60ml/min flow rate for each reactant.

4) Set the agitator speed to 7.00 and switch on the hot circulator.

5) Use the IFD channel history window to monitor the progress of the reaction.

6

Results:

Data tables and Graphs

Table 1: The calculations for equation 4 to 8 are based on steady state of the conductivities

a ˳ ƛa0 ƛC∞ a1 ƛa1 ƛC∞ a3 ƛa0 ƛC∞ 0.02

8 5.82 2.15 0.0241 5.29 2.15 0.0204 4.81 2.15

Table 2: Shows the conductivity and concentrations for Tank 1, Tank 2 and Tank 3

Time (sec)

Conductivity 1

Conductivity 2

Conductivity 3 a1 (mol/dm3) a2 (mol/dm3) a3 (mol/dm3)

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.0164 -0.0165 -0.016510 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.0164 -0.0165 -0.016520 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.0164 -0.0165 -0.016530 0.31 0.00 0.00 -0.0140 -0.0165 -0.016540 1.82 1.41 0.00 -0.0025 -0.0057 -0.016550 2.44 3.32 0.00 0.0022 0.0090 -0.016560 2.98 4.12 0.00 0.0063 0.0151 -0.016570 3.78 5.13 0.00 0.0124 0.0228 -0.016580 4.44 5.75 0.00 0.0175 0.0276 -0.016590 4.93 6.22 0.00 0.0212 0.0312 -0.0165

100 5.56 6.46 0.00 0.0260 0.0330 -0.0165110 5.76 6.47 0.00 0.0276 0.0332 -0.0165120 6.01 6.53 0.00 0.0294 0.0336 -0.0165130 6.04 6.47 0.00 0.0297 0.0332 -0.0165140 6.03 6.42 0.00 0.0296 0.0327 -0.0165150 6.02 6.35 0.00 0.0295 0.0322 -0.0165160 5.99 6.30 0.00 0.0293 0.0318 -0.0165170 5.98 6.24 0.00 0.0292 0.0314 -0.0165180 5.95 6.21 0.00 0.0290 0.0311 -0.0165190 5.94 6.13 0.00 0.0289 0.0305 -0.0165200 5.91 6.09 0.00 0.0287 0.0302 -0.0165210 5.90 6.06 0.00 0.0286 0.0300 -0.0165220 5.89 6.02 0.00 0.0285 0.0296 -0.0165230 5.87 5.97 0.00 0.0284 0.0293 -0.0165240 5.85 5.93 0.00 0.0282 0.0290 -0.0165250 5.83 5.91 0.00 0.0281 0.0288 -0.0165260 5.82 5.88 0.00 0.0280 0.0286 -0.0165270 5.80 5.84 0.00 0.0279 0.0283 -0.0165280 5.78 5.80 0.00 0.0277 0.0280 -0.0165290 5.77 5.76 0.00 0.0276 0.0277 -0.0165300 5.75 5.73 0.00 0.0275 0.0275 -0.0165310 5.75 5.70 0.00 0.0275 0.0272 -0.0165320 5.72 5.68 0.00 0.0273 0.0271 -0.0165330 5.71 5.65 0.00 0.0272 0.0269 -0.0165

7

340 5.70 5.63 0.00 0.0271 0.0267 -0.0165350 5.69 5.61 0.00 0.0270 0.0265 -0.0165360 5.67 5.57 0.00 0.0269 0.0262 -0.0165370 5.66 5.56 0.00 0.0268 0.0261 -0.0165380 5.65 5.53 0.00 0.0267 0.0259 -0.0165390 5.65 5.50 0.00 0.0267 0.0257 -0.0165400 5.63 5.48 0.00 0.0265 0.0255 -0.0165410 5.63 5.46 0.00 0.0265 0.0254 -0.0165420 5.62 5.44 0.00 0.0264 0.0252 -0.0165430 5.61 5.41 0.00 0.0264 0.0250 -0.0165440 5.59 5.40 0.00 0.0262 0.0249 -0.0165450 5.58 5.38 0.00 0.0261 0.0248 -0.0165460 5.57 5.37 0.00 0.0261 0.0247 -0.0165470 5.56 5.32 0.00 0.0260 0.0243 -0.0165480 5.55 5.32 0.00 0.0259 0.0243 -0.0165490 5.53 5.30 0.00 0.0258 0.0242 -0.0165500 5.51 5.28 0.00 0.0256 0.0240 -0.0165510 5.50 5.27 0.00 0.0255 0.0240 -0.0165520 5.51 5.25 0.00 0.0256 0.0238 -0.0165530 5.50 5.23 0.00 0.0255 0.0237 -0.0165540 5.48 5.22 0.00 0.0254 0.0236 -0.0165550 5.48 5.21 0.00 0.0254 0.0234 -0.0165560 5.47 5.18 0.00 0.0253 0.0232 -0.0165570 5.44 5.17 0.00 0.0251 0.0231 -0.0165580 5.44 5.16 0.00 0.0251 0.0231 -0.0165590 5.42 5.15 0.00 0.0249 0.0230 -0.0165600 5.42 5.13 0.00 0.0249 0.0228 -0.0165610 5.42 5.12 0.00 0.0249 0.0228 -0.0165620 5.41 5.13 0.00 0.0249 0.0228 -0.0165630 5.40 5.10 0.00 0.0248 0.0226 -0.0165640 5.40 5.09 1.99 0.0248 0.0225 -0.0012650 5.39 5.09 3.39 0.0247 0.0225 0.0095660 5.37 5.07 4.31 0.0246 0.0224 0.0165670 5.37 5.07 4.60 0.0246 0.0224 0.0188680 5.37 5.06 4.68 0.0246 0.0223 0.0194690 5.35 5.05 4.65 0.0244 0.0222 0.0192700 5.36 5.05 4.64 0.0245 0.0222 0.0191710 5.35 5.04 4.62 0.0244 0.0222 0.0189720 5.35 5.03 4.61 0.0244 0.0221 0.0189730 5.35 5.01 4.61 0.0244 0.0219 0.0189740 5.34 5.01 4.58 0.0244 0.0219 0.0186750 5.33 5.01 4.56 0.0243 0.0219 0.0185760 5.34 4.99 4.56 0.0244 0.0218 0.0185770 5.32 4.99 4.55 0.0242 0.0218 0.0184780 5.32 4.99 4.53 0.0242 0.0218 0.0183790 5.33 4.98 4.53 0.0243 0.0217 0.0183800 5.32 4.97 4.51 0.0242 0.0216 0.0181810 5.32 4.96 4.50 0.0242 0.0216 0.0180820 5.31 4.96 4.49 0.0241 0.0216 0.0180830 5.31 4.94 4.48 0.0241 0.0214 0.0179

8

840 5.32 4.94 4.47 0.0242 0.0214 0.0178850 5.31 4.94 4.45 0.0241 0.0214 0.0177860 5.31 4.93 4.45 0.0241 0.0213 0.0177870 5.31 4.93 4.44 0.0241 0.0213 0.0176880 5.31 4.93 4.43 0.0241 0.0213 0.0175890 5.30 4.91 4.41 0.0241 0.0212 0.0174900 5.30 4.92 4.41 0.0241 0.0213 0.0174910 5.31 4.90 4.40 0.0241 0.0211 0.0173920 5.30 4.90 4.39 0.0241 0.0211 0.0172930 5.30 4.89 4.38 0.0241 0.0210 0.0171940 5.30 4.89 4.38 0.0241 0.0210 0.0171950 5.30 4.89 4.38 0.0241 0.0210 0.0171960 5.30 4.89 4.37 0.0241 0.0210 0.0170970 5.28 4.88 4.36 0.0239 0.0210 0.0169980 5.30 4.87 4.36 0.0241 0.0209 0.0169990 5.29 4.87 4.35 0.0240 0.0209 0.0168

1000 5.29 4.87 4.34 0.0240 0.0209 0.01681010 5.29 4.89 4.33 0.0240 0.0210 0.01671020 5.29 4.86 4.33 0.0240 0.0208 0.01671030 5.29 4.85 4.34 0.0240 0.0207 0.01681040 5.27 4.85 4.32 0.0238 0.0207 0.01661050 5.30 4.85 4.31 0.0241 0.0207 0.01651060 5.29 4.87 4.31 0.0240 0.0209 0.01651070 5.29 4.85 4.30 0.0240 0.0207 0.01651080 5.30 4.85 4.30 0.0241 0.0207 0.01651090 5.29 4.85 4.29 0.0240 0.0207 0.01641100 5.29 4.84 4.29 0.0240 0.0207 0.01641110 5.29 4.84 4.29 0.0240 0.0207 0.01641120 5.29 4.84 4.27 0.0240 0.0207 0.01621130 5.30 4.83 4.28 0.0241 0.0206 0.01631140 5.29 4.83 4.28 0.0240 0.0206 0.01631150 5.29 4.84 4.26 0.0240 0.0207 0.01621160 5.29 4.83 4.26 0.0240 0.0206 0.01621170 5.28 4.83 4.25 0.0239 0.0206 0.01611180 5.29 4.82 4.26 0.0240 0.0205 0.01621190 5.30 4.82 4.26 0.0241 0.0205 0.01621200 5.29 4.82 4.25 0.0240 0.0205 0.01611210 5.29 4.82 4.24 0.0240 0.0205 0.01601220 5.29 4.81 4.24 0.0240 0.0204 0.01601230 5.30 4.82 4.23 0.0241 0.0205 0.01591240 5.29 4.81 4.23 0.0240 0.0204 0.0159

Table 3: Shows the conversion of the reactants for Tank 1 , Tank 2 and Tank 3

9

Time (sec) Xa1 Xa2 Xa3

10

0 1.5858 1.6841 1.8083

10 1.5858 1.6841 1.8083

20 1.5858 1.6841 1.8083

30 1.5007 1.6841 1.8083

40 1.0909 1.2366 1.8083

50 0.9206 0.6276 1.8083

60 0.7742 0.3729 1.8083

70 0.5560 0.0528 1.8083

80 0.3751 -0.1460 1.8083

90 0.2421 -0.2952 1.8083

100 0.0718 -0.3697 1.8083

110 0.0159 -0.3760 1.8083

120 -0.0506 -0.3946 1.8083

130 -0.0613 -0.3760 1.8083

140 -0.0560 -0.3573 1.8083

150 -0.0533 -0.3356 1.8083

160 -0.0453 -0.3200 1.8083

170 -0.0427 -0.3014 1.8083

180 -0.0347 -0.2921 1.8083

190 -0.0320 -0.2672 1.8083

200 -0.0240 -0.2548 1.8083

210 -0.0214 -0.2455 1.8083

220 -0.0187 -0.2299 1.8083

230 -0.0134 -0.2144 1.8083

240 -0.0081 -0.2020 1.8083

250 -0.0027 -0.1957 1.8083

260 -0.0001 -0.1864 1.8083

270 0.0052 -0.1740 1.8083

280 0.0106 -0.1616 1.8083

290 0.0132 -0.1491 1.8083

300 0.0185 -0.1398 1.8083

310 0.0185 -0.1305 1.8083

320 0.0265 -0.1243 1.8083

330 0.0292 -0.1150 1.8083

340 0.0318 -0.1087 1.8083

350 0.0345 -0.0994 1.8083

11

360 0.0398 -0.0870 1.8083

370 0.0425 -0.0839 1.8083

380 0.0452 -0.0746 1.8083

390 0.0452 -0.0652 1.8083

400 0.0531 -0.0590 1.8083

410 0.0531 -0.0528 1.8083

420 0.0558 -0.0466 1.8083

430 0.0585 -0.0373 1.8083

440 0.0638 -0.0342 1.8083

450 0.0664 -0.0280 1.8083

460 0.0691 -0.0249 1.8083

470 0.0718 -0.0093 1.8083

480 0.0744 -0.0093 1.8083

490 0.0797 -0.0031 1.8083

500 0.0851 0.0031 1.8083

510 0.0877 0.0062 1.8083

520 0.0851 0.0124 1.8083

530 0.0877 0.0186 1.8083

540 0.0930 0.0217 1.8083

550 0.0930 0.0280 1.8083

560 0.0957 0.0373 1.8083

570 0.1037 0.0404 1.8083

580 0.1037 0.0435 1.8083

590 0.1090 0.0466 1.8083

600 0.1090 0.0528 1.8083

610 0.1090 0.0559 1.8083

620 0.1117 0.0528 1.8083

630 0.1143 0.0621 1.8083

640 0.1143 0.0652 1.0593

650 0.1170 0.0652 0.5343

660 0.1223 0.0715 0.1892

670 0.1223 0.0715 0.0791

680 0.1223 0.0746 0.0497

690 0.1276 0.0777 0.0607

700 0.1250 0.0777 0.0644

710 0.1276 0.0808 0.0718

12

720 0.1276 0.0839 0.0754

730 0.1276 0.0901 0.0754

740 0.1303 0.0901 0.0864

750 0.1330 0.0901 0.0938

760 0.1303 0.0963 0.0938

770 0.1356 0.0963 0.0975

780 0.1356 0.0963 0.1048

790 0.1330 0.0994 0.1048

800 0.1356 0.1025 0.1121

810 0.1356 0.1056 0.1158

820 0.1383 0.1056 0.1195

830 0.1383 0.1119 0.1231

840 0.1356 0.1119 0.1268

850 0.1383 0.1119 0.1342

860 0.1383 0.1150 0.1342

870 0.1383 0.1150 0.1378

880 0.1383 0.1150 0.1415

890 0.1409 0.1212 0.1488

900 0.1409 0.1181 0.1488

910 0.1383 0.1243 0.1525

920 0.1409 0.1243 0.1562

930 0.1409 0.1274 0.1599

940 0.1409 0.1274 0.1599

950 0.1409 0.1274 0.1635

960 0.1409 0.1274 0.1672

13

Figure 3: shows the concentration changes with time in Tank 1 , Tank 2 and Tank 3.

Figure 4: shows the conductivity changes with time in Tank 1 , Tank 2 and Tank 3 till reaching the steady state.

Conductivity of the reactants in each tank

-1.000.00

1.002.00

3.004.00

5.006.00

7.00

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Time (secs)

Co

nd

uct

ivit

y m

S

Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 3

-0.0200

-0.0100

0.0000

0.0100

0.0200

0.0300

0.0400

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Time (sec)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

mo

l/d

m3

)

Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 3

14

Figure 5: shows the conversion of the reactants with time in Tank 1 , Tank 2 and Tank 3 .

Sample calculations:

To prepare 0.05 M NaOHEquation 1: Molarity = moles = (0.05) * (2 L) = 0.1 mol Volume

Equation 2: Mass = (0.1 mol )*(40g/mol) = 4 g

To prepare 0.05 M Ethyl acetate

Equation 3:

M1*V1 = M2* V2

11.3 mL* V1 = 0.05*2000 mLV1 = 8.84 mL

Equation 4: Initial concentration of NaOHa =˳ Fa * aµ Fa +Fb

= 77.3 * 0.05 77.3+59.6

= 0.028 mol/dm3

Conversion of the reactants

-1.0000

-0.5000

0.0000

0.5000

1.0000

1.5000

2.0000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Time (sec)

Co

nve

rsio

n

Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 3

15

Equation 5: NaOH conductivity

ƛa0 = 0.195(1+0.0184(298-294))* 0.028 mol/dm3

ƛa0 = 5.86 x 10-3 = 5.86 mS

Equation 6: Final sodium acetate conductivityƛC∞ = 0.07(1+0.0248(298-294))* 0.028 mol/dm3

ƛC∞ = 2.15 x 10-3 = 2.15 mS

Equation 7: NaOH concentration at any time tat = (a∞ - a ) * ˳ ( - 1) ƛ ƛ˳ +a˳ ( - ∞)ƛ ƛ˳

From Appendix A the steady conductivity of 1 is = 5.29 mSƛ a0 = (0 – 0.028) * (5.86 – 5.29 ) + 0.028 = -0.0164 mol/dm3

(5.86 -2.15)

a1 = (0 – 0.0241) * (5.86 – 5.29 ) + 0.0241 = -0.0165 mol/dm3

(5.86 -2.15)

a2 = (0 – 0.0204) * (5.86 – 5.29 ) + 0.0204 = -0.0165 mol/dm3

(5.86 -2.15)

Equation 8: NaOH conversion

Xa1 = a0 – at = 0.028 – -0.0164 = 1.5858

a0 0.028

Xa2 = a0 – at = 0.0241 - -0.0165 = 1.6841 a0 0.028

Xa3 = a0 – at = 0.0204 - - 0.0165 = 1.8083

a0 0.0204

Equation 9 : Reaction rate constant

Volume of the reactor = 702 mL

16

K=Fa + Fb *a - a1˳ V a1²

=77.3 mL/min + 59.6 mL/min * 0.028 mol/dm 3 - (-0.0164) mol/dm 3 702 mL 0.0164² mol/dm3

= 32.19 min -1

Discussion:

The experiment shows the conduction of NaOH has a high conductivity shown from the initial conductivity was 5.82. This is true since NaOH is an ionic compound and has charges therefore it has a high conductivity [4] .The initial concentration of NaOH was calculated to be 0.028 mol/dm3 before the reaction. After switching on the CSTR reactor the conductivity after the

17

reaction of NaOH with ethyl acetate. This shows that the conductivity have been decreasing from tank 1 to tank 2 to tank 3. Tank 1 had a conductivity of 5.29 mS and have been decreasing since the Na had been reacted with ethyl acetate to form Sodium acetate ending up with a conductivity of 4.23 mS. Therefore the conductivity has been decreasing with time as shown in Figure 3.

The concentration tank 1 is decreasing since the NaOH had been reactiong and eventually used up as shown in the readings in table 2, the concentration in Tank 3 0.0159 mol/dm3 as shown in figure 4 , the concentration of tank 3 had the lowest concentration.

The conversion of NaOH at tank 1 is 1.5858 which is the lowest comparing it to the conversion of tank 2 and tank 3 which are 1.6841 and 1.8083 respectively. That shows the percentage conversion of NaOH that had converted to sodium acetate is the highest. As shown in figure 5, Tank 3 it was constant until reaching time 700 s , the conversion had been decreasing reaching a steady state and the reactants concentration are constant.

The reaction rate constant was calculated in equation 9 showing K to be 32.19 min -1 .

Conclusion and recommendation:

This experiment revealed that the conversion of reactants decreases with time and eventually stops, reaching equilibrium and enabling us from finding the rate constant.

18

Inaddition this experiment has shown that the conductivity is dependent on the concentrations of the reactants and the products that formed.

The rate of the reaction was a little bit long which is K to be 32.19 min -1 . If we increased the temperature [5]or increased the concentration of NaOH, the reaction rate constant will be faster per min.

The source error that have effected the result reading in the conductivity is that the apparatus wasn’t clean since an insect was in the tank reactors.

The apparatus should also be thorouly cleaned and covered for coming trials to make sure that no dust particles are trapped inside the reactor since these can affect the result.

The readings would have been more accurate if isolation was covered around the tank reactors to maintain the temperature since the temperature effects the rate constant.

References[1] http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/Reactors/CSTR/CSTR.html -08/04/2014

[2] http://www.qu.edu.qa/engineering/chemical/lab_facilities/che_labIII.php-08/04/2014

19

[3] German-Jordanian university-reaction engineering and heat transfer lab manual- page15.

[4] http://www.nuigalway.ie/chemistry/documents/ssclecture5lfj.pdf

[5] http://bouman.chem.georgetown.edu/S02/lect4/lect4.htm-08/04/2014

20

Appendix A

Elapsed

Time

Feed 1 Flowrate

[cm³/min

]

Feed 2 Flowrate

[cm³/min

]

Stirrer

Speed

[%]

Reactor

Temp.

[°C]

Hydroxide Concentration

[mol/dm³]

Acetate Concentratio

n

[mol/dm³]

Tank 1 Conductivity

[mS]

Tank 2 Conducti

vity

[mS]

Tank

Conductivit

[mS]0:00:0

0 14.1 20.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:00:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:00:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:00:3

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:00:4

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:00:5

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:01:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:01:1

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:01:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:01:3

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.000:01:4

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 0.31 0.00 0.000:01:5

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 1.82 1.41 0.000:02:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 2.44 3.32 0.000:02:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 2.98 4.12 0.000:02:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 3.78 5.13 0.000:02:3

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 4.44 5.75 0.000:02:4

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 4.93 6.22 0.000:02:5

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.56 6.46 0.000:03:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.76 6.47 0.000:03:1

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 6.01 6.53 0.000:03:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 6.04 6.47 0.000:03:3

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 6.03 6.42 0.00

21

0:03:40 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 6.02 6.35 0.00

0:03:50 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.99 6.30 0.00

0:04:00 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.98 6.24 0.00

0:04:10 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.95 6.21 0.00

0:04:20 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.94 6.13 0.00

0:04:30 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.91 6.09 0.00

0:04:40 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.90 6.06 0.00

0:04:50 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.89 6.02 0.00

0:05:00 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.87 5.97 0.00

0:05:10 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.85 5.93 0.00

0:05:20 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.83 5.91 0.00

0:05:30 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.82 5.88 0.00

0:05:40 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.80 5.84 0.00

0:05:50 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.78 5.80 0.00

0:06:00 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.77 5.76 0.00

0:06:10 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.75 5.73 0.00

0:06:20 77.2 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.75 5.70 0.00

0:06:30 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.72 5.68 0.00

0:06:40 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.71 5.65 0.00

0:06:50 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.70 5.63 0.00

0:07:00 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.69 5.61 0.00

0:07:10 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.67 5.57 0.00

0:07:20 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.66 5.56 0.00

0:07:30 77.4 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.65 5.53 0.00

0:07:40 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.65 5.50 0.00

0:07:50 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.63 5.48 0.00

0:08:00 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.63 5.46 0.00

0:08:10 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.62 5.44 0.00

22

0:08:20 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.61 5.41 0.00

0:08:30 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.59 5.40 0.00

0:08:40 77.3 59.8 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.58 5.38 0.00

0:08:50 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.57 5.37 0.00

0:09:00 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.56 5.32 0.00

0:09:10 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.55 5.32 0.00

0:09:20 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.53 5.30 0.00

0:09:30 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.51 5.28 0.00

0:09:40 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.50 5.27 0.00

0:09:50 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.51 5.25 0.00

0:10:00 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.50 5.23 0.00

0:10:10 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.48 5.22 0.00

0:10:20 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.48 5.21 0.00

0:10:30 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.47 5.18 0.00

0:10:40 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.44 5.17 0.00

0:10:50 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.44 5.16 0.00

0:11:00 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.42 5.15 0.000:11:10 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.42 5.13 0.000:11:20 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.42 5.12 0.000:11:30 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.41 5.13 0.000:11:40 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.40 5.10 0.000:11:50 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.40 5.09 1.990:12:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.39 5.09 3.390:12:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.37 5.07 4.310:12:2

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.37 5.07 4.600:12:3

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.37 5.06 4.680:12:4

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.35 5.05 4.650:12:5

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.36 5.05 4.640:13:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.35 5.04 4.620:13:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.35 5.03 4.610:13:2 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.35 5.01 4.61

23

00:13:3

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.34 5.01 4.580:13:4

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.33 5.01 4.560:13:5

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.34 4.99 4.560:14:0

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.32 4.99 4.550:14:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.32 4.99 4.530:14:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.33 4.98 4.530:14:3

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.32 4.97 4.510:14:4

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.32 4.96 4.500:14:5

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.31 4.96 4.490:15:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.31 4.94 4.480:15:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.32 4.94 4.470:15:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.31 4.94 4.450:15:3

0 77.2 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.31 4.93 4.450:15:4

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.31 4.93 4.440:15:5

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.31 4.93 4.430:16:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.91 4.410:16:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.92 4.410:16:2

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.31 4.90 4.400:16:3

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.90 4.390:16:4

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.89 4.380:16:5

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.89 4.380:17:0

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.89 4.380:17:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.89 4.370:17:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.28 4.88 4.360:17:3

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.87 4.360:17:4

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.87 4.350:17:5

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.87 4.340:18:0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.89 4.33

24

00:18:1

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.86 4.330:18:2

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.85 4.340:18:3

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.27 4.85 4.320:18:4

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.85 4.310:18:5

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.87 4.310:19:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.85 4.300:19:1

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.85 4.300:19:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.85 4.290:19:3

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.84 4.290:19:4

0 77.5 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.84 4.290:19:5

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.84 4.270:20:0

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.83 4.280:20:1

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.83 4.280:20:2

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.84 4.260:20:3

0 77.4 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.83 4.260:20:4

0 77.4 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.28 4.83 4.250:20:5

0 77.4 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.82 4.260:21:0

0 77.6 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.82 4.260:21:1

0 77.4 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.82 4.250:21:2

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.82 4.240:21:3

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.81 4.240:21:4

0 77.3 59.7 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.30 4.82 4.230:21:5

0 77.3 59.6 100 25.0 0.05 0.05 5.29 4.81 4.23

25

Appendix B

Sodium

Hydroxide

Feed Conc. [mol/d

m³]

Ethyl Acetate

Feed Conc.

[mol/dm³]

Sodium Acetate

Final Conc.

[mol/dm³]

Sodium Hydroxid

e Final

Conc. [mol/dm³

]

Final Sodium Acetate

Conductivity

[mS]

Initial Sodium

Hydroxide Conductivi

ty [mS]

Final Sodium

Hydroxide Conductivi

ty [mS]

Final Conductivi

ty

[mS]

0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 1.58 4.25 0.00 1.580.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.90 1.34 3.04

26

0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.90 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.060.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.05

27

0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.060.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.69 5.92 1.37 3.060.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.36 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.69 5.92 1.37 3.060.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.050.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.34 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.040.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.70 5.91 1.35 3.05

28