Fueling the FutureKuo-Wei Huang

Professor of Chemical Sciences

Physical Science and Engineering DivisionKAUST Catalysis Center

World Primary Energy Demand (Mtoe)

2IEA World Energy Outlook 2015

Average18 TW (1012 W)

~15% electricity

End Uses of Energy by Sector

3"Key World Energy Statistics" IEA. 2017-05-28. p. 38.

Population Growth towards 2050

4Carl Haub and Toshiko Kaneda, 2013 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2013).

Solar Energy for 30 TW Low density: ~200W/m2

Efficiency: 15%Total Land required: 106 km2

Carbon-neutral or Renewable Energy sources

5

http://www.nature.com/

Solar Energy Conversion Strategies

6

The Hydrogen Storage Program DOE

Key Enabling Technology for the Advancement of Hydrogen

7

Current Issues

8

• Toxic emission (NOx, SOx, CO, PM2.5, etc) of diesel power generators, and long charging time of batteries (lead acid and Li-ion).

• Hydrogen fuel cell (FC) power generators are a favorable option, but there is no viable hydrogen storage and transportation options.

• Growing market in FC (30GW/year by 2030 in China), but limited manufacturing capacity now (20 mW/year).

•Current FC systems are inadequate to meet customer driving range.

Reversible Hydrogen Storage – System Capacities

9

FA

BMW 5 GT cc350

Toyota Mirai 2l-H 700 bar

350 bar

chemical hydride

complex hydride

0

20

40

60

80

vo

lum

etr

ic c

apa

city [

g/L

]

0 2 4 6 8 gravimetric capacity [wt.-%]

DOE 2010

target

Storage of 6 kg H2

Formic Acid

Low tank weight (>10 %)

Fully reversible

Formic Acid

1.22g/cm3

1.75 kW-h/L

(2.0 kW-h/L WACV)

Eppinger, J.; Huang, K.-W. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 188.

Leitner, Noyori, Nozaki, Beller, Jessop…

LaurenczyBellerHimedaFujitaFukuzumiWillsXuHuang

53g H2 /L

Proposed Hydrogen Storage Cycle

10

Himeda, Fujita, Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 12936Beller, Laurenczy, Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 372.

FCV - FA

ICV

BEV

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 20 40 60 80 100

en

erg

y d

ensity o

f po

we

r tr

ain

[k

Wh

/ kg

]

tank filling status [%]

2FCV - H

Energy Density depends on Tank filling Status

85 kw-h for 500km

17 kw-h/hr

540 kg of battery

Formic Acid

500 kg for

>2000 km

11

Price Analysis

12

The convenience factor

- Non-toxic

- Non-flammable

- Liquid

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0

25

USD/kg(H2) USD/galUSD/kg(FA)

20

15

10

5

10

8

6

4

2US range

EU range

(DOE target)

2016 US-consumer range

4

PV to H2 estimate

from CO2 + renewable H2

fuel scale target

Formic acid price

- Coupled to syngas (H2) price

- Already competitive in Europe

Tank-to-wheel efficiencies included: - FCEV: 51.5 %

- ICV: 24.0 % Dec. 2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

we

ll to

ta

nk (

ba

tte

ry)

effic

ine

cy /

%

fossil renewable

ICV

BEV

FCEV, el.

FCEV, SMR

@ HCOOH

we

ll to

whe

el e

ffic

ine

cy /

%

fossil renewable

ICV

BEV

FCEV, el.

FCEV, SMR

@ HCOOH

0

10

20

30

40

50

System Efficiencies

Eppinger, J.; Huang, K.-W. manuscript in preparation13

Distribution

14Eppinger, J.; Huang, K.-W. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 188.

Our System

15Coord. Chem. Rev. 2015, 293-294, 116-138

World’s first formic acid car

16

Integrated Battery and Fuel Cells

17

We provide safe and low-cost power generation systems with the highest capacity

among all existing systems: a high volumetric energy density equivalent to 650

bars of hydrogen with zero emission of toxic components.

Diesel

NOx SOx

VOCs CO

PM2.5 PM10

aggravate chronic respiratory & cardiovascular diseases, alter host defenses, damage lung tissue, lead to premature death, and possibly contribute to cancer.

Integration with Existing Technologies

18

Unique strength: Integration of all three power systems!

Formic Acid Power Generator

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE: 12V-24VOPERATING TEMP: 60 °C

Our Commercial-ready 100~300 W Model