Fuel Properties and Vehicle Emissions - MECA · Fuel Properties and Vehicle Emissions Yasunori...

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JAMA Fuel Properties and Vehicle Fuel Properties and Vehicle Emissions Emissions Yasunori Yasunori TAKEI TAKEI Fuel & Lubricant committee Fuel & Lubricant committee Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association AVECC 2004 at Beijing, April 26 AVECC 2004 at Beijing, April 26-28, 2004 28, 2004 JAMA Automobiles and the Environment Automobiles and the Environment Urban Environment Urban Environment Global Environment Global Environment Emissions Emissions Economy Economy Convenience Convenience Energy Energy Security Security Alternative Fuels Alternative Fuels CO CO2 Recycle Recycle VOC,NOx,PM VOC,NOx,PM Safety Safety

Transcript of Fuel Properties and Vehicle Emissions - MECA · Fuel Properties and Vehicle Emissions Yasunori...

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JAMA

Fuel Properties and Vehicle Fuel Properties and Vehicle EmissionsEmissions

YasunoriYasunori TAKEITAKEIFuel & Lubricant committeeFuel & Lubricant committee

Japan Automobile Manufacturers AssociationJapan Automobile Manufacturers Association

AVECC 2004 at Beijing, April 26AVECC 2004 at Beijing, April 26--28, 200428, 2004

JAMA

Automobiles and the EnvironmentAutomobiles and the Environment

Urban EnvironmentUrban EnvironmentGlobal EnvironmentGlobal Environment

EmissionsEmissions

EconomyEconomy

ConvenienceConvenience

Energy Energy SecuritySecurity

Alternative FuelsAlternative Fuels

COCO22

RecycleRecycle

VOC,NOx,PMVOC,NOx,PM

SafetySafety

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JAMA

Relation between Gasoline Properties Relation between Gasoline Properties and Vehicle Performanceand Vehicle Performance

Properties Vehicle Performance

Sulfur

T50

T90

Aromatics

Olefins

Unwashed Gum

RVP / T10

Octane Number

Alcohol

Di-Olefins

FBP

Detergent

Startability

Driveability

Fuel economy

Evaporative emission

Power/Acceleration

Exhaust emission

Material compatibility

Engine Reliability

deposit

Knocking

Catalyst poisoning

Oxidized fuels

Engine oil degradation

Washed Gum

Metals Spark plug fouling

JAMA

Fuel Requirement from Automobile Fuel Requirement from Automobile

Automobile associations in US, Europe and Japan have developed world wide recommendations for “Quality fuels” called World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC).JAMA strongly recommends WWFC, at least, comply with regulation.

Category 1:Category 1:Markets with no or first level of emission control

Category 2:Category 2:Markets with stringent requirements for emission control or other market demands.

Category 3:Category 3:Markets with advanced requirements for emission control or other market demands.

Category 4:Category 4:Markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to enable sophisticated NOx and particulate matter after-treatment technologies.

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JAMA

Vehicle:3WAY Catalyst + Feedback↓ :Decreasing, ↑ :Increasing, ~:No tendency ×:Different tendency at each study

Note: Blank is no data

Summary of Existing Data AnalysisSummary of Existing Data Analysis

JCAP Conference, 30th Sept. 1998

↓:when fuel properties decreasing

× ×

Tailpipe Emissions

Fuel Properties

HC

CO

NO

x

Ben

zene

1,3-

But

adie

n

Form

alfe

hyde

Ace

toar

ehyd

e

RVPNo oxygenates blend ~ ↓ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Oxygenates blend ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Dist. T50 Aromatics 20~35v%Olefins 5~25v%

↓T90 ↓ ~ ~ ↓ ↓ ↓

Compos-itions

AromaticsOther propertiesis constant

↓ ↓ ↓ ~ ↑ ↑

Olefins ↑ ~ ↓ ~ ↓ ~ ~

Benzene ↓ ~ ~

Sulfur ditto ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ~ ~MTBE ditto ↑ ↑ ~ ↑ ~

Detergent ditto ↑ ↑ ×

×

↓~ ~ ~ ~↓~

JAMA

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

COCO

NOxNOx

HCHC

100

0100

0100

50

0

50%60%

45%5%

59%75%

48%8%

Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)

8%27%50

50

2.6%

2.6%

1.6%

2005

0.8%

1.3%

1.6%

Trend of Emission Regulation in JapanTrend of Emission Regulation in Japan

Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)

Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)

98-99% reduction

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JAMA

Technology Trend for Low EmissionTechnology Trend for Low EmissionKey is to maximize the catalyst performance.

1. Minute air fuel ratio (A/F) control- Intelligent A/F management (high performance ECU etc.)- improving atomization of injected fuel (multi hole injector etc.)- Feedback systems (A/F sensor, 2O2 sensors system etc.)

2. Quick warm-up of catalyst- Small size warm-up catalyst- Insulated exhaust manifold- Sophisticated engine control (Ignition timing, A/F control etc.)

• Improving catalyst performance itself - High cell density catalyst  - High loading of precious metals

JAMA

Example of LEV SystemExample of LEV System

Stainless steel long-necked exhaust

Wide range air-fuel sensor

Low temperature volume exhaust pipe (double)

S/C

Joint U/F

Thin U/F catalytic converter

Control• Optimum catalytic conversion

efficiency• Catalytic converter temperature• Catalyst deterioration• Independent injection

Fuel system• Improve atomization of injected

fuel• Improve ports (reduce wetness)• Reduce injection fuel density

Small volume warm-up catalytic converter

O2 Sensor

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JAMA

Relationship between Catalyst Relationship between Catalyst Efficiency and Inlet Gas Temperature Efficiency and Inlet Gas Temperature

Inlet Gas Temperature, deg.C

Con

vers

ion

Rat

e, %

0

20

40

60

80

100

100 200 300 400 500

Fuel sulfur : 30ppmw

HCbetter

worse

JAMA

Cumulative HC Emissions on LA#4 Mode

100

75

50

25

0LA#4 ModeLA#4 Mode

Cum

ulat

ive

HC

Em

issi

on (%

)

Aged Catalyst

1.3 litter Close-CoupledCatalyst System

SAE960797

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JAMA

Effect of Small Volume Warm up Catalyst Effect of Small Volume Warm up Catalyst

SAE960797

600

400

200

00 40 80 120 160Time (sec)B

ed T

empe

ratu

re (d

eg.C

)1.3 liter

0.5 liter

System B0.7 liter

1.1 liter

System A

Main

Warm-up

MainMainWarm-upWarm-up

JAMA

Main

0.7 liter 1.3 liter

0.5 liter

System B

1.1 liter

System AWarm-up

HC NOx2.0

1.0

0

1.5

0.5

SystemBA

2.0

1.0

0

SystemBA

1.5

0.5

Effect of WarmEffect of Warm--up Catalyst Volume on up Catalyst Volume on HC and HC and NOxNOx EmissionsEmissions

Nor

mal

ized

Em

issi

on

Nor

mal

ized

Em

issi

on

SAE960797

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JAMA

Conversion Characteristic of Conversion Characteristic of the 3 Way Catalystthe 3 Way Catalyst

0

20

40

60

80

100

12 13 14 15 16 17

window

A/F

Con

vers

ion

ratio

(%

)

NOxNOx

HCHC

COCO

better

worse

JAMA

A/F Sub-FeedbackA/F Main Feedback

Fuel Injector

Catalytic Converter

Front O2Sensor

Rear O2Sensor

ECU

Precise Air-Fuel Ratio Control

OEM Homepage

NOxNOx

COCO

HCHC

StoichiometricStoichiometric

AirAir--Fuel RatioFuel Ratio

Conv

ersio

n Ra

te %

Conv

ersio

n Ra

te %

100100

5050

Rich Rich Lean Lean

1-O2 Sensor System

2-O2 Sensor System

Image of A/F Control Window

Minute Air Fuel Ratio ControlMinute Air Fuel Ratio Control22--OO22 Sensors SystemSensors System

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JAMA

Comparison of Air/Fuel ManagementComparison of Air/Fuel Managementbetween Current and ULEV Technologybetween Current and ULEV Technology

Honda data of CRC Auto/Oil Symposium, Sept. ‘97

1.00.94 1.06

Honda ULEV84.9%Current

48.9%

Target±0.2 A/F

AIR-EXCESS FACTOR λ

‘97 sulfur symposium

JAMA

Effects of increasing Cell Density ofEffects of increasing Cell Density ofCatalyst on Emission ReductionCatalyst on Emission Reduction

SAE 2003-01-0817(Re-arrange)

4mil400cpsi*1)

2mil600cpsi

2mil800cpsi

2mil900cpsi

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Col

d B

ag N

MH

C, g

/mile

Cell Density

Catalyst Capacity: 0.9L

Aging Condition : 50k-mile equivalent quick aged on engine dyno.

1mil=25um

2 (or 4) mil is Thickness

Cell Density is Cell number per 1 inch2

(current)

*1) Estimation from the figure in the paper

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JAMA

Fuel Quality for Low EmissionsFuel Quality for Low EmissionsFuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance;

•For air fuel ratio controlDistillation propertiesDetergent (preventing deposits)

•For quicker warm up of catalystLowering sulfurMetal Free

•For keeping higher conversion efficiencyLowering sulfurMetal Free

JAMA

Effects of Fuel Sulfur Content onEffects of Fuel Sulfur Content onCatalyst EfficiencyCatalyst Efficiency

Inlet Gas Temperature, deg.C

Con

vers

ion

Rat

e, %

0

20

40

60

80

100

100 200 300 400 500

30ppmw

300ppmw

SAE922179

better

worse

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JAMA

Rel

ativ

e TH

C

150

-50

0

100

50

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw)

LEV1-LEVLEV1-LEVLEV2 ULEVSULEV

SULEV

LEV,ULEV Rel

ativ

e N

Ox

150

-50

0

100

50

LEV1-LEVLEV1-LEVLEV2 ULEVSULEV

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw)

SULEV

LEV,ULEV

Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Exhaust EmissionsExhaust Emissions

SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle

SAE 2000-01-2019SAE 2000-01-2019

JAMASAE2000-01-2019

Effects of Distillation TemperatureEffects of Distillation Temperatureon Exhaust Emissionson Exhaust Emissions

-20

0

20

40

60

60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130-20

0

20

40

60

130 140 150 160 170 180

LEV

ULEV

50% Distillation Temperature (deg.C)

base

base

Rel

ativ

e H

C e

mis

sion

s (%

)

90% Distillation Temperature (deg.C)

Rel

ativ

e H

C e

mis

sion

s (%

)

LEV

ULEV

ULEV

LEV

ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle

SAE 2000-01-2019 (Re-arranged)

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Effects of IVD on EmissionsEffects of IVD on Emissions

Rating '9 - 10'

050

100

050

100

050

100

149

101

127100

100

100HC

CO

NOx

Rating '6'Removal

ofIVD

Rel

ativ

e Ex

haus

t Em

issi

ons

(dirty) (Clean)

(*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit)

OEM data

JAMA

0.000.020.040.060.080.100.12

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles

NM

OG

-g/

mi

Reference LDV 100K Std

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles

NO

x -g

/mi

0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.60

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles

CO

-g/

mi

Miles

20

21

22

23

24

25

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

mpg

ClearMMT

Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)

Effects of Metal (Effects of Metal (MnMn) on Ex. Emissions) on Ex. Emissions

Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)

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(Manganese)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market

OEM data

JAMA

Red deposit is Oxides of Fe

(Ferrocene)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market

OEM Data

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JAMA

(Ferrocene)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market

OEM Data

Entrance

Exit

Melting

Expansion

JAMA

Fuel Issues to be discussed in ChinaFuel Issues to be discussed in ChinaSummary of GasolineSummary of Gasoline

WWFC

Cat.2 Cat.3Market

(’02 Summer) Properties

Aromatics , vol%

Olefins , vol%

MetalsMetals , ppm

9.3 33.6~

18.3 38.0~

0.1 13.913.9~

40.0 max

20.0 max

N.D

SulfurSulfur , ppmw 69 719719~ 200 max 30 max

35.0 max

10.0 max

N.D

T50T50 , deg.C

T90 , deg.C

73.8 115.8115.8~

144.2 167.6~

77 100~

130 175~

RVP , kPa 32.3 67.3~ 55 70~

Oxygen , wt% 0.1 34.0~ 2.7 max

(Mn)

vol% MTBE (15 v% MTBE)

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JAMA

ConclusionsConclusions

1. To achieve stringent emission regulations, minute air fuel ratio management, quick warm-up of catalyst after cold starting, and improvement of the catalyst are key technologies for automobiles.

2. In order that these technologies demonstrate their performance, lowering sulfur, adequate range of T50 and T90, detergent to keep intake systems clean and metal free will be very important.

3. As considering introduction plan of stringent emission regulation and current fuel quality in China, fuel regulation for these properties should be discussed.

JAMA

Thank you!謝謝