FUEL CELL VEHICLES AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES

PRESENTED BY : MUHAMMAD ASSAD

ROLL NO : 13 EL 41

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY BAHAWALPUR

FUEL CELL VEHICLE

A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is a type of vehicle which uses a fuel cell to power its on-board electric motor. Fuel cells in vehicles create electricity to power an electric motor, generally using oxygen from the air and compressed hydrogen.

HISTORYThe concept of the fuel cell was first demonstrated by

Humphry Davy in 1801.William Grove, a chemist invented the first working fuel

cell in 1942. In 1966, General Motors developed the first fuel cell road

vehicle, the Chevrolet Electrovan. It had a PEM fuel cell a range of 120 miles and a top speed of 70 mph.

Fuel cell stacks were still limited principally to space applications in the 1980s, including the Space Shuttle by NASA.

In 2001, the first 700 Bar (10000 PSI) hydrogen tanks were demonstrated, reducing the size of the fuel tanks that could be used in vehicles and extending the range.

WHY WE NEED FUEL CELL VEHICLE

Cars and trucks using petroleum fuels are one of the leading causes of air pollution.

Air pollution is single handedly responsible for up to 30,000 premature deaths each year.

In 2013, transportation contributed more than half of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air.

Ozone depletion which can impair vision and breathing. From 1979 to the present, the hole has deepened within which ozone concentration has fallen by almost 40%.

Global warming due to continuous increase in temperature.

Getting hard to fulfill the increasing fuel requirements.

Acid rain which is harmful for humans and plants equally.

WHAT IS FUEL CELL? A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a

chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes.

Different types of fuel cells include polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, reformed methanol fuel cell and regenerative fuel cells.

WORKING A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines

hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product. In its simplest form, a single fuel cell consists of two electrodes - an anode and a cathode - with an electrolyte between them.

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLE

MERITS

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) powered by pure hydrogen emit no GHGs from their tailpipe, only heat and water.

FCVs could reduce our dependence on foreign oil since hydrogen can be derived from domestic sources, such as natural gas and coal, as well as renewable resources such as water, biogas, and agricultural waste. That would make our economy less dependent on other countries

Fuel cells have a higher efficiency than diesel or gas engines. Hydrogen is a renewable fuel source as it is very plentiful. The

trick is to break the water molecules down to release it.

MERITS(CONTINUED)

Unlike all-electric vehicles (EVs), FCV’s hold a comparable distance range and refueling time to gasoline vehicles.

Unlike vehicles which have internal combustion engine, FCV’s require less maintainance.

Low noise pollution and thermal pollution.Unlike electric vehicles FCV’s does not require recharging.

CHALLENGESFCVs are currently more expensive than conventional

vehicles and hybrids, but costs have decreased significantly and are approaching to more affordable rates till 2017.

The current infrastructure for producing, delivering, and dispensing hydrogen to consumers cannot yet support the widespread adoption of FCVs.

Warranty issues on major electric components. Dealership and repair shop not familiar with new components.

Great amount of policy support and investment is essential to achieve market readiness.

CHALLEHGES (CONTINUED)

Fuel cell technology must be embraced by consumers before its benefits can be realized. They must become familiar with a new kind of fuel. Public education can accelerate this process.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are the lack of sufficient infrastructure for hydrogen refueling, and the cost of the catalysts. Platinum is one of the most commonly used catalysts for fuel cells, but it's very expensive.

WHY THEY ARE BEING DEVELOPED

COMPARISON WITH BATTERIES

ELECTRIC VEHICLEElectric Cars use the energy stored in a battery (or series of

batteries) for vehicle propulsion. Electric motors provide a clean and safe alternative to the internal combustion engine. The electric vehicle is known to have faster acceleration but shorter distance range than conventional engines.

EVs include road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric motor bikes.

Tesla Motors Roadster and the Nissan Leaf are the most popular among them.

MARKETING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

As of June 2015, over 180,000 Leafs have been sold worldwide since December 2010, allowing the Nissan Leaf to remain as the world's all-time best-selling highway-capable electric car.

The top markets for Leaf sales are the United States with 80,000 units sold, followed by Japan with about 53,500 units, and Europe with around 41,500.

As of June 2015, the market leader in Europe is Norway with 13,667 new Leafs sold, followed by the UK with over 10,000 units sold up until June 2015.

MARKETING(CONTINUED)

Other leading markets are France with 4,847 units, Germany with 2,781 units and Canada with 2,453 units sold since the Leaf introduction in the country.

ADVANTAGES

The electric motor is far more efficient (70%-85% efficiency) than the heat engine (need some numbers).

EV’s can use regenerative stopping (regain 30% of energy used, theoretically).

EV’s are more environmentally friendly and the oil supplies for conventional vehicles are being depleted.

Low maintainance cost.

DISADVANTAGES

Electric fuelling stations are still in the development stages. So recharging points are few.

Electric cars require a huge charge in order to function properly causing heavy electricity bills.

Most of the electric cars available today are small and 2 seated only.

DISADVANTAGES(CONTINUED)

Electric cars are limited by range and speed.Depending on the type and usage of battery, batteries of

almost all electric cars are required to be changed every 3-10 years.

Initial cost is high.

The Nickel Metal Hydride Battery

BENEFITS Hold twice as much energy as lead batteries. Have a longer life cycle. Require no maintenance. The materials in them are far less toxic than the materials

in regular car batteries.

DISADVANTAGES

They can be heavy and bulky. High price- as much as $5000. With sudden boom of hybrid cars, there is a supply shortage.

REMEMBERING….

Average driver: 14,000 miles per year For Tesla(EV): 0.31 KWh per mile Approximately 4,340 KWh per year 1 Billions cars in the world If 25% EV then 1,085,000,000 MWh per year MWh worldwide: 20,000,000,000 MWh Where does the additional power come from?

SOLAR POWERED CAR

Average solar panel is 300 watts panel size is 1 meter by 2 meters Tesla(EV) with 53 KWh battery went 23KWh per 22

km

73 Panels would be required to power the TeslaSo, we concluded that solar is not efficient enough to be mobile and maintain charge.

COMPARISON

COMPARISON(CONTINUED)

FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Future electric cars will most likely carry lithium-ion phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries.

The LiFePO4 batteries are rechargeable and powerful and are being used in electric bikes and scooters. Electric cars will most likely adopt this technology in the future.

If the developers of future electric cars can create vehicles with a range of 300 miles per charge, a charging time of five to ten minutes, and safety in operating the vehicles, the market is wide open for them.

Researchers are working on improved battery technologies to increase driving range and decrease recharging time, weight, and cost. These factors will ultimately determine the future of EVs.

“In 15 years Americans will be routinely driving hybrid electric cars performing at 80 miles per gallon. Today's internal-combustion-engine-only vehicle will become an artifact of history.” - Dan Doughty

CONCLUSION

As seen in this presentation, the FCV’s and EV’s have many advantages and benefits over the internal combustion engine and hybrid vehicle. These are cleaner and much more efficient; however, these also have disadvantages.

The future of the FCV’s and EV’s relies on their battery and fuel cell quality. If researchers can produce or find the “super battery” or “super fuel cell”, the future of these vehicles is promising.

As of today, each vehicle has its own characteristic that makes it better than the other. Only time and technological improvements will tell which vehicle will excel in the future.

But according to experts time is going in the favour of modern fuel cell vehicles. Therefore we can expect that there is maximum possibility of fuel cells in vehicles in future.

Thank

you!