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FUEL CELL: Background and Application to Automotive Vehicles · Background and Application to...
Transcript of FUEL CELL: Background and Application to Automotive Vehicles · Background and Application to...
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Technical University of Radom
Andrzej Kowalewicz
FUEL – CELL:
Background and Application
to Automotive VehiclesEcology and Safety as a Driving Force
in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF RADOM
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Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Van’t Hoff equilibrium box
2.2. How does FC act
3. Application of Fuell – Cell to Automotive Vehicles
3.1. Fuel – cell: Present status
3.2. Hydrogen FC
3.3. Methanol FC
3.4. Gasoline FC
4. Recent FC Vehicles
5. Forecast
6. Conclusions
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Introduction
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Nicolaus Carnot 1798 – 1832
Robert Bunsen 1811 – 1899
William Grove 1830
Jacobus van’t Hoff 1852 – 1911
Francis Bacon 1930
1959 – first fuel – cell 6 kW
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Fig. 1. Van’t Hoff equilibrium box
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Fig. 2. Equilibrium of reaction
a A+ b B m M + n N
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Fig. 3. Hydrogen FC
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Hydrogen FC
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Theoretical Efficiency of Fuel – Cell
1st Law of Thermodynamics:
H = G + Q
where:
H - chemical energy of fuel (enthalpy of fuel)
G - Gibbs free energy (electric energy)
Q - thermal energy (heat)
theoretical efficiency:
th = 1- Q/H
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Voltag
e
Rated last
Shortcircuiting
Currentintensity
Area of maxcurrent
Area of workdU/di ~Ri
Voltageof idling
Part load
i
U
Current – voltage characteristics of single H2–O2 FC
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Voltage at single FC
Hydrogen FC works at temperature 90ºC
Voltage of single FC
- maximum 1,23 V
- rated voltage 0,6÷0,8 V
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Type ElectrolyteOperating
temp ( C)
Principal
applications
PEMFCPoly-perfluoro sulfinic
acid25-105 Transport
DMFCPoly-perfluoro sulfinic
acid70-105 Transport
SOFCZirconium & yttrium
oxides750-1000
Transport, power
generation
AFC Potassium hydroxide 50-200 Space, transport
MCFCLithium and potassium
carbonates630-700
Power
generation
PAFC Phosphoric acid 180-210Power
generationKey: SPFC – solid polymer fuel cell; SOFC – solid oxide fuel cell;
AFC – alkaline fuel cell; PEMFC – proton exchange membrane;
MCFC – molten carbonate fuel cell; DMFC – direct methanol fuel cell;
PAFC – phosphoric acid fuel cell
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Comparison of power source efficiency
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Theoretical Background
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Present Status of FC
Energy density: 10 kg/kW, 1,0÷2,0 kW/dm3
Emission of CO2 from FC (gasoline) is twice less than from IC engine
Fuel consumption (gasoline) is twice less at the same distance of way
Price of FC is US$ 300/kWPrice of IC engine is US$ 50/kW
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Type of
hydrogen
storageFeatures. Advantages/Shortcomings
Liquefied
hydrogen
Hydrogen cooled to –253ºC. Contained in cryogenic tanks. High cost of cooling process and
cost of tank. Problem: Cooling equipment on-board vehicle?
Compressed
hydrogen
Hydrogen compressed to 69 MPa. Dangerous? Distribution demands new infrastructure.
Methanol Requires on-board reformation at 260ºC. Methanol FC is 30% more efficient than IC engine.
Gasoline Requires on-board reformation at 600ºC. Less efficiency than methanol FC. Good
infrastructure.
Metal hydrides Can store 1,5-2,5% wt hydrogen.
Requires infrastructure.
Sodium
borohydride,
NaBH4
Nontoxic, nonexplosive, nonflammable – the most benign fuel for FC. Dry powder, water-based
solution stored in an aqueous solution containing 3% wt NaOH to inhibit the evolution of
hydrogen. Requires infrastructure.
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Companies producing FC
• Ballard (XCELLSIS)
• Global Alternative Propulsion Center (GAPC)
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Companies, which apply FC to automotive vehicles
DaimlerChrysler Liquid hydrogen FC (NECAR 4)
Compressed Hydrogen FC (NECAR 4a)
Methanol FC (NECAR 5
and Jeep Comander 2 SUW)
Gasoline FC
Sodium borohydride as a source of hydrogen
to FC (NATRIUM minivan)
Renault Liquid hydrogen FC
VW Liquid hydrogen FC (Bora)
GME Methanol FC (Opel Zafira)
Honda Methanol FC (Research vehicle)
Ford Gaseous Hydrogen FC (Ford Focus)
Ford Methanol FC (Ford Mondeo)
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Overview of fuel cell demonstration cars developed by Daimler
Chrysler, based on different onboard fuel storage concepts
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
The FC energy source could by hydrogen, methanol or gasoline
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Hydrogen FC
Direct application of hydrogen to FC
Anode Reaction 2H2 → 4H+ + 4e-
Cathode Reaction 4H+ + O2 + 4e-→ 2H2O
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Methanol FC
Reforming of methanol
CH3OH 2H2 + CO dissociation
CH3OH + H2O 3H2 + CO2 steam reforming
Autothermal reforming: combination of total oxidation
and steam-reforming – model of autothermal reforming
of methanol
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Methanol FC
Catalyst: CuO/ZnO/Al2O3
Net reaction enthalpy change = 0
Combustion
2 CH3OH + O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
exothermic reaction
Steam reforming
CH3OH + H2O 3H2 + CO2
endothermic reaction
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
GM’s example of function principle of methanol powered FC system
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Opel Zafira powered by FC
1 – battery, 2 – electric motor, 3 – transreformer, 4 – inlet of air to FC,
5 – FC, 6 – vaporizer - mixer , 7 – compressor, 8 – cooling system, 9 – reformer
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
General scheme of automotive Ford Motor Co. methanol FC
1 – methanol tank, 2 – reformer, 3 – FC, 4 – transreformer, 5 – electric motor DC,
6 – air compressor
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Liquid Gasoline → Vapourizer → Partial Oxidation →
→ Water-gas shift → Preferential Oxidation PROX →
→ FC
Gasoline FC
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Gasoline FC
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Chrysler Co. FC than
runs on gasoline
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Sodium borohydride FC
heatNaBOH4OH2NaBH 22
catalyst
24
stoichiometric reaction generation of hydrogen
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
HOD System
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
DaimlerChrysler Natrium minivan with on-board Hydrogen-On-Demand (HOD)
System
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
What should be improved?In previous years companies were still working on proof-of-
concept of FC, they need now build a vehicle!
Now main problems being solved are:
• quick start-up (presently 20 sec) of vehicle
• manufacturability
• crash safety
• fuel (hydrogen: on board storage and fuel infrastructure
are being key obstacles; synthetic gasoline, methanol?)
• electric drive/drivertain need very efficient heat
exchanges (cooling)
• cost of FC remains a key challenge
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Application of FC to Automotive Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
FC as Auxiliary Power Unit
APU for electronic systems (BMW – Delphi)
• Fuel consumption of ICE
for electronic systems = 1,5 dm3/100 km
• Fuel consumption of gasoline fuelled
FC = 0,7 dm3/100 km
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Recent FC Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
NECAR 5 – Daimler – Chrysler, 2004
FC: Compressed hydrogen
Hydrogen stotage: Two hydrogen tanks, 350,0 bar
Ballard FC stack
Electric motor: 65 kW, 210 Nm
Battery: NiMH, 1,4 kWh capacity
NECAR 5 range: 150 km
Acceleration: 0-100 km/h in 16s
Also FC for Mercedes A - Class
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Recent FC Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
NATRIUM Chrysler’s Minivan
FC: Compressed hydrogen
Range: 500 km
Speed: 130 km/h
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Recent FC Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Hyunday’s FC Vehicle TUSCON CAR
FC: hydrogen, operaters at temp. < 0 C
Battery: Lithium – ion polymer
Hydrogen storage: compressed H2 152 dm3
Electric motor: 80 kW, 260 Nm
Range of the vehicle: 300 km
Speed: 155 km/h
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Recent FC Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
AUDI A2
Hydrogen FC, PEM
Hydrogen storage: liquid H2, 1,8 kg
Electric motor: synchronous, 66 kW/110 kW for 30s, 425 Nm
Battery: NiMH
Range of the vehicle: 220 km
Acceleration: 0 – 100 km in 10s
Speed: 175 km/h
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Recent FC Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Toyota FCHV-4 (demonstrator vehicle)
FC: Hydrogen 400 V
Hydrogen tanks: 4 tanks, 350 bar
Electric motor: 80 kW, 260 Nm
Battery: NiMH
Vehical speed: 155 km/h
Range: 300 km
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Recent FC Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Inteligent Energy ENV, Fuel – Cell Motorbike
FC: Hydrogen, 1 kW
Hydrogen storage: Composite cylinder, 2,5 kWh
Electric motor: 6 kW, 48 V, DC
Batteries: lead – acid
Range: 160 km
Acceleration: 0 – 80 km in 12,1 s
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Recent FC Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
FC – Diesel ICE or Spark Ignition ICE
FC – Diesel ICE or NG Fuelled Dual Fuel Engine
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Recent FC Vehicles
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
F600 Hygenius, Mercedes – Benz
Hydrogen FC, 4 stacks, 100 cells
Hydrogen reservoir: 4 kg H2 at 700 bar
Electric motor: 60 kW/80 kW, 250/350 Nm (Synchronous AC)
Battery: Lithium – ion, 200 – 270 V
ICE: Diesel, 2,9 dm3 /100 km
Range of the vehicle: 400 km
Speed: 170 km/h
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Forcast
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
Methanol
Hydrogen
Gasoline
Cost, Weight
Fuel EconomyEmission
Infrastructure of fuels
Infrastructure andtechnology must
be developed
Technologyaccesible
Are
Demonstrationprototypes
Technologywill be
developed
Options offuel
Preliminary optionsare made
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Forcast
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
50 % theoretic
Market – share
15 Mio
20 % theoretic
Market – share
3 Mio
2 % theoretic
Market – share
300.000
Under 0,5 % theor.
Market – share
50.000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2 025
~ 25 %
World sale
of cars
Nu
mb
er
of
so
ldc
ars
Phase 4
Further
Development of
FCV market
technology and
infrastructure
2020-2025
Phase 3
Development of
the FCV market
and technology
2015-2020
Phase 2
Niche
Technology:
Developmint of
reformers
technique and
infrastructure
Phase 1
Testphase of
existing FCV
2005-2010
Years
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Conclusions
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
• Fuel-cell converts potential chemical energy of the
fuel into electrical energy without need for transfer it
into heat in low temperature process.
• Theoretical efficiency of fuel-cell is very high and not
limited by efficiency of Carnot cycle.
• Due to low temperature of electrochemical reactions
and hydrogen as a fuel, FC is practically zero
emission power.
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Conclusions
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
• Emission of greenhouse gas (CO2) of hydrogen FC is
much more lower for methanol or gasoline fuel-cell
then for conventional IC engine.
• At present the most advanced are research vehicles
powered with hydrogen FC.
• First into the market gasoline FCV will be introduced
due to existing fuel market.
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Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008
![Page 47: FUEL CELL: Background and Application to Automotive Vehicles · Background and Application to Automotive Vehicles ... GM’s example of function principle of methanol powered FC system.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022041920/5e785bb86919b87de4418322/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
THANK YOU
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF RADOM
Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force
in the Development of Vehicles
IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008