FSTFC Membrane Complet Details

Chanitex (Shanghai) Pure Water Equipment Co.,LTD RO elements technical manual

Table of Contents 1 Introduction of company ..………………………………………………………3 2 Characteristic of RO membrane elements in Chanitex ……..5 3 Catalogue and parameter

3.1 Model and naming rule ..…………………………………………………………….6 3.2 Summary table for quick access to product ..………………………………..8 3.3 Choice of membrane component ..………………………………………………10 3.4 Details of product ..……………………………………………………………………12 3.5 Specification of parts ..……………………………..……………………………….41 3.6 Packing information ..…………………………………………………………………42

4 Introduction of separation and reverse osmosis of membrane

4.1 Principle of filtration and separation ..…………………………………………44 4.2 Common filtration technology ..………………………………………………….45 4.3 Principle of osmosis and reverse osmosis ..………………………………….46 4.4 Structure of reverse osmosis and working method ………………………48 4.5 Main guide- line of reverse osmosis’s performance ………………………50 4.6 Main factor of reverse osmosis’s performance ……………………………..51

5 Pretreatment of reverse osmosis system 5.1 Definition …………………………………………………………………………………58 5.2 Pretreatment of reverse osmosis ………………………………………………..64

6 Design of reverse osmosis 6.1 Main target of reverse osmosis’s design ………………………………………77 6.2 Gist of reverse osmosis system …………………………………………………..77 6.3 Basic process of reverse osmosis system …………………………………….77 6.4 Post treatment of reverse osmosis system …………………………………..82 6.5 Common equipment of reverse osmosis system …………………………..83 6.6 Clean system of reverse osmosis system …………………………………….84 6.7 Common instrument of reverse osmosis system …………………………..85 6.8 Control of reverse osmosis system ……………………………………………..86

7 Daily run and maintenance of reverse osmosis system 7.1 Initial start-up of reverse osmosis system …………………………………… 87 7.2 Automatic start-up and stop of reverse osmosis system ………………..89 7.3 Daily maintenance of reverse osmosis system ……………………………..89 7.4 The stop and the maintenance for use of the RO system ………………91

Email: [email protected] of 116 2008 Version


8 Clean of RO membrane element

8.1 Clean condition ………………………………………………………………………..93 8.2 Judgment of pollutants ……………………………………………………………..93 8.3 Clean of RO membrane’s components ………………………………………..96

9 Guarantee of Chanitex RO membrane element 9.1 Quality assure of Chanitex RO membrane components ………………..102 9.2 procedure of return product ………………………………………………………104

10 Frequently ask questions 10.1 How long does membrane last? ………………………………………………..106 10.2 What is the suitable condition to store membrane? …………………….106 10.3 What are the components of membrane’s protection liquid ………….106 10.4 How do pressure and temperature influence on water production ……………………………….106 10.5 How do pressure, temperature, and feed water TDS influence on

desalination? …………………………………………………………………………..106 10.6 What is water hammer and how does influence on membrane? ……107 10.7 Why does the PH value of water from the RO system low down? ….108 10.8 Why is the TDS value of initial water high when restart the

equipment? ……………………………………………………………………………..108 10.9 How is the structure of RO membrane? ………………………………………108 10.10 What are the malfunctions of RO system? …………………………………..109 10.11 What is the effect of the feed water’s rigidity to RO system? …………110

11 Quality authentication 11.1 NSF Certification ………………………………………………………………………111 11.2 ISO 14000 Environmental system certification …………………………….112 11.3 ISO9000 Quality system certification ………………………………………….113

12 Addenda 12.1 Unit conversion …………………………………………………………………………..114 12.2 Common formula ………………………………………………………………………..115 12.3 The conversion of conductivity and salinity …………………………………….116



1 Introduction of company Chanitex (Shanghai) Pure Water Equipment CO., LTD is engaging in design, manufacture, sales and service of pure water field. We dedicate ourselves to the water treatment technology, the renovation and appliance of materials, and supply the solutions of water treatment technology to customers. Through our effects, we hope that we can supply the better products and services to our customers around the world, improving human’s living environment and the life quality of consumers. Chanitex (Shanghai) Pure Water Equipment CO., LTD lays in MinHang district of shanghai, close to traffic center of HongQiao, with an area of 33000square meters. Our products cover all kinds of pure water equipments, filters and relative components, including RO membrane, pump, filter, switch and solenoid. At present, Chanitex has more than 150 professional and technical stuffs, distributed in R&D, manufacture, QC, after-sales service and so on. Chanitex pays much attention to product development through the ages. Every year the expense on product development covers about 3% of sale and the number of patent applications is for many years in the forefront of the country. We own 66 items patents now, among which 12 items are invention patents, 25 items are applied new pattern patents and 29 are appearance patents. Chanitex was rated as shanghai high-tech enterprise in 2007 and its products are certified by NSF, ROHS, CE, the ministry of health, UL, 3C and so on.



Chanitex (shanghai) Pure Water Equipment Co., LTD was founded in 2002 and becomes one of the enterprises engaged in the manufacture of the reverse osmosis membrane and relative products. We have totally produced all kinds of more than 2 million sets RO membrane since the first piece of membrane was produced and the numbers are top among the nation. We produced 600,000 pieces of RO membranes in 2007 and the number is top in China. At present, about 100 workers engage in membrane manufacture. The yield of 4 inches membrane is 10,000 each month, 8 inches membrane 1,000, household membrane 100,000, and the total yield is top among China. The “number one” and” best of all of Chanitex The first enterprise of applying patent in membrane’s rolling field in China. The output of RO membrane is top one in china. The export of RO membrane is top one in china. The total amount of RO membrane is top one in China. The number of applied patent is top one in China’s water purifier manufacture. Our aims

Better RO membrane More flexible and pragmatic management method More professional technology support Better after-sales service



2 The characteristic of RO membrane in Chanitex

2.1 Imported raw materials

The RO membrane comes from USA and Japan’s manufactures whose repute are great, and other key raw materials are also from them, so its quality and stability can be guaranteed to great degree. Chanitex has built good cooperation relationship with famous RO membrane supplier with perseverance and the spirit of strictest attitude to quality over the years so as to produce the top ranking RO membrane.

2.2 Advanced technology

The most advanced technology of arithmetical spiral is adopted to produce the 8 inch and 4 inch spiral membrane, so as to keep the quality the same with the other and we are the first enterprise to master this technology in China. Over the years, the pass rate of our products is more than 99.98% and reaches the tiptop standard of this field, so our products are 100% qualified.

2.3 Special technology of “non-integer membrane”

The 2 inches and big flux household membrane adopts the technology of world’s special “non-integer”. Chanitex applied for patent (Patent number: ZL200520039773.7), and this patent has become the first patent of Chinese people in field of membrane rolling. At present, the company owns 3 patents of RO elements.

2.4 100% finished product test and strict quality standard

Each membrane of Chanitex is tested strictly to insure its rejection and water flow within the scope of standard. Whatever specification of the membrane, each owns the only serial number and the relative test report is kept in company’s data-base, and every test report of the membrane can be supplied by company.

2.4 Flexible manufacture technology

Chanitex owns the technology and equipment of membrane manufacture design team of product integrality. We also own the ability of 3D sculpt design, mould process and plastic injection, so we can process special size of membrane and its relative components. We have processed all kinds of specification membrane for customers at home and abroad, and the details are as follow:



3 Catalogue and parameter

3.1 Model and naming rule

3.1.1 Naming rule of 4 inches RO membrane elements

BW- 4040

Dimension: 4040 -- diameter is 4.0 inch and length 40 inch

4021 -- diameter is 4 inch and length is 21 inch

2540 -- diameter is 2.5 inch and length 40 inch

2521 -- diameter is 2.5 inch and length 21 inch

Series：BW Series Brackish Water Series

(Test pressure 1.55Mpa)

LP Series Low Pressure Brackish Water series

(Ttest pressure 1.05MPa)

TW Series Tap Water Desalination Series

(Test pressure 0.77MPa)

XLE Series Extrem Low Pressure Desalination Series

(Test pressure 0.70MPa)

ECO Series Economical Membrane Series



3.1.2 Naming rule of 8 inches RO membrane elements

BW - 8 365

Active Membrane Area： 365 square inch

400 square inch

440 square meter

Diameter of Element: 8 inches

Series： The same as 4 inch

3.3.1.3 Naming rule of household RO membrane

TFC - 1812- 50

Water Flow: Unit GPD

Specification: 1812 -- diameter is 1.8 inch and length is 12 inch

2012 -- diameter is 2.0 inch and length is 12 inch



Series: TFC Thin Film Composed Polyamide RO Membrane




3.2 Summary table for quick access to product

Antitheses table of part component

Chanitex F XXX T XXX H XXX model model model model

BW-2540 TW/BW-2540 / / BW-4021 TW/BW-4021 / / BW-4040 TW/BW-4040 TM710 CPA2-4040 BW-8365 BW30-365 TM720-370 CPA2-8040 BW-8400 BW30-400 TM720-400 CPA3-8040 LP-2540 LP-2540 / / LP-4021 LP-4021 / / LP-4040 LP-4040 TMG10 ESPA2-4040 LP-8365 / / / LP-8400 LE-400 TMG720-400 ESPA2-8040 TW-2514 / / / TW-2521 / / / TW-2540 / / / TW-4021 / / / TW-4040 / TMH10 ESPA3-4040 TW-8365 / TMH720-370 / TW-8400 / TMH720-400 ESPA3-8040 XLE-2514 / / / XLE-2521 XLE-2521 / / XLE-2540 XLE-2540 / / XLE-4021 XLE-4021 / / XLE-4040 XLE-4040 / ESPA4-4040

XLE-8365 / / /

XLE-8400 XLE-440 / ESPA4-8040 ECO1-4040 / / ESPA2-4040 ECO2-4040 / / ESPA1-4040 ECO3-4040 / / /

Notice: As the actual performance of membrane element is influenced by many factors, the

data is just for reference and doesn’t mean that it is completely same as the actual

performance when use



Performance datasheet of part membrane

Rejection Permeate Flow Test Pressuer Product Code

Series

Model％ GPD T/D L/min L/H Psi MPa Kg/cm3

400801 BW-4021 99.2 900 3.4 2.4 142

400802 BW-4040 99.5 2500 9.5 6.6 394

400833 BW-8365 99.5 10000 37.9 26.3 1577

401023

Brackish

desalination

series BW-8400 99.5 11000 41.6 28.9 1735

225.0 1.55 15.5

400807 LP-4021 99.0 1000 3.8 2.6 158

400808 LP-4040 99.5 2500 9.5 6.6 394

400809 LP-8365 99.5 10000 37.9 26.3 1577

401024

Low pressure

brackish

desalination

series LP-8400 99.5 11000 41.6 28.9 1735

150.0 1.05 10.5

400814 TW-4021 99.0 1000 3.8 2.6 158

400815 TW-4040 99.0 2600 9.8 6.8 410

401025 TW-8365 99.0 10000 37.9 26.3 1577

401026

TW tap water

desalination

series TW-8400 99.0 11000 41.6 28.9 1735

110.0 0.77 7.7

400819 XLE-4021 99.0 1300 4.9 3.4 205

400820 XLE-4040 99.0 2800 10.6 7.3 441

401027 XLE-8365 99.0 11000 41.6 28.9 1735

401028

Extram low

pressure series

XLE-8400 99.0 12100 45.8 31.8 1908

100.0 0.69 6.9

401029 ECO2-4040 99.5 2300 8.7 6.0 362

401030 ECO3-4040 99.0 2700 10.2 7.1 425 150.0 1.05 10.5

400805

ECO

economical

series ECO4-4040 98.0 2100 7.9 5.5 331 75.0 0.52 5.2


3.3 How to choose the membrane element

BW brackish water membrane: Average rejection is more than 99.5% with stable

performance, applying for brackish desalination;

LP low pressure brackish membrane: The pressure and energy consumption low down

40% with the same desalination rate;

TW tap water membrane: The best balance between high desalination and

higher permeate water flow, especially for

municipal water treatment;

XLE extreme low energy membrane: The water output is 10% more while the pressure

low down 30%. The perfect connection of low

energy consumption and high water output;

ECO low pressure membrane: The most economical 4 inch membrane with best

quality and low price;

FS-TFC membrane: The most complete specification of household

membrane brand;

Characteristic of product

1) RO membrane sheet of well-known manufacturer is adopted to

guarantee the quality of product;

2) With multi series and complete specification, the membrane can meet

all kinds of requirement;

3) With high quality and low price, it reduce the expense of investment

and maintenance;

4) With strong ability of development, we can provide tailor service of

membrane for customer;

5) We can provide OEM service of membrane for customer;



3.3.1 The comparison of water output and desalination of membrane produced by

Chanitex

3.3.2 The comparison of energy consumption and desalination rate of membrane

produced by Chanitex

3.3.3 The applied TDS value of membrane produced by Chanitex

Note: The above chart shows the different performance of membrane. And doesn’t mean that

the actual data is the same as the dates listed on the chart, the chart is just for reference

when choose membrane



3.4 The details of product

BW Brackish Water Desalination 2.5 Inches RO Membrane Element

Product characteristics BW brackish water membrane elements adopt the most advanced polyamide

sheets , and are combined with the experience we got over the years, so we

can have a treatment of desalination brackish water whose TDS is less than

8000mg/L, surface water, ground water, and other source water.

The characteristics of the membrane are as follows:

High and owns perfect performance in wiping off SiO2. It can also reduce

the energy consumption and maintenance expense of resin, EDI and other

devices.

With high stability and optimization structure. The membrane adopts the

design of wide feed net and short membrane leaves. This series of film

owns the high stability and can be cleaned.

We supply wide scope of choice and complete specification. The Diameter

is divided into 2.5 inches, 4.0 inches, 8.0 inches and the length is divided

into 14 inches, 21 inches and 40 inches, so as to meet the need of

different requirement on water output. We can also make special

dimension and specification of membrane as customer require.

Performance parameters

Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

BW-2514 8（0.7） 225（1.55） 220（0.8） 99.0 8

BW-2521 13（1.2） 225（1.55） 350（1.3） 99.0 15

BW-2540 28（2.6） 225（1.55） 750（2.8） 99.3 15

Notice: test conditions

1. The test is under water temperature 25, NaCl 2000mg/L, pH 7.5 and the standard recycle rate

and pressure;

2. The water output deviation of single membrane is between ±15％ of mean value;

3. The lowest desalination rate is 98.5%;

Limited conditions: Max operation pressure ………………………………………….600psi（4.2MPa）

Max feed water temperature ……………………………………45

Max feed water SDI ……………………………………………….5

Max feed water flux …………………………………………………6GPM（1.4M3/h）

Max free chlorine in feed water …………………………………＜0.1mg/L

Range of feed water PH value of constant run………………3～10

Range of feed water PH value of chemical cleaning……….2～11

Max pressure drop of single membrane……………………….15Psi（0.1Mpa）



Dimension Criterion Diameter 2.5 inches series unit mm (inch)

Model A B C D

2514 356.0（14.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 61.0（2.40）

2521 533.4（21.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 61.0（2.40）

2540 1016.0（40.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 61.0（2.40）

Important information and notice:

1 More information about design parameters, you can read the new version of manual, design direction and

other relative data, or have a consultation with technologist. If user doesn’t obey the manual offered by us,

we will not take responsibility for what happen.

2 All the membranes are tested strictly and treated with 1.0% NaHSO3 for storage (propylene glycol antifreeze is

added in winter) before shipped .We adopt vacuum packaging and the hard cardboard is used for packaging.

To prevent the growing of microbial in short-term storage and transport. The protect liquid of 1.0%NaHSO3 is

promoted (confected with RO pure water) to marinate components

3 It is suggested that the first hour of pure water be drain

4 Any chemical medicament, having a bad effect on membrane’s performance, is bidden to add in the period

of storage, installation and normal function. When install, please use pure water or glycerin if lube is needed.

When clean, refer to the cleaning method and the chemical medicament of complex offered by us .If you

use other chemical medicament, we will not take any responsibility of what happens

5 FRP (Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics) is adopted for 4040 and 8040 and the limited pressure is 15

Psi .Adhesive tape wrap is adopted for household membrane, and pyrocondensation film is added for other

dimension of membrane.

6 All the membrane produced by Chanitex adopt the universal standards of international size, and can

interconvert with all types of membrane presently.25 series adopt the pressure vessel whose Diameter is 2.5

inches,40 series 4.0inches and 80 series 8.0 inches.











devices.










Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

BW-4014 22（2.0） 225（1.55） 550（2.1） 99.3 8

BW-4021 36（3.3） 225（1.55） 900（3.4） 99.3 8

BW-4040 78（7.5） 225（1.55） 2500（9.5） 99.5 15



and pressure;













Dimension Criterion Diameter 4.0 inches series unit mm (inch)

Model A B C D

4014 356.0（14.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 100.1（3.94）

4021 533.4（21.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 100.1（3.94）

4040 1016.0（40.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 100.1（3.94）



















inches,40 series 4.0 inches and 80 series 8.0 inches.











devices.










Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

BW-8365 365（34） 225（1.55） 10000（38） 99.5 15

BW-8400 400（37） 225（1.55） 11000（41） 99.5 15



and pressure;






Max feed water flux …………………………………………………80GPM（18M3/h）







Dimension Criterion

Diameter 8.0 inches series unit mm (inch)

Model A B C 8365/8400 1016.0（40.0） 29.0（1.1） 201（7.9）






















LP Low Pressure Brackish Water Desalination 2.5 Inches RO Membrane Element

Product characteristics LP brackish water membrane elements adopt the most advanced polyamide





High desalination rate, and big flow ,the running pressure lows down

30% more than the common brackish membrane. It can reduce the

energy consumption, the quality requirement of pump, pressure vessel,

pipe line, and save the expense of investment and maintenance.




We supply wide scope of choice and complete specification. The

Diameter is divided into 2.5 inches, 4.0 inches, 8.0 inches and the length

is divided into 14 inches, 21 inches and 40 inches, so as to meet the need

of different requirement on water output. We can also make special



Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

LP-2514 8（0.7） 150（1.05） 220（0.8） 99.0 8

LP-2521 13（1.2） 150（1.05） 370（1.4） 99.0 15

LP-2540 28（2.6） 150（1.05） 800（3.0） 99.0 15



and pressure;













Dimension Criterion


Model A B C D

2514 356.0（14.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 61.0（2.40）

2521 533.4（21.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 61.0（2.40）

2540 1016.0（40.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 61.0（2.40）






added in winter)before shipped .We adopt vacuum packaging and the hard cardboard is used for packaging.

















Product characteristics LP brackish water membrane elements adopt the most advanced polyamide







energy consumption, the quality requirement of pump, pressure vessel,

pipeline, and save the expense of investment and maintenance.





Diameter is divided into 2.5 inches, 4.0 inches, 8.0 inches and the length

is divided into 14 inches, 21 inches and 40 inches, so as to meet the need

of different requirement on water output. We can also make special

dimension and specification of membranes as customer require.


Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

LP-4014 22（2.0） 150（1.05） 750（2.9） 99.0 8

LP-4021 36（3.3） 150（1.05） 1000（3.8） 99.0 8

LP-4040 78（7.5） 150（1.05） 2500（9.5） 99.5 15



and pressure;













Dimension Criterion


Model A B C D

4014 356.0（14.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 100.1（3.94）

4021 533.4（21.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 100.1（3.94）

4040 1016.0（40.0） 26.7（1. 05） 19.1（0.75） 100.1（3.94）























Product characteristics LP series brackish desalination membrane of Chanitex adopt the most

advanced technology of polyamide complex, and combine the experience

we got over the years, so we can have a treatment of desalination

brackish water whose salinity is less than 5000mg/L,surface water,

ground water ,and other source water.




energy consumption, the quality requirement of pump, pressure

vessel, pipeline, and save the expense of investment and

maintenance.

With high stability and optimization structure. The membrane adopts

the design of wide page and short film. This series of film owns the

high stability and can be cleaned.

We supply wide scope of choice and complete specification to meet

the need of different requirement on water output. We can also make

special dimension and specification of membrane as customer

require.

Performance paremeter

Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

LP-8365 365（34） 150（1.05） 10000（38） 99.5 15

LP-8400 400（37） 150（1.05） 11000（40） 99.5 15

LP-8440 440（41） 150（1.05） 12000（45） 99.5 15



and pressure;



Limited conditions: Max operation pressure ……………………………………………600psi（4.2MPa）









Dimension Criterion


Model A B C

8365/8400/8440 1016.0(40.0) 29.0(1.1) 201(7.9)






















TW Series Ultra Low Pressure Tap Water 2.5 Inches RO Membrane Element

Product characteristics Chanitax corporation TW series super low pressure tap water 2.5 inches

salty rejection reverse osmosis elements are made of super low

composite polyamide membrane combining with long term experience

in manufacturing reverse osmosis .It deals with the tap water with salt

lower than 2000mg/L and especially fits for the production of all the

drinking water .

The membrane has its characteristics as follows:

High rejection .They give high rejection in treating with pesticides, by

product of disinfection often seen from the tap water.


the design of wide feed net and short membrane leaves. This series of

film owns the high stability and can be cleaned.


Diameter is divided into 2.5 inches, 4.0 inches, 8.0 inches and the

length is divided into 14 inches, 21 inches and 40 inches, so as to

meet the need of different requirement on water output. We can also

make special dimension and specification of membrane as customer

require.


Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

TW-2514 8(0.7) 110（0.76） 250(0.9) 98.5 5

TW-2521 13(1.2) 110（0.76） 350(1.3) 98.5 8

TW-2540 28(2.6) 110（0.76） 800(3.0) 99.0 15



and pressure;













Dimension Criterion


Model A B C D 2514 356.0(14.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 61.0（2.40）

2521 533.4(21.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 61.0（2.40）

2540 1016.0(40.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 61.0（2.40）




























drinking water .



product of disinfection often seen from the tap water.


the design of wide feed net and short membrane leaves. This series of

film owns the high stability and can be cleaned.






require.


Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

TW-4014 22(2.0) 110（0.76） 700(2.6) 99.0 8

TW-4021 36(3.3) 110（0.76） 1000(3.8) 99.0 8

TW-4040 78(7.5) 110（0.76） 2600(9.8) 99.0 15



and pressure;



Limited conditions:

Max operation pressure ………………………………………….600psi（4.2MPa）










Dimension Criterion


Model A B C D 4014 356.0(14.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 100.1（3.94）

4021 533.4(21.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 100.1（3.94）

4040 1016.0(40.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 100.1（3.94）










4 Any chemical medicament ,having a bad effect on membrane’s performance, is bidden to add in the period


When clean ,refer to the cleaning method and the chemical medicament of complex offered by us .If you
















drinking water .



product of disinfection often seen from the tap water .


the design of wide feed net and short membrane leaves. This series

of film owns the high stability and can be cleaned.






require.


Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

TW-8365 365(34) 110（0.76） 10000(38) 99.0 15

TW-8400 400(37) 110（0.76） 11000(42) 99.0 15

TW-8440 440(41) 110（0.76） 12000(45) 99.0 15



and pressure;



Limited conditions: Max operation pressure ……………………………………………600psi（4.2MPa）









Dimension Criterion


Model A B C 8365/8400/8440 1016.0(40.0) 29.0(1.1) 201(7.9)






















XLE Series Extreme Low Energy 2.5 Inches RO Membrane Element

Product characteristics Chanitex XLE series extreme low energy reverse osmosis membrane elements are

made of the largest productive composite polyamide membrane It deals with the

tap water with salt lower than 2000mg/L .


Super large productive .It can provide higher productive when the operational

pressure is 100 psi, which the flow is more than 10% compared with other

same products under the same pressure. It can also reduce investment costs

of pressure pump, pipe and pressure vessel.

Effectively reducing the operating cost and design difficulties. When the feed

SDI is lower than3,it helps to reduce the quantity of pressure vessel , the

system investment and later operation and maintenance costs.


design of wide feed net and short membrane leaves. This series of film owns

the high stability and can be cleaned.

We supply wide scope of choice and complete specification. The Diameter is

divided into 2.5 inches, 4.0 inches, 8.0 inches and the length is divided into 14

inches, 21 inches and 40 inches, so as to meet the need of different

requirement on water output. We can also make special dimension and

specification of membrane as customer require.


Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

XEL-2514 8(0.7) 100（0.69） 400 (1.5) 98.5 8

XEL-2521 13(1.2) 100（0.69） 500 (1.9) 98.5 15

XEL-2540 28(2.6) 100（0.69） 1100(4.2) 99.0 15


1. The test is under water temperature 25, NaCl 500mg/L, pH 7.5 and the standard recycle rate and

pressure;



Limited condition:











Dimension Criterion


Model A B C D 2514 356.0(14.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 61.0（2.40）

2521 533.4(21.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 61.0（2.40）

2540 1016.0(40.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 61.0（2.40）























Product characteristics Chanitex XLE series extreme low energy reverse osmosis membrane elements

are made of the largest productive composite polyamide membrane It deals with

the tap water with salt lower than 2000mg/L .


Super large productive .It can provide higher productive when the

operational pressure is 100 psi, which the flow is more than 10% compared

with other same products under the same pressure. It can also reduce

investment costs of pressure pump, pipe and pressure vessel.

Effectively reducing the operating cost and design difficulties. When the

feed SDI is lower than3,it helps to reduce the quantity of pressure vessel ,

the system investment and later operation and maintenance costs.






into 14 inches, 21 inches and 40 inches, so as to meet the need of different

requirement on water output. We can also make special dimension and

specification of membrane as customer require.


Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

XEL-4014 22(2.0) 100（0.69） 800 (3.0) 99.0 8

XEL-4021 36(3.3) 100（0.69） 1300 (4.9) 99.0 8

XEL-4040 78(7.5) 100（0.69） 2800(10.6) 99.0 15



pressure;



Limited conditions:

Max operation pressure …………………………………………….600psi（4.2MPa）










Dimension Criterion


Model A B C D 4014 356.0(14.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 100.1(3.94)

4021 533.4(21.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 100.1(3.94)

4040 1016.0(40.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 100.1(3.94)























Product characteristics Chanitex XLE series extreme low energy & large productive reverse osmosis

membrane elements are made of the largest productive composite polyamide

membrane It deals with the tap water with salt lower than 2000mg/L .


Super large productive .It can provide higher productive when the

operational pressure is 100 psi, which the flow is more than 10%

compared with other same products under the same pressure. It can also

reduce investment costs of pressure pump, pipe and pressure vessel.

Effectively reducing the operating cost and design difficulties. When the

feed SDI is lower than3,it helps to reduce the quantity of pressure vessel ,

the system investment and later operation and maintenance costs.

Excellent stability , optimized element structure ,wide flow path and short

membrane leaf design ,XLE series of elements is provided with the super

reliable operation and most effective cleaning .

Wide range and complete sets of products .There is 2.5 inches and 4.0

inches and 8.0 inches in diameter ,14 inches ,21 inches and 40 inches in

length that can meet different system demands about productive .Also,

we can design various sizes and specifications membrane elements

according to the clients’ needs.


Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

XEL-8365 365(34) 100（0.69） 11000 (41) 99.0 15

XEL-8400 400(37) 100（0.69） 12000 (45) 99.0 15

XEL-8440 440(41) 100（0.69） 13200(50) 99.0 15



pressure;



Limited conditions: Max operation pressure …………………………………………….600psi（4.2MPa）

Max feed water temperature ………………………………………45

Max feed water SDI ………………………………………………….5







Dimension Criterion


Model A B C 8365/8400/8440 1016.0(40.0) 29.0(1.1) 201(7.9)






















ECO Series Low Pressure 4.0 inches RO Membrane Elements

Product characteristics Chanitax ECO series low pressure reverse osmosis membrane elements are

made of the most high-tech super low pressure composite polyamide

membrane in the world .It deals with the tap water with salt lower than

5000mg/L .The membrane has its characteristics as follows:

High rejection and large productivity. The operational pressure is more

than 30% lower compared with common brackish membrane .ECO series

of elements can decrease your operation and maintenance costs a lot by

lowering the requirement of pumps, pressure vessels, pipe and other

components.

Excellent stability , optimized element structure ,wide flow path and short

membrane leaf design .On the condition of ensuring adequate area of the

membrane ,wider flow path is helpful to drain contaminants of feed water,

The stress –tolerant required of pretreatment and quality required of feed

water will be relatively higher when working on off-normal condition .It

has more effective cleaning than normal ones. It can maintain a relatively

low pressure drop and prolong the life span of membrane element when

the quality of feed water is not good.

So far ,there is only 4040 specification provided. One model is high

rejection type and the other is lager productive one. We will also develop

other specifications in the future. Performance parameters

Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

ECO1-4040 75(7.3) 225（0.53） 2000 (7.9) 99.5 15

ECO2-4040 75(7.3) 150（0.69） 2300 (8.7) 99.5 15

ECO3-4040 75(7.3) 150（0.69） 2700(10.2) 99.0 15

ECO4-4040 85(8.3) 75 (0.53) 2100(7.9) 98.0 15

Notice: test conditions 1. The test is under water temperature 25 , NaCl 500mg/L, pH 7.5 and the standard recycle rate and

pressure; 2. The water output deviation of single membrane is between ±15％ of mean value;


Limited conditions:











Dimension Criterion


Model A B C D 4040 1016.0(40.0) 26.7(1.05) 19.1(0.75) 100.1(3.94)






















FS-TFC Household RO Membrane Elements

Production characteristics FS-TFC household RO membrane elements adopt the most advanced polyamide

RO membrane sheets and combine with many of the years of experience in the

process of rolling –made membrane, which can treat with various tap water

from the municipal.

The features are as follows:

TFC-1812-50GPD membrane has got the certification of NSF (ANSI/NSF

Standard 58);

Outstanding performance ,high stability and reasonable price

FS-TFC is a residential membrane brand with the most complete mode and

specification in the world, with the four Diameters of 1.8inches ,2.0

inches, 2.5inches and 3.0 inches ,pure water flux from 50 GPD to 300GDP.

The 400 GPD&500GDP will be developed in 2007.


Model Active area

Ft2（m2）

Test pressure

Psi（MPa）

Permeate water

flow GPD（m3/d）

Rejection

（%）

Recovery

（%）

TFC-1812-50 4 (0.4) 65（0.45） 60（204） 97.0 15

TFC-1812-75 4 (0.4) 65（0.45） 75 (283) 97.0 15

TFC-1812-90 4 (0.4) 65（0.45） 90（340） 97.0 15

TFC-2012-100 5 (0.5) 65（0.45） 100（378） 97.0 15

TFC-2012-125 5 (0.5 65（0.45） 125（473） 97.0 15

TFC-2512-200 10(1.0) 65（0.45） 200（757） 97.0 15

TFC-2512-250 12(1.2) 65（0.45） 250（947） 97.0 15

TFC-3012-200 10(1.0) 65（0.45） 200（757） 97.0 10

TFC-3012-250 12(1.2) 65（0.45） 250（947） 97.0 10

TFC-3012-300 14(1.4) 65（0.45） 300（1135） 97.0 10


1. The test is under water temperature 25 , NaCl 500mg/L, pH 7.5 and the standard recycle rate and

pressure;



Limited conditions:










Dimension criterion

Household reverse osmosis series unit mm (inch)

Model A B C D E F 1812 298(11.7) 20.0(0.8) 19.1(0.75) 45.0(1.8) 264.8(10.4) 53.5(2.1)

2012 298(11.7) 20.0(0.8) 19.1(0.75) 48.0(1.9) 264.8(10.4) 53.5(2.1)

2512 298(11.7) 20.0(0.8) 19.1(0.75) 62.0(2.5) 264.8(10.4) 71.5(2.8)

3012 298(11.7) 20.0(0.8) 19.1(0.75) 81.0(3.2) 264.8(10.4) 81.5(3.2)






















The table of temperature regulate index

Temp. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

5 2.160 2.151 2.142 2.134 2.125 2.117 2.108 2.100 2.091 2.083

6 2.075 2.066 2.058 2.050 2.042 2.034 1.025 2.017 2.009 2.001

7 1.993 1.986 1.978 1.970 1.962 1.954 1.946 1.939 1.931 1.923

8 1.916 1.908 1.901 1.893 1.886 1.878 1.871 1.863 1.856 1.849

9 1.841 1.834 1.827 1.820 1.813 1.805 1.798 1.791 1.784 1.777

10 1.770 1.763 1.756 1.750 1.743 1.736 1.729 1.722 1.716 1.709

11 1.702 1.696 1.689 1.682 1.676 1.669 1.663 1.656 1.650 1.643

12 1.637 1.631 1.624 1.618 1.612 1.605 1.599 1.593 1.587 1.581

13 1.575 1.568 1.562 1.556 1.550 1.544 1.538 1.532 1.527 1.521

14 1.515 1.509 1.503 1.497 1.492 1.486 1.480 1.474 1.469 1.463

15 1.457 1.452 1.446 1.441 1.435 1.430 1.424 1.419 1.413 1.408

16 1.403 1.397 1.392 1.387 1.381 1.376 1.371 1.366 1.360 1.355

17 1.350 1.345 1.340 1.335 1.330 1.325 1.320 1.315 1.310 1.305

18 1.300 1.295 1.290 1.285 1.280 1.275 1.270 1.266 1.261 1.256

19 1.251 1.247 1.242 1.237 1.232 1.228 1.223 1.219 1.214 1.209

20 1.205 1.200 1.196 1.191 1.187 1.182 1.178 1.174 1.169 1.165

21 1.160 1.156 1.152 1.147 1.143 1.139 1.135 1.130 1.126 1.122

22 1.118 1.114 1.110 1.105 1.101 1.097 1.093 1.089 1.085 1.081

23 1.077 1.073 1.069 1.065 1.061 1.057 1.053 1.049 1.045 1.042

24 1.038 1.034 1.030 1.026 1.022 1.019 1.015 1.011 1.007 1.004

25 1.000 0.997 0.995 0.992 0.989 0.987 0.984 0.982 0.979 0.976

26 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.963 0.961 0.958 0.956 0.953 0.951

27 0.948 0.946 0.943 0.941 0.938 0.936 1.933 0.931 0.928 0.926

28 0.924 0.921 0.919 0.916 0.914 0.912 0.909 0.907 0.904 0.902

29 0.900 0.897 0.895 0.893 0.890 0.888 0.886 0.883 0.881 0.879

30 0.877 0.874 0.872 0.870 0.868 0.865 0.863 0.861 0.859 0.856

31 0.854 0.852 0.850 0.848 0.845 0.843 0.841 0.839 0.837 0.835

32 0.832 0.830 0.828 0.826 0.824 0.822 0.820 0.818 0.816 0.813

33 0.811 0.809 0.807 0.805 0.803 0.801 0.799 0.797 0.795 0.793

34 0.791 0.789 0.787 0.785 0.783 0.781 0.779 0.777 0.775 0.773

35 0.771 0.769 0.767 0.765 0.763 0.761 0.760 0.758 0.756 0.754

36 0.752 0.750 0.748 0.746 0.744 0.743 0.741 0.739 0.373 0.735

37 0.733 0.731 0.730 0.728 0.726 0.724 0.722 0.721 0.719 0.717

38 0.715 0.713 0.712 0.710 0.708 0.706 0.705 0.703 0.701 0.699

39 0.698 0.696 0.694 0.693 0.691 0.689 0.687 0.686 0.684 0.682

40 0.681 0.679 0.677 0.676 0.674 0.672 0.671 0.669 0.667 0.666

Flow @ 25 = Actual Flow × Regulate Index



3.5 The specification of the parts 3.5.1 4040 and 8040 connectors of the membrane elements 4040 element conn tor code: 42 7 8040 element c

ec 31 onnector code: 40708

The specification of the sealed ring

sed O ring of the membrane element

Specification

U

Name Code d1 22

Residential membrane 40601 2.5 17.8

404 0membrane connector 40608 3.5 18.5

8040 membrane connector 40604 2.8 24.0

sed Y ring of the membrane element

U

Specification Name Code

d1 d2 S2 h S1

2.5 inch Y ring 40503 49.0 50.5 4 5. 5.1 .3 75

4.0 inch Y ring 40505 87.0 88.0 7.3 5.5 6.5

8.0 inch Y ring 40509 184 185..8 8 8.0 7.0 8.0



Package informat3.6.1 f commercial and industrial elements

ote: The gross and the net weight are calculated by the wet membrane .The deviation between

Specification Gross Net

( Price/carton) （c

B

（c

C

（c

ion The package information o

N

actual weight and the average is +5%

(kg) (kg)

Quantity A

m） m） m）

2514 0.6 0.4 1 57 12 12

2521 1.0 0.8 1 57 12 12

2540 2.4 1.8 1 110 12 12

4014 1.8 1.5 1 57 12 12

4021 2.5 2.1 1 57 12 12

4040 4.3 3.6 1 110 12 12

8365 19 17.5 1 110 28 28

8400 21 19.5 1 110 28 28



3.6.2 The package information of residential elements

Specification Gross Net

(kg

Quantity

( Price/carton)

A

（c ）

B

（c ）

C

（c ） (kg) ) m m m

1812 7.9 7.0 25 32 32 31

2012 8.9 8.0 25 32 32 31

25 0 10.12-20 0 9.0 16 32 32 32

2512-250 12.0 11.0 16 32 32 32

3012-200 9.7 8.7 16 32 32 32

3012-250 11. 10.0 0 16 32 32 32

3012-300 12.6 11.6 16 32 32 32

ote: 1812 membrane include: TFc-1812-36/50/60/70/75/80/90 GPD

mbrane .The deviation between

N2012 membrane include: TFc-2012-100/125/150 GDP The gross and the net weight is calculated by the wet meactual weight and the average is +5%



4 The Brief Introduction of Separation and Reverse Osmosis

ilter refers to removing many or a certain substance in the gas or liquid and makes the gas and

4.1 The Principle of Filter and Separation Fliquid pass the hole with multi-hole medium on the effect of out force, and then impurity is left on the filter medium to achieve the operation of separation.

1 The multi-hole medium is called filter medium. The usual filter medium contains r bag,

The force that make the liquid pass the filter medium include gravity, pressure, centrifugal

The purpose of filter may be to get more purified gas or liquid product. or to gain the certain

e usual liquid filter separation include: machinery filter, traditional filter, micro-filtration

filtefilter core, filter membrane and filter material .The treated gas or liquid is called original liquid. In the original liquid, the impurity left by filter medium, this is called filter sediment. The liquid passed the filter mediums called filter liquid. 2force or other drive force; 3substance contained in the gas or liquid .(that is condensation or purification) ThUltra-filtration, Nano-filtration reverse osmosis, electric permeating separation. They are different in accuracy. The above chart is several separated accuracy and the operating pressure range. From the chart we can see the filtration accuracy of the reverse osmosis is the highest. It can remove almost all the impurity in the water including ion, organism microbes. However, the range of corresponding operational pressure is higher, usual 100-1000psi. Other filters have the regularity of operational pressure is lower as the filter accuracy does.



4.2 Usual Filtration

he flow direction of the filter liquid is different from that of pure w

4.2.1 Crossing Flow FilterCrossing flow filter refers to tater. As the under chart shows: the row water enters from left along horizontal direction and

the condensed water is out from right, but the permeated water / pure water direction has some angle. The filter format which feed water / concentrated water and pure water have different direction is called crossing flow filter. The usual crossing flow filter includes: reverse osmosis, nano-filtration, Ultra-filter and permeated separation.

The best advantage of the crossing flow filter is: the excellent function of anti-pollution. For

he worst disadvantage is: the emission of waste water. Because it needs the condensed water

.2.2 Full Filtration skill that the entire filter liquid will pass the filter medium. When the

is the most common filter with wide range of use, such as machinery filter, quartz sand filter,

most impurity left by filter membrane is taken by condensed water except a little left on the surface. Meanwhile, the feed water often washes out the surface of the membrane to ensure the long time and stable operation. Tto take the impurity out, which will cause the condensed water and drain the waste water. The crossing flow filter must cause the waste water for the structure character of the filter membrane .Once we stop the emission of the waste water, much impurity will leave on the surface of the membrane so that the filter membrane will be covered with the impurity and lose the filtering function. 4Full filter refers to a filter filter liquid passes the medium, all or part impurity will be left on the surface or change into other substance to make the filter liquid pure. Itactive carbon filter, manganese sand filter. ion exchanging filter , micro-filter , ultra-filtration and bag filter .



Advantage: large amount, low energy-consumption, little waste water: easy polluted medium

.3 The principle of osmosis and reverse osmosis

the 17 centaury, people discovered the osmosis phenomenon .At that time if people put the

is impossible that reverse osmosis phenomenon will happen without outer force .we will take

he normal osmosis:

Disadvantage: lower filter accuracy, almost no filtering the ion impurity, which needs regularly cleaning and even changing. 4 Indistilled water into the bladder of the pig and then dipped it into the salty water, the distilled water would permeate the pig bladder and enter the salty water, and also the density would decease. The phenomenon that solvent passes the semi-trans-membrane and permeates from the low part to the high one is called osmosis. If we do the experiment with salty solvent and water, the water molecule will pass the semi-trans-membrane to permeate from the low TDS to the high TDS. The reverse osmosis phenomenon refers to the solvent pass the semi-trans-membrane and permeates from the high density t to the low one that is water molecule permeates from the high TDS to the low part, which is equal to extract the fresh water from the salty water. Two conditions must be needed to produce the reverse osmosis phenomenon that is the input of outer energy and proper semi-trans membrane. Itsalty water for example to compare the phenomenon between osmosis and reverse osmosis: T

Now the permeated pressure is larger than the pressure drop of th e two sides of thesemi-trans-membrane .With the force of the permeated pressure, the water molecule continuously passes the semi-trans membrane to enter the higher salty density to make the liquid of the side higher and higher, and the salt keeps moving from the side of high density to that of low one.



The balance of osmosis:

As the water molecule will move to the high salty density with the force of permeated pressure

ting speed

he reverse osmosis:

to make the liquid surface higher and higher, the pressure drop of the two sides is larger and larger. It will balance when the pressure drop is equal to the permeated pressure. Now the water molecule will permeate to the two sides together .Although the permeais the same, the salt keeps moving from the high density to the low one. T

If the liquid in the high density is given the outer force, which is larger than permeated pressure, the water molecule will permeate reversely with the outer force, that is, to permeate from the high density to the low one, which is called reverse osmosis. As the water molecule continuously permeates to the other side, the density of high salty side will become higher and higher till the permeated pressure is equal to the outer force. Then the osmosis phenomenon becomes balanced again.



The salt keeps moving from the side of high density to that of low one.

here mainly are several philosophies about the process of the reverse osmosis in the theory

Phenomenon model el

one of the theory can explain the theory of the RO phenomenon perfectly .Although the quality

.4 Structure and principle of RO membrane

ince the 20th century, People began to study electro dialysis, porous membrane, the early ultra

he 1960s, the development of the high rate of desalination, water penetration capability of

here are two major reverse osmosis membrane material, cellulose acetate and aromatic

Material Rejection Production Flow PowerEndurance Temp.

pH Range

Tand model

Solution-diffusion modPriority absorption-thin hole model The H key theory

Nof the RO phenomenon isn’t discovered ,people can make good use of it to produce the RO membrane to gain the benefit . 44.4.1 Reverse osmosis membrane structure Sfiltration, reverse osmosis; research potential is electro dialysis membrane electrode and the foundation, and the early artificial kidney research. Since the 1950s, the study of film, electro dialysis, porous and blood dialysis process, such as separation technology has begun to enter industrial applications. Thigh-asymmetric cellulose acetate of reverse osmosis membranes, reverse osmosis technology into industrial applications, to the 1980s, aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membrane there. Tpolyamide, the early reverse osmosis membranes are cellulose acetate, until the 1970s, reverse osmosis polyamide successfully developed and gradually replace the acetate Cellulose film to become the market mainstream products. The following table is two different comparative advantages of film material:

of chlorine Range

CA Low Low High Good 5~35 1~12

PA High High Low Poor 5~45 3~12



The main structure of reverse osmosis membranes are hollow fiber and composite film two:

Hollow fiber membrane cross-s -tier structure of PA membranes

ommon use of reverse osmosis membranes of the non-symmetrical structure, from three

4.4.2 Reverse osmosis membrane component structure f a hollow fiber, spiral roll, Flat.

ection Three Cdifferent material from the polymer composite materials, the bottom thickness of 80 microns is about the non-woven fabrics, the middle is about the thickness of 40 microns, from the transformation polysulfone 10% of the porous support layer, the top are from chloride and stupid amine polymer from the interface of the desalination of polyamide, such multi-storey composite structure with good compression, water production, desalination rate characteristics.

Reverse osmosis membrane structure of the main components oAt present the most commonly used is the spiral roll, this structure is filled with large capacity, installation is simple, reliable structures, and pressure is good and so on. Spiral roll reverse osmosis membrane mainly by: reverse osmosis membrane, the water every other network, water every other network, the center-water pipes, sealing glue, tape and the outer ring a dense water, there are some film components at both ends - Cover (also known as anti-stress) steel and glass shell. Under the plan is the structure of the film components:



4.5 Key indicators to measure the performance of RO membranes

.5.1 Desalination rate osmosis desalination membrane on the removal of impurities in the

everse osmosis membrane component of the removal of different substances are also different,

valent higher than monovalent ion;

moval;

Substance Molecular Rejection（％） Substance Molecular Rejection（％）

4Is that the rate of reverse water capacity. Usually expressed as a percentage. Formula is as follows: Rthe whole of the following:

The removal rate of poly The removal rate of complex higher than simple ion; Organic matter molecular weight below 100 is lower re The nitrogen group and its compounds the removal rate lower;

NaF 42 99 NaCN 49 97

NaCl 58 99 SiO2 60 98

NaHCO3 84 N 99 aNO3 85 97

MgCl 95 99 CaCl2 111 99

M ＞＞ gSO4 120 99 NiSO4 155 99

CuSO4 160 ＞99 Formaldehyde 30 40

M ethanol 32 30 Alcohol 46 70

Isopropanol 60 C 90 arbamide 60 70

Lactic acid pH5

90 99 Dextrose 180 98

S 342 99 Insecticide / ＞99 ucrose

Desalination rate is divided into the apparent desalination rate and the actual rate of

pparent Rejection = ）×100%

Actual Rejection=（1- ）×100%

tion Polarization（1.1~1.2）

Reverse osmosis membra he actual rate of desalination,

desalination.

A （1-

A---- Concentra

ne components are the data provided by tthe formula is relatively complex, and the apparent rate of desalination is our common target,

Feed TDS

（Feed TDS + Concentrated TDS）× A

2×Permeate TDS

Permeate TDS



the formula did not consider surface water enrichment and the concentration polarization pHenomenon The apparent desalination rate was slightly lower than the actual rate of desalination.

4.5.2 Production and water flux

ranes that water is a certain test conditions, the unit time

hroughput refers to the unit area of reverse osmosis membrane in the unit of time can produce

× = effective membrane area

4.5.3 Reco ery

everse osmosis membrane components or reverse osmosis system energy

100%

4.6 Main factors Impact

Production of reverse osmosis membthe water volume targets. Its units are GPD (gallons per day) and LPH (liters per hour). Tthe volume of water that the number, the unit normally used GFD (gallons / square feet × days) and m3/m2 × D (cu m / m 2 × days ). Film production components of water flux

v

Recovery is that refficiency a key indicator used to enter the water in the membrane component of the number of products into the water, their formula is as follows: Recovery = ×

Recovery =

In actual use, the performancefactors, mainly water temperatosmosis system design and opfactors, the reverse osmosis sysfollow-up performance of the im

Email: [email protected]

Product water flow
× 100%
in

ourertep

I

nlet water flow

g of reverse osmosis membranes y many outside f reverse osmosis membrane components b

e, pressure, pH value, and so on. Therefore, in the reverse ation and maintenance, rational use of these environmental m can run at a relatively stable and prevent fluctuations in the act.

of 116 2008 Version


4.6.1 Water temperature

As shown below, with the water temperature rises, decreasing the viscosity of water molecules,

Desalinati rate affected by temperature changes, due to temperature rise, increasing at a rate

he flow of reverse osmosis membranes strongly influenced by water temperature, according to

ake LP4040 film components as an example, the table below is different when the water

Temp（ 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

and the speed increase, reverse osmosis membranes will increase water production, desalination rate declined slightly. Under normal circumstances, reverse osmosis membrane of the water temperature range is 5 ~ 45 , the low temperature system would increase the risk

of freezing ice and water production is too low, relatively poor economic performance, it is not recommended in water temperature below 5 when activated reverse osmosis system, while

more than 45 , r everse osmosis membrane of the heavy water production, but also the risk of pollution.

on

of molecular movement, there will be more soluble ions penetrate into the salt water, desalination rate of decline. Under normal circumstances, changes in the rate of desalination is generally not more than 2%. Tindustry practice, the film component of the flow is in accordance with the water temperature at 25 test drawn, and each temperature dropped 1 , membrane components of the water

production will drop 3 to 3.5 percent . Due to the increasing temperature, the viscosity of water molecules and reduce the speed increase, making it easier for water molecules through the membrane. Ttemperature of the water production changes:

）

P 150

1 1 1 2 2 3 3

ressure（Psi） 150 150 150 150 150 150 Flow（L/min） 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.8 7.0 8.0 9.1 Flow（GPD） 250 520 850 240 700 070 500

Film on diff mponents of production water temperature at 25 and the standard flow

erent cocalculation, please refer to the "membrane component temperature ---- flow correction factor" section.



4.6.2 Inlet water pressure

Reverse osmosis system is the water pressure affected the performance of the main parameters

nder normal circumstances, after the completion of the production of reverse osmosis

esalination of water pressure also by the impact of the one hand, reverse osmosis membrane

temperature correction factor

n the other hand, the increase in pressure caused by increasing water production, thereby

Feed water Feed water Salty Passage production TDS GPD

Rejection

of reverse osmosis membranes and water desalination production rate will be increased with the increasing pressure, especially the increase in water production is particularly obvious. Umembranes, effective membrane area and patch on the permeability coefficient have been identified, therefore, in other water conditions remain unchanged, the middle membrane components only by water pressure on the net impact of pressure on the net With pump pressure, so membrane components of water production and increased water pressure is linear relationship. Dpermeability of salt is a constant rate, the formula is as follows: Salt both sides of membrane permeability = poor concentration × B × × patch of salt infiltration coefficient of effective membrane area Odiluting the salt through the so-reduced water salinity and improve the rate of desalination. Take LP4040 film components as an example, the table below is different under the pressure of the water production and water desalination:

pressure Psi TDS mg/L mg/min L/min mg/L % 75 2000 105 3.5 30 134 98.5 0 100 2000 105 4.5 25 1730 99.0 150 2000 105 7.0 15 2700 99.4 200 2000 105 9.5 11 3650 99.6 300 2000 105 13.5 7.5 5190 99.75



4.6.3 TDS of inlet water

Water salinity will affect the performance of membrane components. As water salinity different,

ater salinity increases will make the reverse osmosis salt on both sides of the poor increased,

ake NaCl as an example:

ncentration (mg / L) × 0.01

Take LP404 element as an example, the table below is different when the middle class into the

Feed water Feed water Permeate Net

PressurePermeate

WPermeate Permeate

WRejection

the osmotic pressure is also different, indirect impact on the net pressure on the system, a direct result of decreased water production, but compared to the pressure on the impact of water production, water salinity of the water-less . In addition to seawater desalination membrane, under normal circumstances water salinity increases every 200 mg / L, water production declined about 1 percent; Wand will further increase the concentration polarization pHenomenon, made up of salt through, desalination rate has dropped. Under normal conditions, water salinity to double production to increase to the water salinity of the original concentration of 2.5 to 3 times the rate of desalination by about 0.2 to 0.5 percent.

T

Permeate pressure (psi) = co

0water salinity changes:

Pressure Psi TDS mg/L Pressure

Psi Psi ater FlowL/min

Water TDS mg/L

ater FlowGPD

%

150 200 2 148 7.9 1.0 3000 99.7 150 400 4 146 7.8 2.5 3000 99.7 150 1000 10 140 7.5 6 2850 99.6 150 2000 20 130 7.0 11 2700 99.5 150 4000 40 110 5.9 30 2270 99.2



4.6.4 PH value of inlet water

Influent pH on the impact of reverse osmosis membranes in the main performance and capacity

CO2+H2 CO3- + H+ O3

2- + 2H+

cidic conditions, H + increase, the reaction to the left, the water main to the gas form of carbon

he characteristics of reverse osmosis membranes, for ions, and organic particles in the high

er to increase the rate of reverse osmosis desalination membrane, can be an appropriate

for desalination of water on the TDS. Nature of a carbon dioxide dissolved in water are, dissolved in the water after the reaction will occur as follows:

O H C

Adioxide dissolved in water, basic conditions, the right response, mainly carbon dioxide carbonate ions in the form of the neutral conditions, Both gaseous carbon dioxide, there will be bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions exist. pH value of 4.4 or lower, with a presence of carbon dioxide; pH value of 8.2, there is no carbon dioxide, all of bicarbonate. The pH value of 8.2 to 9.6, carbonate and bicarbonate solution mutual balance. pH value of 9.6, there is no carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, all of the carbonate alkalinity. Tremoval rate, but the gas is almost no removal rate, and plasma, the ion complex, high-priced than the removal of the ion to In addition to high rates. Therefore, pH value is low, the water through reverse osmosis membrane of carbon dioxide into the water production, neutral or alkaline conditions, the water of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions, which in this reverse osmosis membranes The removal of two-high, resulting in the removal of reverse osmosis membranes with the increase of pH value increased, but the pH value of more than 9.5, the hydrogen and oxygen ions in water will increase significantly, reverse osmosis membranes Removal rate will drop slightly. In ordincrease the pH value of water, but attention should be paid to prevent the pH value increased after scaling a tendency to rise. For example, in between the two reverse osmosis water production increased level of pH, can effectively raise the reverse osmosis desalination second-class rate



4.6.5 Recovery

Acidic conditions, H + increase, the reaction to the left, the water main to the gas form of carbon

he characteristics of reverse osmosis membranes, for ions, and organic particles in the high

oncentrated water salinity = water salinity ÷ (1 - recoveries) + dense water salinity water

dioxide dissolved in water, basic conditions, the right response, mainly carbon dioxide carbonate ions in the form of the neutral conditions, Both gaseous carbon dioxide, there will be bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions exist. pH value of 4.4 or lower, with a presence of carbon dioxide; pH value of 8.2, there is no carbon dioxide, all of bicarbonate. The pH value of 8.2 to 9.6, carbonate and bicarbonate solution mutual balance. pH value of 9.6, there is no carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, all of the carbonate alkalinity. Tremoval rate, but the gas is almost no removal rate, and plasma, the ion complex, high-priced than the removal of the ion to In addition to high rates. Therefore, pH value is low, the water through reverse osmosis membrane of carbon dioxide into the water production, neutral or alkaline conditions, the water of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions, which in this reverse osmosis membranes The removal of two-high, resulting in the recovery of reverse osmosis membranes also by changing the water and dense water salinity indirectly affect the middle membrane components of the water and desalination. As the concentration of reverse osmosis membranes, the higher recovery rate, concentrated the higher water salinity, the greater osmotic pressure, and water desalination production rate will decline. CAverage water salinity = concentration polarization factor × (salinity) ÷ 2



Twater salinity values:

he following table recovery rate for different conditions, water salinity and concentration of

Recovery １５％３３％５０％７５％ Inlet Wa ）１１１１

Con ）

Aver ｉ）

１１１１

ter TDS（mg/L ００００００００００００

centrated water TDS（mg/L １１７６１５００２０００４０００ Average water TDS (mg/L）１２２９１４１２１６９５２８２５ age permeate pressure（Ｐｓ１２１４１７２８

Net pressure （Ｐｓｉ）３８３６３３２２

Note: In ater pre d co ion p on co of

Membrane component recovery (or system recovery) will directly affect the average water

ote: This sections of the film icon that only components of changing trends and does not

accordance with 150 Psi w ssure an ncentrat olarizati efficient1.13 calculated

salinity, thus affecting the pressure and salt through the net amount, resulting in water production and capacity for water TDS changes. The higher recovery rate, the smaller the production of water, producing water TDS greater value. Nrepresent the actual use of specific data



5. Reverse osmosis system pretreatment

.1.1 The type of water rinking water Surface water and ground water two kinds, including

．Surface water n and snow, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and marine water, these are the

2. Rain and snow cess of a solution are a certain number of impurities, such as

. River water h surface runoff from the pool, it contacts the weathering of rocks and soil,

. Lakes and reservoirs of water e wide, slow flows, long-term natural precipitation to the

. Ocean water ation of the annual 40 × 10000 km 3, from the dissolved salts into the river

5.1 Definition 5Life is the main source of dthe use of fresh water is the main type of water. 1Surface water is raicharacteristics of the water with them is closely related to the formation process

Rain and snow in the landing prooxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc., may also be mixed with industrial cities in emissions, dust and other harmful gases. This part of the whole surface water impurities and less low salt content, the average salinity of only about 40 milligrams per liter, the hardness is also very low, only an average of about 2.5 mg per liter, a soft water. 3River water througinto some salts, the salt content higher than rain and snow. China's river water, the average salt concentration is 166 mg/L. Because of its river water also washed away, with a large number of volumes of silt, clay and other suspended material, the water contains high suspended solids and colloid, high water turbidity. River water by the geographical environment and the impact of climate conditions vary with the seasons and fluctuations, but also the hydrological and meteorological conditions of the impact of changes in water easily, unstable and more vulnerable to agricultural and industrial wastewater, sewage and other pollution. 4Lakes and reservoirs because water laksuspension of water smaller. If the inflow and water from the lake are greater, so the lake's relatively small amount of evaporation, thereby maintaining a lower salinity and a fresh water lake, otherwise, if most of the inflow of water evaporation, water and enrichment Salinity increased, it turned into lagoons, or salt lakes, and lakes due to the light of the mobility of the small, and is conducive to microbial growth and reproduction of algae, thus the higher the water content of humus, and also easier to be man-made pollution. 5Ocean water evaporeach year are 3.85 × 10 (9) 1986, and accumulated over many years of evaporation, the salt content in sea water concentrations as high as about 35,000 mg per liter . Sea salts in the weight ratio of basic stability, a high chloride content, chloride ion of about 55 percent of the total, followed by sodium ions, about 30 percent, and other salts is mainly potassium ions, calcium,



Sulfate ions, re-carbonate ions, ion bromine, there are trace elements, such as dissolved gases and organic matter. Ocean water only in exceptional circumstances were not used as domestic water sources of water 6．Groundwater

through the soil strata and the penetration of mobile formed by water,

verall, the quality of groundwater is superior to surface water quality, as long as the

．Tap water fied through the water treatment plants, produced after disinfection of drinking

5.1.2 Reverse osmosis water chemistry on different color from organic matter the size,

onductivity of the water soluble ions that are conductive capability of indicators, in units of

DS (total dissolved solids) is filtered and colloidal suspension of evaporation and water out

OD (biological oxygen demand) that the water degradable organic matter content of

OC (TOC) is the carbon MG / L value of unit testing and integration of organic carbon in the

Groundwater is rainwater in its lengthy process and extensive contacts, into more soluble minerals, thus the hardness of underground water, salt content, usually higher than that of iron High groundwater. On the other hand, groundwater and soil formation due to the layers of filtering, colloidal suspension of the content and very little water clear and transparent, low turbidity. As groundwater dissolved oxygen is very low, not even bacteria can not survive. The price of ferrous ions and stability can exist in water, groundwater and air contacts when the price of iron oxide into a quick three highest bidders iron, and forming a flock of precipitation. Oappropriate treatment can be as drinking water, but with the ground pollutants and increase air pollution, will be on the shallow groundwater pollution, should be in use Attention. 7Tap water is puriwater in line with national standards for people's lives, production use of water. It is mainly through the Waterworks water pumping stations and underground water from rivers and lakes (that is, these two types of water), and the precipitation, disinfection and filtration process, with final adoption of pump stations transported to various users. Pump through the water by pipeline transmission and distribution of water supply users. Must meet the national drinking water health standards.

Color non-precision test parameters, based color can be said that the size of the water content of organic compounds and the use of platinum as a standard APHA units. Cmicro-Siemens / cm (us / cm), it is relatively intuitive reaction of the ion content in the water; Tall the remaining minerals, in units of mg / L; it is relatively intuitive reaction of the salinity of the water; water through the TDS Conductivity converted out, a rough method is: the reference to sodium chloride solution, every 1 mg / L TDS value of the corresponding 2 us / cm conductivity; Boxygen to the MG / L value of units; T



total; organic matter does not include carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and carbonate, carbon compounds. The typical natural organic matter, including negatively charged colloidal, SS, tannic acid, lignin, the decay of plant-generated water-soluble humus acid mixture, decomposed plant generated organic acid, and so on. RO systems can effectively remove the organic matter, the molecular weight of more than 200 organic compounds can be removed more than 99 percent, less than 200 according to the molecular weight, shape, charged different, their removal is also different; Cnon-degradable organic matter content; A(especially for the boiler water chemistry) can be expressed as P M alkalinity and alkalinity. M alkalinity refers to the calcium carbonate of Mg / L values that the total alkalinity of the water; P alkalinity measurements bicarbonate, carbonate hydroxide and the volume; TNTU as a unit; RO membrane components in the regular operating limits: the largest water turbidity to 1.0 NTU. Scolloidal particles with the blockage of the 0.45-micron filter paper aperture speed of test data. RO typical components of the use of the water requirements of the 15-minute maximum value of 4.0 SDI if the blockage而使 SDI test because only five or 10 minutes, that water pollution of the RO system will be very serious. Slightly treatment or no pretreatment circumstances, deep well water the SDI value is equal to or less than 3, turbidity is less than 1. For surface water, to meet the requirements of SDI and turbidity, to be used to remove pre-treatment And the suspension of colloidal particles. Bcontent in the low-level (up to 10000-15000 Mg / L), and can use the largest water pressure of 600 psi RO membrane to bitter and salty water The reverse osmosis water treatment

OD (chemical oxygen demand) for the determination of biodegradable and

lkalinity mainly refers to carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxides. Alkalinity

urbidity of the water difficult to precipitate the tiny colloidal suspension of testing indicators to

DI (pollution index) is a membrane system for testing the water to the suspension of

rackish water, RO areas in the bitter and salty water can be defined as: TDS value in the salt



5.1.3 Pollution density index SDI's determination

ystem is characterized an important

he basic measurement in the 2.1 bar (30PSI) under the pressure of

.1.3.1 The assembly and test equipment

r pipes into the

in water pressure

Special attention should be paid the following: roper

id touching the membrane; g theλ

5.1.3.2 Test steps d test. During the trial start to the end of the test of time, Figure 1 SDI test

. Temperature changes of not more than 1 ;

. Excluded pool filter the air pressure. According to the type of filter, the water supply valve to

. Using a scale of 500 ml graduated cylinder access filtering water through membranes to

. Full ball valve, measured from the valve full access to over 100 ml and 500 ml of water

. 5 minutes after the re-measurement collected 100 ml and 500 ml of water kind of time, 10

. If access 100 ml water sample the time required for more than 60 seconds, it means that

SDI pollution density index value of reverse osmosis sindicator of water quality. SDI value of the original is twater supply by 0.45 µ m membrane filters a certain amount of raw water by the time required. 51) Click an assembly of test devices. 2) Test device connected to the wateRO system tube sampling point. 3) Membrane will be installed regulator to 30PSI. In the actual test, they should use the new the membrane. To obtain accurate test results;

Ensure that the O-ring intact and install the pcleaning; Hand to avo

Washed prior testing devices, removinpollutants in the system

1. Temperature recorsetup 2 3open in the circumstances, or open at the top of the filter exhaust valve, or screw-thread filter jacket, full vent or exhaust valve closed after fastening the filter jacket thread ; 4measure the volume of water; 5samples and record the time required; 6minutes and 15 minutes respectively after the same measurement; 7



about 90% of the membrane filter area was blocked, this time has no longer need to carry out experiments; 8. The end of the experiment and open the filter, will be the best preserved of the membrane,

.1.3.3 Formula

SDI=P30/Tt=100×（1-Ti/Tf）/ Tt

P30 - In the water under the pressure of 30 psi plug the percentage of the membrane inutes

Tf -

Descriptio l water samples around the time required to access the necessary time to 100 ml of

alculation of SDI, access should be adopted by 100 ml of

order to accurately measure SDI value, P30 should not exceed 75 percent, if the P30 more

5.1.4 RO pollutants th pollution from particulates in solution, colloidal particles or solute

Types of pollutants rent types of pollutants; different types of pollutants, nor the method of

. Suspended solids nly found in surface water, particle diameter> 1 µ m, such as sand,

and to prepare for future reference 5

SDI - pollution density index

Tt - The test of time, in units of minutes. Tt is usually for 15 minutes, but if within 15 mthat 75% of the membrane area was blocked on the need to shorten the test time 15 minutes (or less) after the sampling time

Ti - The first time sampling n:

Access 500 mwater five times. If access for 500 ml Time far greater than five times, in the ctime. Inthan 75 percent should be re-test in a relatively short period of time and access to Tf value.

Film is being dealt wiinteraction with the membrane, or because of the concentration polarization on the surface of certain substances in concentrations exceeding its solubility caused by these substances in the water channel, or membrane surface Hole absorption, sediment, causing water channels or channel smaller or blockage of the phenomenon.

Different sources, diffecleaning up the same. 1Suspended solids commomud Nien, SiO2 particles, water in the state can stop sediment down. It is very easy to set up a system of reverse osmosis filter or fine sand filter medium filtered, after pretreatment, must meet the following indicators: turbidity <1 NTU, 15分钟 SDI value of <5.



2Colloid of commonly foundcompounds, Fe-Al oxides, sulfides, tannic acid, humus, such colloidal particle size in the range 0.3-1.0 µ m, with negative charge , Single-use filters can not be removed, the use of pool, filter or a DC coagulation ways in which colloidal particles increased to 10-20 µ m filter removed. When the SS, colloidal too much content, the need to unite, to clarify, filters.

. Colloidal pollutants in surface water, mainly aluminum type of clay, such as silicate

. Organic pollution m is a complex, the main type of humic acid substances, clarification

Biological pollution teria, biofilm, algae and fungi. Bacteria will be cellulose acetate for

ouling usually mixed, and pollutants are more of the mixture.

eneral pollution from the thick film components of the net at the water surface sampling and

3Organic pollution of the filand cohesion are only activated carbon filters to remove part of organic matter; ultrafiltration can also be used to remove organic matter. 4. Such pollutants usually bacfood and thus vulnerable to bacterial acetate film erosion of the membrane, is not susceptible to bacteria against, but the bacteria will cause mucosal membranes of the sewage blocked. A reverse osmosis system design technology, to control biological activity, the bacterial content of water in the 10000 cfu / cm above, we must consider measures to remove. F Ganalysis of pollutants ingredients. Dense network of water at low velocity areas most vulnerable to larger deposition of pollutants, including CaCO3 grain, bio-film, mesh organic film, particulates, colloids and coagulant. These pollutants will lead to increased pressure on the system and reduce water production. Film on the surface of the pollutants are usually close attachment to the silicate compounds, sulphate, polymers, organic compounds, metal oxides and hydroxides, and other pollutants. These lead to blocked sewage water production and reduce the rate of decline in the rate of desalination



5.2 RO pretreatment system

ll the water they contained a certain concentration of suspended solids and dissolved

soluble salt in more than a total saturation limit, from the thick sediment from the water,

retreatment of the raw water to reflect the effect of TSS, TOC, COD, BOD, LSI and iron,

uitable for the programmed depends on the pretreatment water, raw water composition and

nce identified by the optional water sources, must conduct a comprehensive and accurate

Asubstances. Suspensions are the main mineral, colloidal and micro-organisms, algae and other biological particles. Soluble material is soluble salt (such as chloride) and the insoluble salts (such as carbonate, sulfate and silicate) metal oxide, acid and alkali, and so on. In the reverse osmosis process, the reduction in the volume of water, suspended particles and the concentration of dissolved substances on the increase. Suspended particles will be deposited in the film, plugged into the flow, and increase frictional resistance (pressure drop). Informed on the surface scaling, reducing the RO membrane flux, increasing pressure on the operation of the pressure drop, and lead to deterioration of water quality, in this surface On the formation of sediment into the phenomenon known as fouling, fouling system performance is the result of the deterioration. The need of raw water into the system prior to the reverse osmosis membrane pretreatment, reverse osmosis membranes to remove possible pollution of suspended solids, dissolved organic matter and excessive salt insoluble components, reducing fouling tendencies. Pretreatment of the water objective is to improve water quality so that the RO membrane access to reliable guarantee for the operation. Pmanganese, aluminum, silicon, barium, strontium and other pollutants reduce the absolute value of the water quality objectives. Characterization fouling tendency another important indicator is the quality of SDI. In addition to the above through the pretreatment indicators of reverse osmosis membranes to reduce the water requirements of the context, there are important point is to minimize the SDI, the ideal SDI (15 minutes) is less than 3. Sapplication conditions, and mainly depends on the raw water sources, such as the well water, surface water and municipal wastewater to be treated differently. Under normal conditions, water quality and stability, the possibility of low-pollution, just a simple pretreatment, such as acid or set up and increase inhibitors and 5 µ m filter to security. On the contrary, surface water is a directly affected by the seasonal effects of water; microorganisms and colloid have occurred both the possibility of a high degree of pollution. The pretreatment than well water complex and require other steps, including the pretreatment chlorine disinfection, Flocculation / condensate help to clarify, multi-media filter, dechlorination, and acid or increase scale agent. Industrial and municipal wastewater containing more complex organic and inorganic elements, some organisms may seriously affect RO membrane; caused a serious decline in water production or degradation of the membrane, thus there must be more comprehensive design of the pretreatment. Oanalysis of all the raw water. It is establish appropriate programmers and RO pretreatment system are the basis for the design of the most critical.



5.2.1 The raw water quality analysis

water sample performance of a specific water quality in a given time. Therefore, through a

suitable container to collect samples of water to ensure accurate analysis of the key. Must be

f nature, namely, calcium carbonate or

Awater sample and can not fully understand the entire operation of the time, can affect the operation of the system trends or changes. In addition to a number of water samples collected to get a better understanding of water resources, but also the reasons for the changes in water quality analysis. Understanding of an existing or potential sources of water of the correct distribution profile is a reverse osmosis system design and operation of the essential elements. Aconsidered because of pollution caused by containers. Regular use of plastic or glass containers with samples. Sample container must be cleaned before use, so as to avoid contamination samples. Sulfuric acid or bottles dichromate cleaning solution, to avoid this solution on the bottle of organic pollution particularly effective. Plastic containers can be used laboratory or scrub with detergent concentrated hydrochloric acid rinse, and then spent deionizer water to wash. The containers used for sampling the need for disinfection. Brackish water treatment system is the main constraints ocalcium sulfate compounds because of water constantly being concentrated, when more than its solubility plot, the film will surface in precipitation, or scaling; industrial or municipal Wastewater treatment system there are a lot organics, inorganic, viruses and microorganisms such as bacteria and algae, such constraints is not just its physical and chemical factors, microbial index, a film with a pro-reaction and the organic carbon or biological degradable Dissolved organic carbon. Brackish water in a very wide scope, in order to put a better process design, the need for full analysis of water quality.



Figure 1：Water quality analysis of the entire log sheet

Register table of water quality analysisSampling company Sampling date Source type Testing date Analyst ` Auditing Temperature SDI

Cation Anion

Item Unit Testing value Item Unit Testing valueNa+(Sodium) -(Carbonate ion) ppm CO3 2 ppm K+(Potassium) ) ppm HCO3 -(Bicarbonate ion ppm Ca2+(Calcium) ppm SO4 2-(Sulfate) ppm Mg2+(Magnesium) ppm Cl-(Chloride) ppm Total Fe(Iron) ppm NO3 -(Nitrate) ppm Mn2+(Manganese) ppm F -(Flouride) ppm Ba2+(Barium) ppm PO4 3-(Phosphate) ppm Sr2+(Strontium) ppm Cu2+(Copper) ppm Al3+(Aluminun) ppm Zn2+(Zinc) ppm

Others Item Unit Testing value Unit Testing valueItem PH Hardness DDS Alkalinity TDS H2S(Sulfide) Turbidity Colloid Chroma

SiO2(Silica) Active

Total plate count dioxid CO2(Carbon e) COD Free chlorine(FCR) TOC BOD The integrated evalua of water quality: tion Comm eal on s Date

5.2.2 Remove suspended solids and colloid

he requirements dicators is turbidity, the

5.2.2.1 Reverse osmosis water turbidity of tReverse osmosis water control devices solid particles in one of the ingeneral roll components require water turbidity is less than 1 NTU, the best to 0.2 NTU. Pretreatment system in the design, consideration should be given not to let more than 5 µ m particles into the high-pressure pumps and reverse osmosis devices, high-pressure pump to avoid scratches leaves, to prevent these particles accelerated by the high-pressure pump breakdown after the film components. General roll module requirements SDI <4.



5In order to meet the installation of reverse osmosis water turbidity and SDI often in the pretreatment system set up multi-media filter, fine sand filters, micro-filter and the filter, such as ultra-depth filtration devices. Multi-media filter also known as multi-media filter, quartz sand and anthracite used by the composition of the two-tier media filter; fine sand filters generally used for 0.3-0.5 mm diameter quartz sand, high layer for 800 -- 1000mm; filter also known as micro-porous filters, safety filter, aperture range 0.01-350 µ m; ultra-filter filtration accuracy by withholding molecular weight, its value in the general 500-500000 Dalton, similar to the corresponding aperture (20-1000 ) × 10-10m.

.2.2.2 Depth commonly used method of removing suspended value of the request,

he traditional reverse osmosis system design, common aperture 5 µ m micro-filter (commonly

.2.3 Microbial control atment sector has yet to micro-organisms in water for specific

.2.3.1 Microbial contamination bacteria, alga, spore, viruses, and higher organisms. The

Microorganisms entering a RO system find a large membrane surface where dissolved nutrients

5.2.3.2 Microbiological hazards se it protects its microorganisms against in action of shear

Tknown as 5 µ filter), as a pretreatment system in the final steps in the reverse osmosis unit from the security role, it also called the security filter. With the rise of ultra filtration technology, the pretreatment system in the last processes tends to UF. Ultra filtration water SDI <2, the water quality is better than micro-filter. 5Reverse osmosis water treprovisions. Generally believe that, SDI includes micro-particle pollution with comprehensive features, often focused on the pretreatment on SDI. However, at present, China's reverse osmosis membrane of the microorganisms increasingly serious pollution problems, SDI qualified reverse osmosis system is not operational security, the same will of scale arising from the non-fault. These failures, the problem of micro-organisms most serious. 5All raw water microorganisms such astypical size of bacteria is about 1～3µm. Microorganisms can be regard as colloidal matter and removed during pretreatment as discussed in Colloidal and Particulate Fouling Prevention. The difference between microorganisms and non-living particles, however, is the ability of microorganisms to reproduce and form a biofilm under favorable conditions.

from the water are enriched due to concentration polarization, thus creating an ideal environment for the formation of a biological fouling of the membranes may seriously pressure from feed to concentrate, finally leading to telescoping and mechanical damage of in membrane element, and a decline in membrane flux. Sometimes, biogouling develops even on the permeate side, thus contaminating the product water.

A biofilm is difficult to remove becauforces and biocides chemicals. In addition, if not completely removed, remaining parts of a biofilm lead to rapid regrowth. Biological fouling prevention is therefore a major objective of the pretreatment process. The control of microbiological activity is also part of system design in the



system operation, in the sanitization of system and in the preservation of system. 5.2.3.3 microbial control methods

l fouling are: coagulation, activated carbon adsorption,

Coagulation. Microorganisms can be seen as colloidal, negatively charged, using

, Activated carbon adsorption. Organic matter in water with activated carbon adsorption,

. Sterilization. Microbial control with fungicides very effective, it is the most commonly used

. Ultra filtration (UF)。UF can remove microorganisms and especially algae that are sometimes

. UV Irradiation。 Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation at 254nm is known to have a germicidal effect.

, Electronic sterilization. E-Sterilization is actually a low-pressure cell, the treated water

, Regular sterilization. Even with these means of sterilization, a small amount of bacteria will

Methods to prevent and control biologicasterilization, ultra filtration, ultraviolet disinfection, electronic sterilization, disinfected regularly. 1, conventional methods such as the pretreatment coagulation, to clarify and filter can remove most, but must be removed, is very difficult. 2reducing microbial source of nutrition. However, the activated carbon adsorption organic nutritional adequacy has become an ideal breeding places of microorganisms. 3method, but also control of anti-microbial systems the last barriers. Fungicides commonly used as a capacity of the compounds, such as Cl2, NaClO, H2O2, O3, and so on and KmnO4. Fungicide-point increase as much as possible in the higher processes, so that the contact time is sufficient so that the water entering the film installations completed before the disinfection process. 4very difficult to remove by standard techniques. The UF membranes should be made from a chlorine-resistant material to withstand periodic treatment with biocides. UF membranes , however, do not remove the low molecular weight fractions of organic matter and other compounds that are nutrients for microorganisms. Pretreatment with UF membranes helps to retard and to control the onset of bio-fouling, but it is no safeguard by itself. 5Its application ahs come into use especially for small-scale plant. No chemicals are added, and the equipment needs little attention other than periodic cleanings or replacement of the mercury vapor lamps. UV treatment is limited; however, to relatively clan waters because colloids and organics matter reduce the penetration of the radiation. 6through the cell, the negatively charged cathode to attract bacteria, the bacterial cell and electrode between the electron transfer reactions in reducing the oxygen activity. Because the ultraviolet light disinfection and sterilization of electronic sterilization n no residual capacity, reverse osmosis system in general rarely used. 7survive. Microbial breeding fast, so these bacteria survive in those who do not have the ability to sterilization large number of breeding places again, there is a need for these places disinfected regularly. For example, the box regularly to the Anti-Water chlorination.



55.2.4.1 Organic hazards Organic food is not only the mthe film can be dissolved organic material, the film performance degradation. A wide range of organic matter in water, reverse osmosis membranes of different organic compounds the harm is not, therefore reverse osmosis pretreatment system design, it is difficult to give a quantitative indicators, but if the water total organic carbon (TOC) of the level over the 2 mg / l, , Should be cause enough attention. 5Remove the organic methods to increaseorganic matter, organic matter or activated carbon adsorption.

.2.4 Remove organic matter

icro-organisms, but also when its concentration to a certain extent,

.2.4.2 Remove organic methods oxidants, such as Cl2, NaClO, H2O2, O3 and KmnO4 of

an be activated carbon adsorption many impurities in the water, with the exception of residual

.2.5 prevent the deposition of iron and manganese

tals, such as reverse osmosis system on the harm is: 1, blocking

.2.5.2 method to remove iron-manganese stallations in the concentration of iron and

For surface water, the chlorination, clarification, filtration, the water of iron and manganese

5.2.6 Scale Control branes may occur when sparingly soluble salts are concentrated within

ue to water scarcity and environmental concern, adding a brine (RO concentrate) recovery

Cchlorine, there are suspended solids, organic matter, such as oil. 55.2.5.1 major hazard Fe and Mn transition meformation of sewage. Colloidal iron-manganese compounds (such as hydrogen manganese oxide and iron oxide) from surface water channel and blocking the sewage. 2, 2000 for iron bacteria feed, breeding of mud stick. 3 hours, sometimes as oxidation catalyst, they exist, will speed up the oxidation and aging of the film. 4, 2000 inhibitors reduce efficacy. 5Should try to reduce the reverse osmosis water inmanganese. Rail to allow the PH value and the concentration of dissolved oxygen content vary, usually 0.05-0.1 mg / l.

content in general is qualified; for groundwater, particularly of iron and manganese-rich groundwater, should take measures to remove the iron-manganese. For example: aerated water, iron generated Fe (OH) 3 precipitation, and then using contacts to get rid of filtration; increase Na2SO3 remove dissolved oxygen, to prevent the oxidation of iron and manganese to maintain the dissolved state

Scaling of RO/NF memthe element beyond their solubility limit. For example, if a reverse osmosis plant is operated at 50% recovery, the concentration in the concentrate stream will be almost double the concentration in the feed stream. As the recovery of a plant is increased, so is the risk of scaling. D



system to increase recovery has become more popular. To minimize precipitation and scaling, it is important to establish well-designed scale control measures and avoid exceeding the solubility limits of sparingly solute salts. In an RO/NF system, the most common sparingly soluble salts encountered are CaSO4, CaCO3, and silica. Other salts creasing a potential scaling problem are CaF2, BaSO4, SrSO4, and Ca3 (PO4)2. Solubility products of sparingly soluble inorganic compounds are listed in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1 Solubility products of sparingly soluble inorganic compounds.

Sub og Ksp

stance Formula Temp. ºC Solubility Product Ksp − L

Alum xide inum hydro Al(OH)3 25 3 x 10–34 33.5

Aluminum phosphate AlPO4 25 9 .84 x 10–21 20

Barium carbonate BaCO3 25 2.58 x 10–9 8.6

Barium sulfate BaSO4 25 1.1 x 10–10 10

C alcium carbonate CaCO3 25 3.36 x 10–9 8.5

Calcium fluoride CaF2 25 3.45 x 10–11 10.5

C Ca 2 alcium phosphate 3(PO4) 25 2.07 x 10–33 32.7

Calcium sulfate CaSO4 25 4.93 x 10–5 4.3

Ir Fe(OH)2 on (II) hydroxide 25 4.87 x 10–17 16.3

Iron(II) sulfide FeS 25 8 x 10–19 18.1

Iron (III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 2 25 .79 x 10–39 38.6

Iron (III) phosphate hydrate

FePO4·2H2O 25 9.91 x 10–16 15

Lea PbCO3 25 7.4 x 10–14 13.1 d carbonate

Lead fluoride PbF2 25 3.3 x 10–8 7.5

Lead sulfate PbSO4 25 2.53 x 10–8 7.6

Magn ium MgNH4P 25 12.6

esium ammonphosphate

O4 2.5 x 10–13

Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 12 2.6 x 10–5 4.58 25 6.82 x10–6 5.17

Magnesium fluoride MgF2 5

18 25

7.1 x 10–9 .16 x 10–11

8.15 10.3

Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 18 25

1.2 x 10–11 5.61 x 10–12

10.9 11.25

Magnesium Mg3(P phosphate O4)2 25 1.04 x 10–24 24

Manganese hydroxide Mn(OH)2 18 25

4.0 x 10–14 2 x 10–13

13.4 12.7

Strontium carbonate SrCO3 25 5.6 x 10–10 9.25

Strontium sulfate SrSO4 17.4 3.8 x 10–7 6.42

Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 25 1 .46 x 10–10 9.84

In order to prevent the membrane surface in inorganic salt scaling, should adopt the following measures:



5.2.6.1 Acid add and ground waters are almost saturated with CaCO3. The solubility of

3 3

By adding H+ as acid, the equilibrium the left side to keep calcium carbonate

countries more readily available than hydrochloric

tions of LSI and S&DSI are：

)

the LSI or S&DSI in the concentrate

can be used to control carbonate scaling, sulfate scaling sulfate

ants for

.2.6.3 Strong acid-softening resins + r and fouling cation such as Ca2+, Ba2+ and

Most natural surfaceCaCO3 depends on the pH, as can be seen from the following equation：

Ca2+ + HCO - –- H+ + CaCO 2-

can be shifted to

dissolved. Use food –grade quality acid.

d is easier to handle and in many Sulfuric aciacid, however, additional sulfate is added to the feed stream, potentially causing sulfate scaling.

tends to dissolve in the concentrate stream rather than precipitate. This tendency can be CaCO3 expressed by the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) for brackish waters ad the Siff & Davis Stability Index(S&DSI) for sea waters. At the PH of saturation (PH5), the water is in equilibrium with CaCO3.

The definiLSI = pH – pHs (TDS ≤ 10,000 mg/L)

g/LS&DSI = pH – pHs (TDS > 10,000 m

To control calcium carbonate scaling by acid addition lone,stream must be negative. Acid addition is useful to control carbonate scale only. 5.2.6.2 Anti scalelants Scale inhibitors ( antiscalants scaling, and calcium fluorde scaling. There are generally three different types of scale inhibitors: sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), organ phonates and polyacrylates.

unstable compared to polymeric organic scale inhibitors. Minor amount SHMP is inexpensive but adsorb to the surface of microcrystal, preventing further growth and precipitation of the crystals. Food-grade quality SHMP should be used. Care must be taken to avoid hydrolysis of SHMP in the dosing feed tank. Hydrolysis will not only decrease the case inhibition efficiency, but also create a calcium phosphate scaling risk. Therefore, SHMP is generally not recommended.

hosphonates are more effective and stable than SHMP. They act as antifoulOrganopinsoluble aluminum and iron, keeping them is solution

5Can use the Na ion exchange to remove the wateSr2+. After the exchange of saturated ion-exchange resins used NaCl regeneration, a process known as the softening of raw water treatment. In this process, water pH will not change. Therefore, do not need to take degassing operation, but the raw water can be dissolved CO2 gas products through the membrane into the side, caused the increase in conductivity, the operator



can still soften the water by adding a certain amount NaOH (until pH8.2) to Will be residual CO2 into the water re-carbonate, to be re-carbonate film by the removal, reverse osmosis water conductivity lower middle class. If timely regeneration, the use of strong acid cation exchange for softening the tree that is very ffective and insurance scale, but mainly for small and medium-sized bitter and salty water

ty weak acid cation exchange resin from alkalinity is large brackish water treatment system, it

achieve the purpose of conservation. In this

In most cases, there do n the original water or

ater-degassing to achieve, but when the existence of biological contamination when the

Regeneration of the acid required by not more than 105 percent of the acid consumption t on the environment;

oftened, and can be created strong acid-sodium exchange resin process, r even weak acid resin can be placed on the same exchange column, so the consumption of

nada inhibitors, lthough so far, people used on their own weak acid-base from that tree, also unprecedented in

esystem. The main shortcoming of this process is very high NaCl consumption, the existence of environmental problems, not economic. 5.2.6.4 Resin from weak acid-alkaliniAcan achieve some softening of regeneration to process, and only re-carbonate hardness of the same amount of time being in the Ca2 +, Ba2 + and Sr2 + H +, etc. have been replaced by a removed, so the pH value of raw water will be reduced to 4 to 5. As the acid resin for the carboxyl group, when the pH reached 4.2, no longer dissociation, ion exchange process would stop. Therefore, only to achieve some softening, and re-integration of the carbonate scaling cation can be removed. Therefore this process to re-carbonate high content of the water better, re-carbonate can also be converted into CO2

H2O + CO2 ↔ HCO3

-+ H+ ↔ CO32+ + 2 H+

es not want to yield water CO2, then cawsuspect (surface water, high or high TOC colony total), water from the middle Gas more appropriate. Membrane system in the higher CO2 concentration can inhibit the growth of bacteria, when the hope that the system is running at a high rate of desalination, water use degassing more appropriate, the removal of CO2 will cause the pH increased influent pH> 6, the membrane system Removal of water than the rate of pH <5 should be high. A weak acid alkalinity from the advantages are as follows:

theory, this would reduce operating costs and the impac Through the removal of heavy carbonate, the water to reduce the TDS, this middle and

lower water TDS; The shortcomings of this law are:

Residual hardness If you need completely sorenewable still than the separate use of strong acid resin at the low, but a higher initial investment, a Only when the combination of large capacity when meaningful. Another way to overcome this shortcoming in the alkalinity of the water from Caa



scale, but we still strongly recommend You calculate the solubility of salt residue insoluble, and take corresponding measures. The water treatment process will change in pH

changes, the weak acid from alkali treatment f effluents from its pH value will be 3.5 to 6.5 within the framework of changes, such cyclical

some cases, the film can carry out preventive cleansing to control scaling problems, this chemicals or softening scale. Such systems usually run the

ating parameters hen other control measures scaling does not work, we must adjust the system operating

ause the guarantee that the water insoluble salt

on, raising the mperature and pH can increase its solubility, silica is often the only consideration for the need

ing mode of operation is control the scaling one of the most convenient means

Due to the saturation level of resin in the run-timeochanges in pH, the rate of the desalination plant becomes very difficult to control. When the pH <4.2, inorganic acid will be covered by the film, may increase the production of water TDS, therefore, we recommend that users of a parallel increase in weak acid to soften, control at different times for regeneration, in order to deal with the water evenly weak acid pH, to prevent other very The low pH of the water is removal of CO2 by adding NaOH or weak acid to soften after adjusting the pH of the water. 5.2.6.5 Preventive cleansing Insystem can and does not require recovery rate is very low, about 25 percent, and 1 to 2 years to consider the replacement of membrane components. These systems usually tap water or sea water for water, drinking water production unit is not important pieces of small systems, the simplest way is to open clean water valve for strong low-pressure washing, cleaning set intervals shorter than the model of a long pattern Effective, such as the common run every 30 minutes of low pressure washing 30 seconds. Can also be used in wastewater treatment similar to the approved mode of operation, that is, in each operation after cleaning a membrane component. Cleaning steps, cleaning chemicals and cleaning frequency of the need for case management and optimization. Special attention should be paid to take measures to prevent the scale of the operation of the extension of further aggravated. 5.2.6.6 Adjusted operWparameters, to prevent a scaling problem, becconcentration below the solubility product, it will not appear precipitation, which need to reduce system recovery To reduce the rate of the dense concentration of the water. Solubility also depend on temperature and pH, the water containing silicteto adjust these operating parameters to prevent scaling reasons, because the regulation of these parameters, there are some Shortcomings, such as energy consumption or other high-scaling of risk (such as high pH of precipitation-prone CaCO3). For small systems, the low recovery rate and choice of preventive cleanto



5.2.7 Prevent scaling .2.7.1 The prevention of calcium carbonate scaling

≤ 10000 mg / L of the bitter and salty water, Langgelier s

d when the pH value When LSIC ≥ 0 CO3 scale.

LSIC Regu

ost natural water without treatment, LSIC will be positive, in order to prevent CaCO3 scale, ystem in the film adding inhibitors on the front or take preventive measures to

SIC <0, do not need to increase inhibitors; of chemical agents or completely softened

r softening.

& DSIC is generally positive, in rder to prevent CaCO3 scale, it is necessary to increase the S & DSIC acid into a negative, if by

f calcium sulfate scaling Regarding CaCO3, we can achieve a higher recovery rate of reverse osmosis by one of the

ers under the provisions of the water in the vote plus inhibitors,

arium sulfate scaling arium sulfate is all in the alkaline earth metal salts dissolved the lowest, when the water in the

non, it is because of its calcium sulfate

concentration of barium sulfate in water dimentation, the limit concentration of barium in brackish water is less than 5µg/L, when

5The concentration of water salinity TDS index (LSIC) as CaCO3 said the possibility of scaling indicator

LSIC=pHC-pHS pHC as dense as water pH value pHS CaCO3 saturate

, there will be Ca

lation Munless the water sclean, or else the need to ensure LSIC was negative. CaCO3 control of the conditions for scaling: LLSIC ≤ 1.8 ~ 2.0, adding a separate scale useLSIC> 1.8 ~ 2.0, and acid to LSIC of 1.8 to 2.0, And then adding inhibitors; full use of chemical o Most of the high salinity of natural water without treatment, Soadding inhibitors to prevent precipitation of CaCO3, S & DSIC value for Positive, the maximum allowed S & DSIC value and scale of the required dosage, please refer inhibitors manufacturer's technological information.

5.2.7.2 the prevention o

following measures,: strong acid-softening resins or weak acid-base resin in addition, can be calcium removal

of all or part; lime or lime - soda to soften and reduce the concentration of water Ca2 +;

inhibitors provid reduce system recovery.

5.2.7.3 the prevention of bBbarium sulfate, will cause a lot of precipitation phenomeand strontium sulfate scale promote the formation. Most natural water, the barium content will lead to seadding the current face of sulphuric acid, it should be less than 2µg/L. Preventive measures and preventive measures calcium sulfate the same



5.2.7.4 SrSO4 scalen prevention The preventive measures are as same as CaCO3 5.2.7.5 CaF2 scale prevention When the concentration of calcium is very higher, as long as fluoride contains in the water reach

diment.

ost water’s solubility of silicon dioxide (SiO2) is in the range of 1 ~ 100 mg / L. Supersaturating of

olymerize into insoluble colloidal silicon or silicon jelly, and

formation in the Concentrated water is different from the feed water,

ecause the pH Value of the concentrated water are changing as the increased concentration of

ch as Al3+, it might change the SiO2 solubility through the

rmation of metal silicate. The existence of aluminum or iron in the water is the main reason of

rate, when taking the lime - Soda softening pretreatment, some

mount of aluminum or magnesium should be added into the water to reduce the solubility of SiO2,

the solubility of silicon,

garding to the prevention of silicon scale formation, add the acid or alkaline in the water can

3

e, it

e

0.1 µ g / L, it may form the CaF2 seThe Prevention measures are as the same as CaSO4’s

5.2.7.6 Silicon scale prevention M

silicon dioxide (SiO2)can automatically p

cause the contamination of membrane. The maximum concentration of SiO2 in the water depends on

the SiO2 solubility degrees.

The process of silicon scale

b

SiO2, so the calculation of SiO2 scale should be according to the feed water quality analysis and

reverse osmosis operating parameters.

If a certain amount of metal appears, su

fo

silicon Scale formation. Therefore, if the existence of silicon, it should ensure that there is no

aluminum or iron, and it’s better to use the 1 µ m security filter, meanwhile take the preventive

measures such as acid washing.

In order to increase the recovery

a

meanwhile, the effective operation of the softening process is very important to prevent the

appearance of insoluble metal silicate in the reverse osmosis system;

Because the pH value lower than 7the or higher than 7.8 can increase

re

increase the recycling rate, but in the high pH conditions, it should avoid the formation of CaCO

sediment; regarding to the silica scale, when use a heat exchanger to increase water temperatur

can significantly increase the water recycling rate, but the maximum temperature of the membransystem allowable is 45 ; polymer resin of polypropylene acid inhibitors can be used to increase the

solubility of silica.



5.2.7.7 The summary of pretreatment methods hart5-1 the treatment list of membrane contamination factors

3 4 4

4

Fe

Al

Bacter

Oxidant

Organics

C

Pre-treatment SiO

CaF

CaCO

CaSO

BaSO

SrSO 2 2

SDI

iu

Add acid 1 1 1 1 1

Anti-scalelant 2 2 2 2 2 2

softening 2 2 2 2 2

Ion exchange From base

2 2 2 2 2

Lime softening 1

Preventive

cleaning

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Adjustment of

recovery

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Multi-media filter 3 1 1 1

Oxidation - filter 1 2

Online flocculation 1 1 1

MF/ UF 2 2 2 2 2

Cartridge filtration 3 1 1

chlorination 1 2

Remove-Chlorine 2

Sterilization 2

GAC Filtration 2 2

Notes: 1. Likely to be ffect e, 2 . omb ation a e ods n be used

is voi

e iv . Very effective, 3 C in of sever l m th ca

together, blank d.



6 The reverse osmosis system design .1 The main tasks of reverse osmosis system design

feed water quality, the quirement of output water quality and amount, the requirement of water discharge amount

system design, it determine e type of membrane and pre-treatment system required by the reverse osmosis system; in

verse osmosis system

retreatment, reverse smosis and post-treatment.

he sterilization, coagulation settlement, multi-media filters, ctivated carbon filtration, micro filtration and so on technology. The contaminated materials in

for use, such as remove O2, ion-exchange desalination, electrode ionization desalting (EDI), and so on.

etermines the pretreatment programmer (the contents of the pretreatment, as detailed in

should up

6 Reverse osmosis system design is based on the raw data such as the reand the venue situation, choose a reasonable water treatment process, choose the appropriate membrane components, determine the number of membrane elements and the arrangement of their components, use high-pressure pump, and so on; reduce the operating pressure and the costs of membrane components, and increase the recovery rate as much as possible, reduce contamination speed of the system so as to extend its cleaning cycle, reduce the frequency of cleaning system, increase its the long-term stability, reduce the maintenance costs of cleaning , so the design work is an important part of the water treatment system construction, it often plays a decisive role in controlling of the quality, investment and water producing cost. 6.2 The basis of reverse osmosis system design The feed water quality is an important basis for the reverse osmosisthreverse osmosis system design process, we not only need the right analysis data of feed water quality, but also need to select the proper model of reverse osmosis desalination membrane, design the arrangement of components and after-treatment system according to the changing trend data of the source water quality. 6.3 The basic processes of re The basic processes of reverse osmosis system include three stages: po Pretreatment usually adopt tathe feed water will be reduced or controlled through pretreatment and up to the requirements that the reverse osmosis membrane components to feed water of water. Reverse osmosis device is the core part of the reverse osmosis desalination process, most of the salt in the feed water will be removed as well as the organic matter, bacteria, and so on. The after-treatment processes need to be set based on their own needC 6.3.1 The pretreatment programmer reverse osmosis water conditioningdChapter 5) according to the feed water quality and characteristics. The water qualityto the requirements that the reverse osmosis membrane components to the feed water through the pretreatment. The inlet water quality requirements as shown in Table 6-1.



Table 6-1 the feed water quality requirements:

Feed water quality CA membrane PA membrane

PH value 3.0～11.0 5.0～6.0

temperature 5～30 1～45

Turbidity < 0.3 < 1.0

Si x lt density inde < 4 < 5 TOC < 3 < 3

Fr t 0 < 0.1 ee chlorine conten .2～1

Iron content < 0.05 < 0.05 COD < 1.5 < 1.5

6.3.2 Rever mosis Design

.3.2.1 the process of reverse osmosis device design smosis device designed:

ed water quality; e elements, as well as the

nt and their

e components needed;

components that the system

Selection of reverse osmosis membranes very kind of membrane components must be put into pressure containers before using.

ey need the suitable pressure containers with

install eral membrane components, usually, each pressure container can be installed in one to

cations of pressure container, it should meet the water supply ressure requirements which come from systematic calculation, and take the pressure that need

ther one is ade of glass steel (FRP), you should try to choose the FRP membrane housing, especially the

se Os6The general procedure of reverse oDetermine the type of membrane elements according to the fe

Determine the number and the arrangement of membranrecovery rate of reverse osmosis devices according to water production amouquality, Choose the proper high-pressure pump according to the calculated pressure that the membran

Choose targeting instruments, valves and other accessories; Select pressure pipelines;

Determine the type of controlling system, choose the electrical need.

EBecause each membrane has its own size, so thdifferent size accordingly. The diameter of common pressure container includes 2.5 in, 4in, 8in, and other types, but each of the pressure containers has the basically same structure. In each pressure container, which can install a membrane component, and also cansevseven membrane components. In choosing the pressure specifipto be increased due to the contamination from the operating process into account. The pressure vessel’s material has two kinds: one is made of stainless steel and anom8-inch element. Because there are many differences in precision of the Stainless steel pressure container processing, so it often leak slightly, and lead to hydropower higher. In addition, the stainless steel housing has many defects as well, first, the concentricity can’t up to the



requirement; Second, if the water content of chlorine root is too high, it is likely to cause the pitting perforated, and lead to the leakage of membrane housing. When use of the longer stainless steel membrane tube, you must ensure the fulcrum distribute venly, and ensure the fulcrum‘s same level and coaxial, avoid the bending of the membrane

,

andled ,

nerally,

the system covery. Typically, single-membrane component’s recovery rate is in the range of 8% to 15%,

y

components including pressure Vessel

etube; if there are some incorrect in welding the interface of the inner membrane tube, it always has a flow accompanied, even the V-shaped ring emerge phenomenon will appear, in this timeplace the seam side down will be better. Regarding to the lubricant choosing, not only need to ensure no contamination to the membrane components, but also should differentiate it according to the V-ring edge, the thinner edge the better sealed, but if the membrane tube’s round is not perfect(vertical diameter larger than the level) ,the welding interface isn’t hproperly (weld seam upward),it maybe cause the V-ring prone to come out; if the edge thickerusing of the glycerin and other water-soluble lubricant to seal is not very well, in some circumstances (such as treatment of wastewater),it will speed up the seal ring’s aging rate, if the water temperature is lower, you can smear a small amount of Vaseline Medical as well; gethe above-mentioned problems arise less in use of glass steel membrane tube. The number of components in each pressure container is directly proportional tore6 series-one sector’ system-recovery rate will be up to 50 percent, two sector’s system recoverrate maybe up to about 75%, the three sector’s system recovery will up to 85%, as the following table:

System recovery (%) The number of series The sector number of 6

40~60 6 1 70~80 12 2 85~90 18 3

6.3.2.3 T ction of reverse osm membrane elements everse osmosis system can be applicable for a variety of source water, Apply to different areas

embrane elements, so

ciples: . According to the desalination rate;

ater;

he sele osisRand up to their purpose. The manufacturers often have various types of mthey can choose the most appropriate model according to the quality of source water and their own functions. Whether correct or not in choosing membrane elements is one of the most important factors to the success of reverse osmosis system design. The membrane elements have different diameter and length, the standard diameter include 2.5 inches, 4.0-inch and 8-inch, the standard length include 40 inches,60 inches, and so on. Choosing membrane elements should according to the following prin12. According to salinity TDS of the feed water; 3. According to the source water; 4. According to the pressure required by the inlet w5. According to water flow;



In general, choosing the membrane elements which the diameter is less than 2.5 inch if the

is

etermine the booster pump models by the final inlet water flow which is calculated according to

he following table is the range of water output when the membrane elements under different

Type of feed water

SDI<1

RO water

SDI<3

Deep well

SDI<3 SDI<5

The surface

SDI<3 SDI<3

water output is lower than 0.2 m3 / h; choosing the 4 inch membrane elements if the water output is lower than 3.0 m3 / h; choosing the 8 inch membrane elements if the water output higher than 3m3 / h (if the recovery rate is too low, you can choose the 4 in membrane elements). Ddifferent characteristics of inlet water that choose a suitable water output and the recovery that the system required. Tfeed water conditions:

output water

Feed

water water

Ocean

water

Waste

water

The flow rate of water output (GFD）

30 25 20 18 15 15

The max recovery of the elements

30 20 20 15 10 10

2540 elements 840 700 560 504 420 420

4040 elements 2400 2000 1600 1440 1200 1200

8365 elements 10950 9125 7200 6570 5500 5500

G P D

8400 elements 12000 10000 8000 7200 6000 6000

t the same time, in order to prevent excessive water inlet which may cause the Pressure

8 inch element 4 inch element 2.5 inch element

Adifference’s highly increase and lead to the "telescope phenomenon", so we have developed the max inlet water flow according to different sizes of the membrane elements; in order to ensure the low recovery rate of the membrane, we must limit the minimum flow of the concentration water, the scale appears easily if the system‘s flow lower than the minimum concentration water flow. The following table is the recommended maximum and minimum concentration water flow of 2.5-inch, 4-inch and 8-inch membrane elements:

The max inlet wa r flow（m3/h） te 1.8～17.0 3.6 1.0

T 0.95 36 he minimum inlet water flow（m3/h） 3.6～4.1 ～1. 0.25

6.3.2.4 The formation of reverse osmosis membrane elements ne level, two level

,

According to production needs, we can arrange the several membrane into oor even multi-level, each level of the membrane can be arranged into one sector, two sector or even more. The so-called one level means the inlet liquid is separated by a reverse osmosis pressure; the two level means the inlet liquid is separated by a second reverse osmosis pressurethen following by the same analogy; in the same stage ,



6.2.4.5 The element which have the same arrangement form a section. uidelines

Arrangement of one pass and several stages

his form is a multi-stage concentrated system, the first section’s concentrated water as the

haracteristics of the multi-pass system:

ut within the recovery limitation of a single membrane

2) e recovery rate of the container which include six membrane elements can reach

The choosing and arranging of the membrane should not only comply with the design gof the suppliers, but also take the quality of source water, the water output requirements of the users and the recovery rate and other factors into account

1 Tsecond section’s inlet water, and the second section’s concentrated water will be as the next section’s inlet water, at this time, the water through every section will directly outflow, so as the section increase, the recovery rate will increase as well. The flow of the Concentrated water will decrease as the section increase, in order to keep the same flow speed of the every section of membrane surface, we can gradually reduce the number of parallel membrane elements, and ensure the same inlet water flow into the every elements, this is the common arrangement in water treatment, this process applies to the large needed and higher recovery occasion, and widely used in the industrial desalination application.

C

1) It will improve the system’s recovery, b

elements.

Generally, th

75 percent; the three sections may be higher. If three elements within the containers, it should

increase a corresponding section to achieve the same effect.

The typical ratio is 2:1 (ratio of the number of above to bellow containers).

Feed

Permeate

Concentrated

One Pass Multi-Stage

Email: [email protected] of 116

2008 Version


2 Multi-pass arrangement

tem is that the RO water output from the first pass as the water supply Multi-pass reverse osmosis sys

of the second pass, the water output from the second stage as the water supply of the next stage, It

will produce high-purity fresh water by the several after-diluted.

Multi-stage revers

4 high

.4 The reve

e called the wa

he reverse osmo

The arrangementrequirement, but

1 Requirement o

2 Can’t use the io

3 Require an effi

water);

Requires a

6 Wpost-treatment, spost-treatment ac

Ttreatment technoand drugs addingwater), it is necesrestrictions on miwith a strict requineeds to take ultrcontrolling the disdecarburization evalue, or minerali

Concentrated

Email: membrane

Feed

e osmosis system is adopted under the following situation:

tment;

and organic (such as Chinese medicine

er reliability.

rse osmosis post-treatment

ter treatment process of one stage a reverse osmosis system as the smosis

sis post-treatment system generally is a combination of various water sing

hen

f

of reverse osmosis post-treatment technology is related not only to the user’s also to the fresh water salinity and the source water.

f a higher water quality;

n exchange as a post-trea

ciently removal of the bacteria, heat

o the two stage reverse osmosis can belong to the range of reverse ocording to this concept.

logies which mainly including desalination, disinfection, filtration, degas. With a higher requirements of salt content (such as high pressure boiler sary to take the further desalination measures. When there is a special crobiological (such as Chinese medicine water), disinfection is needed; wrements on tiny particles (such as integrated circuits water, fiber water), it a filtration, porous filters, and other measures. When with a requirements osolved CO2, O2 and other gases (such as water EDI), it should increase the quipment, etc; for drinking water, it need alkaline adding to increase the PH zation treatment.

Permeate

Two- Pass One Stage

@chanitex-sh.com of 116 2008 Version


6.5 The usual equipment of reverse osmosis systems The RO system engineering is a combination of reverse osmosis equipment, tube, valves and

clude not only the verse osmosis membrane elements, but also the pressure container, high-pressure pump,

ts, ressure container, bulk piping, valves, locally-operated equipment and instrumentation, and

shelf. Generally, the framework is made up of A3 steel materials, its

ework ould also consider the earthquake intensity of the local scene.

in order to prevent the purities from the pretreatment water and avoid the mechanical damage to high-pressure

ane elements. Usually, security filters adopt the 5 µ m filter which material

a certain degree, reduce the SDI. In system design, security filters only can revent the impurities from pretreatment enter into the high-pressure pumps and reverse

ent of the reverse osmosis system. It supply the let water with sufficient pressure in order to reduce the osmotic pressure and running

lume of the device; and the flow volume should be established by

table performance, highly efficient, noise small and nti-wear high-pressure pump.

other devices, and form a complete sets of equipment. This equipment inresecurity filters, metering pump inhibitors, valves, Instruments and other related equipment. 1. The RO framework This is the reverse osmosis framework that assembling the reverse osmosis membrane elemenpother equipment in a Slidingsurface has antirust Paint, and small devices also can use stainless steel materials. Pressure container generally has 2-3 force strong points, so you should design the proper reverse osmosis framework according to different sizes of the pressure tank. The framsh 1. Security filter Security filter is placed on the inlet of the reverse osmosis systemimpump and the membris polyethylene or polypropylene. To avoid corrosion, filter body should be used stainless steel orplastic materials. Security filters not only can hold back the impurities particles, but also can remove the turbidity and colloidal iron inposmosis membrane elements, and can’t be using in reducing the SDI or removing the impurities , so the inlet water which will enter into security Filter must comply with the inlet water standards of the membrane elements. 2. High-pressure pump High-pressure pump is one of the core equipminresistance to meet the flow vothe calculation software. High-pressure pump’s performance will have a direct impact on the desalination effect and the economy, so you should choose the sa



In order to ensure the safe operain

tion of high-pressure pump, the water outlet should be stalled check valves, high and low voltage protection switch to prevent the high-pressure

id, inhibitors, fungicides, reducing l flocculent and so on. Generally, we use the piston pump and diaphragm

t e requirements to the corrosion of Tran-sportive media.

ll the corrosion problems of the flowing part should be considered, including filters, pumps, e

bes and valves of the tank and low pressure switch parts should adopt the rrosion-resistant PVC, U-PVC, ABS engineering plastics, glass or stainless steel materials.

itch e

n, in the course of designing and producing, should prevent the formation of stagnant ater in the pipeline, stainless steel tubes should adopt the inert gas to protect the welding; you

aning system of reverse osmosis

ment system comply with the andard, the membrane still can be contaminated, generally, you should clean reverse osmosis

cial

ning system if composed of washing pump, pHarmaceutical preparation , 5 µ security filter, related valves, tubes, and other controlling instruments.

he materials: polypropylene, glass fiber reinforced plastic, polyvinyl chloride and steel cans lable.

e glass steel or stainless steel pumps should be available, the resistance range of the security

continually running under the condition of water shortage. 3. Dosing pump Pretreatment system needs the dosing pump to increase acagent, pharmaceuticapump to meet the requirements of small flow, accurate measurement and adjustable flow. Regardless of what form will be adopted, the flowing materials of the dosing pump must meeth 5. The selection of valve materials Awater tanks, pipes, valves, meters interfacAnd so on, you must choose a suitable material to prevent the contaminations caused by corrosion. The water tucoThe water tubes and valves of security filters, high pressure pumps and high pressure swparts should adopt different kinds of stainless steel according to the different salinity of sourcwater. In additiowshould take the protective measures such as pickling or aestivation after the completion of pipe manufacturing. 6.6 The cle Even if the design and operation of reverse osmosis pretreatstequipment every six months or a year. Therefore, it should be considered to design a specleaning system. Generally, the cleam 1. Pharmacy prepared box Twith rubber inline should be avai 2. Cleansing pump th



filters and reverse osmoMPa. 3. Cle

sis device and pipelines that the 扬程 can overcome is from 0.3 to 0.5

ansing tube e cleaning tube should adopt the Lining Plastic , ABS or UPVC pipe

s function is to remove the machinery impurities from the cleaning process and the insoluble smosis device.

everse osmosis system

mally, help us to iscover the problems and failures timely, so it should be installed the necessary instrument and

ystem he most important monitoring project of pretreatment system (RO water supply) water output

ers to judge whether the water quality is up to the standard.

d rbon filters different operating pressure, COD, the concentration of free chlorine, the amount

low, pressure, temperature and conductivity should be monitored by the on-line instruments, it ds.

ater inlet, condensed water, and the water output ow, because the ratio of these flows determine the recovery rate of reverse osmosis equipment,

d ater, and water output pressure and so on. Under constant pressure and temperature

trical nductivity reflect the salinity level in the water, and reflect the change of output water quality.

alue and the conductivity ,then you can detect whether the reverse osmosis system operate

th 4. Micro-pore filtration Itfalling off from the reverse o 6.7 Instrument monitoring of the r In order to ensure the reverse osmosis device’s operation and supervision nordcontrol equipment. 1. Pretreatment sTis SDI. It is important paramet Other monitoring projects include the amount of coagulant added, multi-media filters, activatecaof anti-scale preparation added, the PH value of acid system, the pressure of security filter. 2. Reverse osmosis equipment Fis better to have a automatically recor The flow volume includes reverse osmosis wfland the too high or too low recovery rate will have an adverse consequences on its performance, so ensure the accuracy of the monitoring instrument is particularly important. The pressure includes reverse osmosis inlet water, the inlet water of every section, condensewcondition, the decline of water output represent the membrane is being contaminated. Conductivity includes reverse osmosis inlet and outlet water conductivity, the level of elecco Temperature, pressure, flow is three interrelated parameters, which are combined with the PH vnormally through standardization, whether there is contamination or scale, whether need to clean, so it is an important parameters to judge the operation of the reverse osmosis.



6.8 The control of the reverse osmosis system The reverse osmosis system usually adopts the way of auto-control, the content of which should

clude the following aspects:

hen the feed water pressure is lower or higher than the designed alue, the pump will stop automatically; concerning the Large-scale advanced reverse osmosis

ent. The reverse osmosis quipment should complete automatically the start and stop including the pump with medicine,

ndition of the reverse osmosis’s started and stops. hen the reverse osmosis equipment starts or stops, it will automatically open the electrically

quipment’ s working rocess, the control system will supervise automatically the working status of various

stment of adding medicine. The electric current signal or the pulse signal offered to the water flow of tube way, redox potential, PH value tester by the

l, the enterprises also have enhanced eir requirements for the control level of the water purifier equipments, there are even many

in The control of booster pump. Wvsystem, the booster pump needs to adopt the frequency conversion control to control the pump’s outlet water pressure by adjusting its operating frequency. The procedures start and stop of the reverse osmosis equipmebooster pump, and electrical slowly opening door and so on. The reverse osmosis equipment and the water level of the tank are connected; the procedure will stop when the water level is high but start when the water level is low. The surface low pressure flushing on the coWflushing water drainage valve, operating the low-pressure flushing for the membrane’s surface and drawing off the concentrated water inside the membrane elements. The supervision and warning on the unusual working status. In the epequipments such as booster pump, the pump with medicine, electrical valve and so on and show an alarm warning. Meanwhile it also can supervise the executed parameters like temperature, water flow, pressure, water level, conductivity, red ox potential, PH value and so on, and will show the corresponding alarm signal , and then decide whether to stop the working or not according to different conditions. The automatically control and adjuimreverse osmosis adjust automatically the amount of medicine addition，finishing proportionally automatic adjustment of the amount of adding medicine. With unceasing enhancement of the automatic control levethcompanies who request that the water purifier equipments could work without person’s supervision.



7 The operation guide line of the reverse osmosis system

efore the initial start of the reverse osmosis system, you must make enough preparation as

pment’s start, the water flow of the inlet water quality should meet the operation

2. rse osmosis equipment with the tube ways, you should blow and

clean the tube ways ( including the reverse osmosis inlet water tube)

3. logical requirement, every valve’s on-off performance should be good.

4. t they have been equipped and tested correctly.

5. at the booster pump and slowly electrical opening should be in the condition of immediate operation and the water inlet of the pump should be in the condition of being

6. that interconnection, warning, control parameters and connectors have been

equipped correctly.

7. medicine case should have more than 2/3 liquid level which has been stirred evenly, the measurement amount and system of adding medicine all should be in the

8. reagents and measuring appliances for operation supervision.

v ch “Manual-Stop-Auto” should be laced at the manual location.

nce into operation according to your need.

7.1 The initial start of the reverse osmosis system 7.1.1 The needed preparation for the initial start Bfollows: 1. Pre-treatment system must have experienced proper adjustment and testing before the

equirequirements of the reverse osmosis equipment. The pre-treatment system should be in the status of supplying water.

Before connecting the reve

Check all the tube ways which should be connected according to techno

Check all the measuring appliances to confirm tha

Confirm th

opened.

Confirm

Confirm that every

normal status for use.

Prepare all the needed 9. Conform that the unqualified water outlet (water outlet valve) should be opened. 10. The concentrated water control valve should be placed at suitable start position. 7.1.2 The initial start of the reverse osmosis system The re erse osmosis operation methods: the selection switp 1. Put every measuring applia



2. Put every unit measurement pump of adding medicine into operation (initially to adjust it in

3. ing valve, open the manual adjusting valve of the booster pump (1/3), start the slowly electrical opening, letting the water flow into the reverse osmosis equipment on

4. tem to confirm there is no leakage. After which air releasing and low pressure

flushing come to an end.

5. opening and the flushing water outlet, open the concentrated water outlet valve (the concentrated water outlet valve could be opened fully while the

6. e is no the latter one, you

should adjust manually the manual adjusting valve of the booster pump, the increase rate of

7. mp of adding medicine should work smoothly.

f the booster pump, meanwhile keep adjusting the strength of the concentrated water outlet

9. sections, total

water flow, fresh water flow, concentrated water flow and its LSI.

10. e executed parameters. Close the unqualified water drainage valve for normal tendency, ensuring the equipment’s

11. uctivity of every pressure vessel and analyze the happened or the

possible malfunction.

12. -48 hours, record all the operation data( inlet water pressure, pressure difference, water flow, return rate, electrical conductivity and so on), do remember

manual way).

Open the flush

the condition of low pressure and small amount of water flow offered by the pretreatment system in order to release the air inside the system (about 5min for air releasing while 3min above for flushing), meanwhile the protection liquid in the new membrane also could be flushed out.

Check the sys

Close the slowly electrical

flushing outlet valve could only be opened slightly, about 1/3) .

Start the booster pump and the slowly electrical opening, if ther

the feed water pressure of the membrane must be lower than 10psi every second, which makes the inlet water will keep flushing the equipment when the water pressure is lower than 50% until the protection liquid in the water drainage has been discharged completely (the flushing time is 30min at least).

Confirm that the unit measurement pu 8. Slowly increase the strength of opening the water outlet manual adjusting valve o

adjusting valve without stop until it could meet the flow and return rate of the feed water, then adjust various medicament amount of adding medicine for its stability.

When the system has reached the designed condition, check the pressure of

After the system’s stable operation (about one hour), record all th

normal water making.

Check the product cond

After operating for 24

to retain the data record of the initial operation and extract the relative sample of the inlet



water and concentrated water to test their contents, to compare and confirm the characteristics of the system.

When the reverse osmosis equ 13. ipment’s operation is stopped by manual way, first of all, the

slowly electric opening is closed after which the booster pump’s operation stops.

7.2

trol board. ince finishing all the preparation before start and completing the initial start successfully, the

smosis equipment operation methods: the selection switch “Manual-Stop-Auto” should be placed at the location of “Auto”.

2. ater inlet and outlet of the measurement pump of adding medicine.

3. measuring appliance to ensure their normal working.

4. n the button of “The reverse osmosis start”, at the time, the automatic procedure will start automatically the measurement pump, booster pump, the slowly electrical opening,

5. ed to stop the equipment’s operation, press down the button of “the reverse

osmosis stop”, the automatic procedure will automatically close the slowly electric opening,

6. essure flushing.

the concentrated

water) should be controlled by the RO feed water adjusting valve, if there is no change

2. P, first of all, you

should check that whether the manual valve strength between the security filters and the

The automatic start and stop of the reverse osmosis system

The automatic start of the system is completed by the operation on the central conSpretreatment system has been supplying water; the reverse osmosis equipment could do automatic operation. 1. The reverse o

Put various measuring appliances into operation and open the w

Check the interconnection, warning and

Press dow

after which the system will enter into the operation period of salt rejection and water making.

If you ne

stopping the operation of the booster pump and the measurement pump.

After every stop of the reverse osmosis equipment, there must be a low pr

7.3 The daily maintenance of the reverse osmosis system

1. The total amount of the inlet water (namely the sum of the pure water and

concerning the amount of feed water, do not adjust the valve arbitrarily, complete opening and closing are forbidden; RO adjusting valve for the concentrated water drainage is used to adjust the return rate, if there is no change concerning the return rate, do not adjust the valve arbitrarily, complete opening and closing are forbidden absolutely.

When the reverse osmosis equipment shows the warnings of HP and L



booster pump is too small, then check that whether the RO feed water adjusting valve and the drainage valve of the concentrated water are working normally, after which you should press down the reset button of the warnings of HP or LP pressure to restart the equipment.

Control strictly the feed water quality, confirm that the equipment should be operated 3.

complying with the standard requirements of the feed water.

4. e value under the premise of meeting the water amount and water quality, which is good for the decrease of the

5. mperature of the critical

pressure that can not meet the requirement for the water yield and water quality as the feed

6. n of water temperature and operation

pressure, the amount of water making also has the corresponding variation, in this situation,

1) ethods to high water temperature in summer: ① On the premise of confirming the post-treatment’s requirement for the feed water salt

the operation of reducing

② urs (in summer), otherwise, it may

2) The eday. I the equipment’s operation for more than 72 hours, you should clean

3) ery start and stop.

tivity, pressure, SDI, water temperature Permeate water: conductivity, water flow, pH value

Concent ns

The pressure control operation should take the lowest pressur

depression of the water flux and the membrane’s replacing rate.

The control of the feed water temperature, take the lowest te

water temperature in this period according to the actual water consumption, which can reduce the possibility of membrane’s depression.

The control of the drainage, due to the variatio

you should adjust the drain amount, and otherwise it will have an effect on the equipment’s salt rejection.

The operation m

content, reduce the operation pressure and execute pressure. The countermeasure is an optimal one. According to the requirement of water supply, start and stop the reverse osmosis in turns, but the time should be no more than 24 holead to the bacteria multiplication of the membrane’s surface, increasing the possibility of pressure drop quipment could not be stopped for a long time; it should be used at least 2 hours every f you plan to stop

the equipment with chemical cleaning equipment and fill the components with 1% sodium bisulfite and 18% glycerin to protect the equipment. The reverse osmosis equipment should be flushed for 10 minute on the condition that the feed water pressure is lower than 0.4Mpa before its ev

4) The operators should record the executed parameters every hour; the main content of the record should include the follows:

Feed water: pH value, conduc

rated water: water flow, pressure and the feed water pressure of sectio



7.4 The stop and the maintenance for use of the RO system .4.1 The membrane elements maintenance before equipping the reverse

the proceed of storage and transport before being equipped and used, the

n of the reverse membrane elements equipped in the pressure vessel

yuring which the membrane elements are still equipped in the pressure

anwhile do eliminate the gas from the system completely;

penetration;

7.4.3 f the reverse osmosis membrane elements quipped in the pressure vessel:

however, are still be equipped in the pressure vessel. The

m; ) The specially configured sterilization fluid (using 1% sodium bisulfate) for the reverse

confirm that the system should

3) and then do the above operation; if the system temperature is higher

4) ore the recovery of the system normal operation, check and confirm that the

7osmosis system The membrane elements are all packed in the vacuum plastic bag with protection liquid after being produced. Inmembrane elements should be preserved in a dry environment, the preserved temperature should be between 20 and 30 ; Do not put the membrane elements at the place under the

direct sunlight or nearby oxidized gas.

7.4.2 The short-term preservatio

The wa of short-term preservation is suitable for the reverse osmosis system stopped between 5 days and 30 days, dvessel of the RO system, the concrete steps are as follows: 1) Flush the reverse osmosis system with feed water; me

2) The system should be operated for 1 hour or 2 hours every day, close the relative valves in order to avoid the gas’s

The long-term preservation o

eThe long-term preservation is suitable for the reverse osmosis system stopped for 30 days above during which the membrane elements,concrete steps of the protection operation are as follows: 1) Clean the membrane elements equipped in the syste2

osmosis pure water should be retained in the system andbe full of the fluid. If the system temperature is lower than 27 , you should replace the sterilization fluid

every other 30 daysthan 27 , you should replace the protection liquid (sterilization liquid)every other 15

days. Before using the system anew, you should flush the system for one hour with low pressure water, befproduct shouldn’t include any disinfectant.



7.4.4 The disinfection of the reverse osmosis membrane he speed of the sterilization medicament(could remove 999.9999% bacteria under the

tant using time 2% formaldehyde liquid 12 hours 0.2%

1% hyd

Formaldehyde

e medicament is considered to be virulent As to hey couldn’t be used until they have been operated for 24 hours;

tion

5mg/L Rohm&Hass or the “ Simicide C-68” of the Betz company

disinfectant of long-term preservation

osage: 500mg/L, could be used for 30min-60min be applied to long-term preservation

osage: 0.2% (the total amount of the two kind of compound) -term preservation

ion)

some membranes r 2-4 hours/ flushing is followed

long-term preservation

Ttemperature of 20 )

Disinfec

Hydrogen peroxide liquid 25 hours 5% hydrogen peroxide liquid 2-3 hours 10% hydrogen peroxide liquid 1-2 hours rogen peroxide and 400mg/L practice acid liquid 0.5-1 hour

The compound membrane elements disinfectant

Dosage: 0.1-1.0% In American, th

new membranes, totherwise it may lead to unrecoverable water flux loss Could be used as the disinfectant of long-term preserva Isothiazolinones, Dosage: 15-2 The “kathon”of the Could be used as the

Sodium bisulfate

D1.0% liquid could Hydrogen peroxide/ peracetic acid D1.0% liquid could be applied to longPH value: 3-4(high PH value may lead to the membrane’s oxidatTemperature: 25 (the highest) The existence of iron or excessive metals may cause the oxidation of recycle for 20-30min/be soaked foDestructing biology mucous membrane may need the using time of 4 hours Be efficient and rapid oxidant or disinfectant Could effectively destruct biology mucous membrane This kind of disinfectant is not suitable for the



8 e osmosis membrane elements 8.1 Cleaning condition

ent couldn’t completely remove the pollutant such as inorganic lt filthy ,microorganism, colloid pellet, insoluble organic matter， after the period of normal

t cleaning The standard salt rejection has increased 5% above

s

ent .2.1 Eyes testing

the two membrane elements of feed water inlet and water outlet from e membrane housing and watch their appearances to judge that whether the follow situations

g of the membrane elements to ensure its perfect, in some systems, if there is e phenomenon of water hammer or membrane elements’ blockage which may increase the

l “10.6 hat is the water hammer? What is the damage to membrane elements caused by the water

that the membrane elements housing and bottle cap of the water inlet should not be attached with any substance like sand, in some reverse osmosis systems that couldn't be

m the ts;

The cleaning of the revers

Due to the fact that the pretreatmsaoperation, the diaphragms of the membrane elements may be polluted under the function of the reverse osmosis concentration, which will lead to the depression of the membrane elements’ function. The membrane elements should be cleaned on the following conditions:

The standard amount of making water has decreased 10% above since the las

The standard pressure difference between feed water and concentrated water haincreased 15% above since the last cleaning

Before long-term operation stop As daily maintenance

8.2 Pollutant judgm8 First of all, disassemblethhave happened: Check the housinthpressure difference between water inlet and water outlet of the membrane elements, leading to the breakage of the glass fiber reinforced plastic coverings of the membrane elements. Concerning the explanation for water hammer, please refer to page 105 of the manuawhammer?” 1. Confirm

designed well, the float of the feed water couldn’t be eliminated, so it will enter into the embrane elements along with water current, as the figure below, if this situation happened, in

surface pretreatment, the particles rejection rate couldn’t reach the feed water requiremen



2. Check the feed water end surface of the feed water membrane elements to make sure that there are no sundry substances such as large particles, activated carbon and so on, as the follow figure:

The existence of particulate substances on the water inlet end surface indicates that the pretreatment’s function of eliminating particles couldn’t reach the feed water requirement of the reverse osmosis system, please test SDI value, meanwhile check the security filters and replace filters 3. Check the concentrated water end of the membrane elements to make sure that the separation net hasn’t been flushed out, as the follow figure: The phenomenon indicates that the pressure difference of the two ends of water inlet and water outlet, which may lead to the phenomenon of telescope, this phenomenon mans the gravity of the membrane elements pollution, please replace them immediately.



4. Check the concentrated water end of the membrane elements to make sure that whether there is any settling or not, as the follow figure: 5. If there is obvious white granulated settling, we can judge it as inorganic salt structure pollution which means that the LSI standard of feed water is larger than 0, or the cleaning medicament are not enough to prevent the inorganic salt structure , the system has the risk of scaling. 8.2.2 Weight comparative Place the disassembled membrane elements vertically, drop the water inside, then weight， after which compare it with the weight of the elements that have not been used to judge the pollution type of the membrane. As to the weight of the elements that have not been used, please refer to the sixth section of the third chapter of the manual: the net weight of membrane elements in “packing information”. 8.2.3 Cleaning flow Cleaning flow means the cleaning medicament flow of entering into the pressure vessel in the cleaning process; the cleaning flow is different according to the pressure vessels with different diameter.



8.3 The cleaning of the reverse osmosis membrane elements 8.3.1 Carbonate settling Common group: Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr – the carbonate settling of metallic ion Pollution cause: The addition system of cleaning medicament and dispersing medicament can't

work smoothly; The PH adjusting system of adding the acid can’t work smoothly; The regeneration of the ion exchange resin is not prompt; Excessive high returns- ratio; The symptom: The decrease of the salt rejection rate and water making The increase of system pressure drop， There is settling on the concentrated water end surface of the elements, The weight of membrane elements has increased by 50% above Cleaning medicament : 2% lemon acid liquid, the ① PH value of ammonia water is 4.0, the

temperature is 40 ; you can also use 2.0% Hydrochloric acid peroxide solution with ② PH

value of 2~3 to clean Cleaning procedures: The first step: you should better use the reverse osmosis water to clean; good infiltration water is also feasible (do not use the feed water including special chemical material which may response with the cleaning liquid). The second step: you should use the cleaning liquid specially configured by the reverse osmosis water, to measure it correctly and mix it evenly to make sure that the PH value and the medicament content of the cleaning liquid should comply with the relative standards. The third step: input the cleaning liquid to the reverse osmosis system by using usual cleaning flow and the pressure of 20Psi, the backwater in the early beginning should be drained, avoiding the liquid’s being dilution. Then let the cleaning liquid recycled in the tube way for 15min, watch the opacity and PH value of the backwater， if the water has been obviously polluted or its PH value has exceeded 0.5, you should add cleaning medicament again to make the cleaning liquid meet the cleaning requirements. The fourth step: stop cleaning the circulating pump, watch the pollution situation of the main elements, the membrane elements should be soaked in the cleaning liquid for about one hour(two hours at best). During the period you could start the circulating pump with intermittence to keep constant cleaning temperature (25~30 ). The fifth step: enlarge the water flow to the 1.5 times of its normal flow to clean, during the period, the pressure shouldn’t be too high, taking the pressure of the system without water or little water as limitation. The circulating time should be 15 minutes.



The sixth step: use the qualified pretreatment yielding water to flush the system for 20-30 minutes, the pressure should be lower than 20Psi, the lowest temperature is 10 in order to

avoid settling, flowing the cleaning liquid out without retention. Start the system operation to check the flushing result; do not use the yielding water. 8.3.2 Sulfate settling Common group: Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr –the infusibility sulfate of metallic ion Pollution cause: The addition system of cleaning medicament and dispersing medicament

can't work smoothly; The PH adjusting system of adding the acid can’t work smoothly; The regeneration of the ion exchange resin couldn’t is not prompt; Excessive high returns- ratio; The symptom: The decrease of the salt rejection rate and water making The increase of system pressure drop， There is settling on the concentrated water end surface of the elements, The weight of membrane elements has increased by 50% above Cleaning medicament: 0.1% ① Sodium hydroxide, 1.0% EDTA four sodium cleaning, PH value

of 12, and temperature of 30 ; also could use 0.1% Sodium hydroxide, 0.5% EDTA four sodium ②

cleaning, 0.5% Sodium tripolyphosphate cleaning, PH value of 12, temperature of 30 ;

Cleaning procedures: The first step: you should better use the reverse osmosis water to clean; good infiltration water is also feasible (do not use the feed water including special chemical material which may response with the cleaning liquid). The second step: you should use the cleaning liquid specially configured by the reverse osmosis, to measure it correctly and mix it evenly to make sure that the PH value and the medicament content of the cleaning liquid should comply with the relative standards. The third step: input the cleaning liquid to the reverse osmosis system by using usual cleaning flow and the pressure of 20Psi, the backwater in the early beginning should be drained, avoiding the liquid’s being dilution. Then let the cleaning liquid recycled in the tube way for 3 to 5 minutes, watch the opacity and PH value of the backwater， if the water has been obviously polluted or its PH value has exceeded 0.5, you should add cleaning medicament again to make the cleaning liquid meet the cleaning requirements. The fourth step: after using the cleaning liquid to clean the circulating pump for one hour, stop cleaning the circulating pump, if the pollution of the sulfate happened, the main membrane elements should be soaked in the cleaning liquid for 24 hours. During the period you could start the circulating pump with intermittence to keep constant cleaning temperature (25~30 ). The fifth step: after being soaked for 24 hours, enlarge the water flow to the 1.5 times of its



normal flow to clean, during the period, the pressure shouldn’t be too high, taking the pressure of the system without water or little water as limitation. The circulating time should be between 30 and 60 minutes. The sixth step: use the qualified pretreatment yielding water to flush the system for 20-30 minutes, the pressure should be lower than 20Psi, the lowest temperature is 10 in order to

avoid settling, flowing the cleaning liquid out without retention. Start the system operation to check the flushing result; do not use the yielding water. As to the appearance of the inorganic salt pollution, you could make cleaning in terms of carbonate pollution, if the performance change of the membrane elements is not obvious after or before flushing, you can judge it as sulfate pollution or other inorganic salt pollution. The former is the kind of pollution that can hardly be cleaned; the membrane elements performance often has little change after being cleaned. 8.3.3 Other inorganic salt settling Common group: The Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr –the infusibility sulfate, such as Fluoride, phosphate,

silicate and so on Pollution cause: The addition system of cleaning medicament and dispersing medicament

can't work smoothly; The PH adjusting system of adding the acid can’t work smoothly; The regeneration of the ion exchange resin is not prompt Excessive high returns- ratio; The symptom: Refer to the symptom of the Phosphate pollution Cleaning medicament: Refer to the cleaning methods of the Phosphate pollution Cleaning procedures: Refer to the cleaning procedures of the Phosphate pollution The cleaning result of some inorganic salt pollution is not obvious, such as silicate, Fluoride and Silicon-fluoride and so on, concerning the feed water with high content of those substances, the corresponding equipment must be designed in the system of the pretreatment, such as softener, adding anti-scalelent and so on, avoiding membrane elements pollution. 8.3.4 Metal oxide compound / hydroxide pollution Common group: Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn -- oxide compound or hydroxide pollution Pollution cause: The corrosion of the equipped tube ways and vessels; The oxidized metallic ion, chlorine, ozone, potassium, permanganate Use iron or the aluminum coagulant aids in the filter system of pretreatment Symptom: The decrease of the salt rejection and water yield, The increase of the system pressure drop There is red settling at the water inlet and outlet end of the membrane

elements The weight of the membrane elements has an increase of 30% above Cleaning medicament: 3% Sodium bisulfite, the PH value of ammonia water is 4.0, the

temperature is 40 ;



You can also use 2.0% Hydrochloric acid peroxide solution of PH2-3 to clean Cleaning procedure: refer to the cleaning methods and procedures of the Carbonate pollution 8.3.5 Colloid pollution Symptom: The change of salt rejection is inconspicuous. Permeated water flow descends obviously. There’s ropy contamination at the inlet end. Weight raises more than 20%. Chemic liquid for clean: ①Adjust H2SO4 to PH 10.0, 2% Na5P3O10 solution,

temperature: 40 ; S② ometimes, it can be cleaned by NaOH liquor which PH less than 10

when the temperature is 40 ; Clean Step: Please take the steps of cleaning sulfate pollution as reference. 8.3.6 Organic substance and microbe pollution Normal type: Humus, organic acid etc. Symptom: The change of salt rejection is inconspicuous. Permeated water flow descends obviously. There’s ropy contamination at the inlet end. Weight raises more than 20%. Chemic liquid for clean: 2% ① Na5P3O10 solution of PH10.0, 0.8%EDTA Na4(change to 0.25%

R-C6H4-SO3Na (R=C10-C13) when situation is serious) temperature:40 ; Sometimes, it can be cleaned by NaOH liquor which ② PH less than 10

when the temperature is 40 ; Clean Step: Please take the steps of cleaning sulfate pollution as reference.



8.3.7 Oxid oxidants membrane element Normal type: NaClO, chlorine, ozone and KMnO4 etc. Pollution cause: The bactericide in inlet water was not removed in

pretreatment. Symptom: The salt rejection descends inconspicuously. Permeated water flow rises obviously. Weight rises inconspicuously. Chemic liquid for clean: Nothing, please just change the membrane element. Clean Step: Nothing, please just change the membrane element. Oxide oxidants membrane element is the most serious phenomena of membrane pollution. Because oxide damages the rejection layer of membrane surface directly, it breaks -CO-NH- and disables semi permeable membrane. Besides, membrane element oxidation is irreversible, once it

happens, membrane can not be cleaned nor resume to its function, the unique way is change to new

membrane element. So, during pretreatment, it’s necessary to adopt activated carbon reducer to

remove various oxides in water.

Notice: 1. Membrane element must be cleaned by specialist. Please be

advised to consult supplier or manufacture before cleaning. 2. During chemic cleaning, it’s necessary for manipulator to defend

themselves by wearing defend glasses, defend gloves and exposure suit etc. Especially when using some chemical of strong causticity, if touch it immodestly, please do according to the MSDS given by chemical supplier.

3. The cleaning calculation sample just as reference, during cleaning,

it’s prohibited to use any chemical which has bad function to membrane element.



8.3.8 Membrane element cleaning chart：

Contamination Normal character Cleaning liquid

Inorganic Salt Sediment

Salt rejection descends obviously, pressure drop raise, permeated water flow descends a little.

2% Ctric acid, ammonia of PH 4.0 and temperature 40 ;HCl solution of pH2~3

（0.5%）also can be used

Oxid/Hydroxide( Fe, Ni, and Cu

etc)

Salt rejection descends obviously, pressure drop

raise obviously, permeated water flow descends obviously.

Ammonia of pH 4.0, 2% Citric acid, 2% Citric acid; HCl solution of pH2~3（0.5%）also can be

used

Various colloid(Fe. Organic

Substance and Silica gel)

Salt rejection descends a little, pressure drop raise

gradually, permeated water flow descends

gradually

H2SO4 solution of pH 10.0, Na5P3O10 STTP solution; some times, to use NaOH liquor of

pH ﹤10

calcium sulfate

Salt rejection descends obviously, pressure drop raise a little, permeated water flow descends a

little

2% Na5P3O10 solution of pH 10.0, 0.8%EDTA Na4(change to 0.25% C18H29SO3Na when situation is serious), the temperature is 40

some times, to use NaOH liquor of pH ﹤10

Organic substance sediment

Salt rejection might descend, pressure drop

raise gradually, permeated water flow

descends gradually

2% Na5P3O10 solution of pH 10.0, 0.8%EDTA Na4(change to 0.25% C18H29SO3Na when situation is serious), the temperature is 40

Bacteria pollution

Salt rejection might descend, pressure drop

raise obviously, permeated water flow descends obviously

2% Na5P3O10 solution of pH 10.0, 0.8%EDTA Na4(change to 0.25% C18H29SO3Na Na-DDBS

when situation is serious), the temperature is 40

0.1%NaOH and 0.03% C18H29SO3Na SDS, PH=11.5



9 Three years warranty for Reverse Osmosis membrane element

9.1 Chanitex RO membrane element warranty

Chanitex(Shanghai)Pure-Water Equipment Co.,Ltd.( hereinafter Chanitex) gives guarantee for

roled reverse osmosis membrane element, manufactured by Chanitex company, as following:

9.1.1 Technology and material guarantee

When the membrane element is right used and of maintenance according to Chanitex

membrane element technology swatch and technology document, if there’s problem caused by

manufacture technology and material Chanitex will give guarantee for the product in 36 months

since the purchasing day. If the products really has quality problem tested according to this

article, Chanitex will guarantee to keep it in good repair or replace it.

9.1.2 Performance guarantee

9.1.2.1 Based on the specified test condition of Chanitex product manual，membrane

element have the specified initial lowest salt rejection and pure water flux of

Chanitex product manual.

9.1.2.2 Within initial three years movement period，based on the specified test condition of

Chanitex product manual，salt rejection does not surpass the product sample rating

3 times，the lowest permeated water flow is not lower than the product sample rating

70％.

9.1.2.3 From the date of membrane element first time use or six months from the factory

delivers goods（take arrives the time first as），Chanitex guarantee three years

membrane element performance.

9.1.2.4 The condition of guarantee

The membrane element must operates on the condition of which in Chanitex company's manual,

technological manual, and design guide stipulated。If any condition below is not to be able to

satisfy，The above three years guarantee is invalid.

a. Feed water of membrane element does not include oil, fat or other harmful module organic



and inorganic material，strong oxidant；

b. Should not implement negative pressure to any membrane element at anytime.

c. The membrane element should carry on the maintenance under the suggested cleaning

condition and without pollution of granule, sediment, suspended solid or microorganism.

d. The membrane system design parameter, the membrane element arrangement, the

recovery as well as the measuring appliance and other spare parts must conform to the

reliable project experience。

e. The buyer has the responsibility to provide handbook of reasonable system operation and

maintenance instructions, the operator and superintendent's training to the users， to

insure the users have ability to clean and system diagnoses and restore on some

sharp-edged situations；

f. The user must retain the membrane system all operating records since start, including

breakdown handling, the routine maintenance management and so on, and reorganize

these data by standard form, the data is convenient for analysis and search breakdown

reason, it must provide the operating record data to Chanitex company when call for

compensation.

9.1.3 Maintenance responsibility

9.1.3.1 During the first three years of operation of the element(s), Chanitex warrants that minimum permeate flow, when operated under standard conditions published by chanitex, shall be at least 70 percent of the specified initial average flow. Chanitex further warrants that maximum salt passage, when an element is operated under standard test conditions published by Chanitex and pressure required to give the initial rated flow, will not exceed 1.35x the specified maximum value. Chanitex will, on confirmation of loss of performance during the warranty period, credit 1/36 of the original purchase price of the element for each unused month of the warranty period toward the purchase of a replacement element at the current prevailing price.

9.1.3.2 If element is not used in permission storage time, the membrane element is

considered outside the use permission storage period.



9.1.3.3 The membrane element which is returned with non-guarantees reason must not be

used, and maintains the original factory packing。It will not be accepted or gather

the extra cost when the returned membrane element is not conform to the above

standards.

9.1.4. Warranty statement

Chanitex has no warrant responsibility for the accident, the economic loss and other aftereffect

which is caused by causal, accidental, especially or the malicious damage, or the damage of

membrane created by the third party not necessary and other reasons.

9.2 Return procedure

9.2.1 Approval of Chanitex company post-sale service department must be obtained before

exchanges or return goods。

9.2.2 When returns the membrane element, the user needs to assist following provision:

Provides the detailed product breakdown description

Provides the complete data of returned membrane element（salt rejection，temperature,

pressure，feed water TDS，water flow and so on）

Insures the membrane element be sealed in the bag, and puts in the carton to avoid

mechanical damage, simultaneously guards against damp and exposes to the sun.

In order to avoid the change of membrane element performance caused by excessively long

time of storage, the user should send off membrane element as soon as obtain return

notice.

9.2.3 If Chanitex quality testing department discovered returned goods already being

damaged (the reason including inappropriate use, storing, transportation and arbitrarily

transform membrane element), Chanitex has no responsibility for exchange and ship

goods back to the user, user undertakes the transport expense.



9.2.4 All returned goods which is not used must of the original factory packing.

9.2.5 Regarding membrane element in warranty period, if the examination result prove the

problem of membrane element is caused by membrane material or membrane

production process, Chanitex will undertake the complete expense; and compensate

user membrane element which conform to the technological standard. Otherwise，user

undertake the complete expense。

9.2.6 If membrane element surpasses the warranty period, the user undertake the complete

expense (including the examination expense, the fitting replacement expense as well as

the transport expense.)

9.2.7 If it is the user’s mistake, the user undertake returned goods expense; If it is Chanitex's

mistake, Chanitex undertake transport expense。



10 Frequently asked questions

10.1 How many years can the membrane element use generally?

The membrane service life is decided by the membrane chemical stability, the element pHysical stability, cleanability, feed water, the pretreatment, the clean frequency, the operation management level and so on. Under the reasonable operation can uses for 3 years。

What is the suitable environmental condition of storing membrane element?

Suitable temperature range is 0~45 , the suggestion store temperature is 25 。 Avoid expose to the temperature lower than freezing point, if the membrane element

carelessly ices up , must let its melting slowly before use, and the situation no longer conform to the guarantee item。 The membrane element even in the original package box does not allow to expose to

insolation ; Suggested deposits it in room, and avoids long time sunlight illumination

10.3 What is the protection fluid ingredient of the membrane element？

It is generally 1%（W）food grade NaHSO3 solution. Might add 10％ propanediol as antifreeze in winter。

10.4 What is influence of pressure, temperature to the permeated water flow?

The pressure, the temperature are higher, the permeated water flow is higher, vice versa, works under the high temperature condition, should lower the working pressure, makes the water flux maintenance invariable, vice versa. Membrane element withstanding high pressure high temperature ability. The water flux change refers to temperature and membrane flux formula computation in the appendix.

10.5 What is influence of pressure, temperature，feed water TDS to salt rejection？

The temperature and feed water TDS are higher, salt rejection is lower, the permeated water flow is smaller。

The salt rejection rate increases along with the pressure, but the salt rejection rate no longer

increase when surpasses certain pressure, , certain saline matter and water molecule will

penetrate the reverse osmosis membrane element。


http://nz.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080521145030AAJ9dNk


10.6 What is water hammer and its harm？

Water hammer is refers the phenomenon that waters flow, speed and pressure rapid raises or reduces in extremely short time and certain space. Water hammer is easy to appear during the Reverse Osmosis system initial and end time. Water hammer can make stress damage to membrane element, for example the end cover bursts, the connector damage, the FRP enclosures bursts, even the internal membrane sheet and obstruct net bursts. Water hammer results in the membrane element abandonment directly. Therefore it must design corresponding protective device in the Reverse Osmosis system to prevent water hammer.

The above drawing shows, when RO system start, water pressure distributed tendency in membrane housing. If water hammer is too big, it can directly cause fast raise of the pressure difference of membrane element FRP cover two sides, finally causes the FRP enclosures to burst. Picrue below shows membrane element damaged by water hammer.



10.7 Why dose the Reverse Osmosis permeate water pH decrease？

CO2+H2O HCO3- + H+ CO3

2- + 2H+

In the ordinary circumstances, water can dissolve some carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide react with water, forms the carbonic acid balance, its equation as follows

CO2+H2O HCO3- + H+ CO3

2- + 2H+

Reverse osmosis membrane element cannot remove gas in the water, but can remove various ions, therefore each kind of ion density in pure water lower than feed water, but carbon dioxide density do not change, then this response balance is broken, reaction towards right, forms more hydrogen ions, causes the water pH value to reduce。

10.8 Why does the initial period produces the water TDS be very high during the

reverse osmosis membrane system restarts after stops?

Because the salinity osmosis does not need ambient pressure, even if system stop, the salinity osmosis also work, feed water TDS is higher than the pure water, the salinity can osmosis to pure water; But there’s no ambient pressure, pure water pipeline is installed the check valve, the water osmosis stopped, in this case, the pure water salinity could be higher and higher, until both salinity are equal. This is the reason.

10.9 What is the structure of reverse osmosis membrane element？



10.10 What are the reverse osmosis system main troubles?

Reverse osmosis system mainly has following three kinds troubles: Permeated water flow decrease after standardization Salt rejection decrease after standardization Pressure drop increases after standardization See the detailed discussion in the table below:

Main Characterization Reason Test item Solution

The colloid dirt

block

Feed water Silt Density

Index（fouling index）

Clean membrane element

Improve pretreatment

The metal oxide

compound dirt

stop

Whether does Fe,Al,H2S

parts in feed water

corrode



Salt

rejection

decrease

Pressure

drop

increase

Scaling

Whether membrane

element increases

obviously


Control scaling

membrane

pressure density

Feed water pressure，

temperature

Replace membrane

element

Permeated w

ater flow decrease Salt

rejection

increase

Pressure

drop

equal Organic pollutionWhether pretreatment is

normal



O-ring leak Whether O-ring is

normal Replace O-ring

Permeate

water flow

equal or

increase

Pressure

drop

equal Membrane

surface damage

Membrane element air

leakage speed

Replace membrane

element

Membrane

oxidation

Examine feed water

oxide compound

Replace element


Salt rejection decrease

Permeated

water flow

increase

Pressure

drop

equal Leak Whether feed water or

concentrated water enters in pure water

Replace membrane

element

Permeated

water flow

decrease

Salt

rejection

equal

Scaling or biological dirt block the feed water grid flow

channel

Whether there is biology pollution evidence in

membrane



Pressure drop

increase



10.11 What does the feed water hardness affect reverse osmosis membrane

system?

Feed water hardness rise to increase the membrane element scaling tendency when feed water TDS invariable, the reverse osmosis membrane easily appear the inorganic salt scaling, block the membrane element,the direct consequence of is: permeated water flux decrease, permeated water TDS rise, the two sides pressure difference increases. Feed water hardness raise will not pollute the membrane element immediately, but with the membrane surface is polluted along with the inorganic salt scaling, the membrane element performance will of obvious change。

For the reason of the reverse osmosis membrane inspissations, when feed water hardness increases, possibly causes salty（difficult to dissolve in concentrated water） density to surpass its saturated solubility, this salt can crystallize from concentrated water，deposits on membrane element surface and forms the inorganic salt scale. The principle of reverse osmosis membrane system feed water is not to occur scaling even after inspissations, so suggest to soften or to add the anti-scalelent during pretreatment for feed water, please get the concrete information in other chapters of this handbook。



11 Quality Certification

11.1 NSF certification



11.2 ISO14000 Environment System Certification



11.3 ISO9000 Quality System Certification



12 Appendix

12.1 Units conversion

　 Lengh :

1 inch（in）=25.4millimeter（mm） ; 1micron meter（µm）=10-6meter（m）;

　 1 Angstrom (A)=10-10meter ; 1（mil）=10-3inch（in）

　 Pressure:

1bar=0.1MPa =15psi ; 1MPa=144.93 psi ;

1 psi=0.0069 MPa ; 1MPa=103KPa=106Pa≈10Kgf/cm2

　 Volume:

1L=10-3m3=0.035square inches（ft3）= 0.22（lmp.gal）= 0.26（U.S.gal）

1 British gallon（lmp.gal）= 4.546 L= 1.20095 US gallon（U.S.gal）

1 US gallon（U.S.gal）= 3.785 L

　 Flux:

1GPM（Gallon/ Minute）=3.785LPM（Liter/Minute）

1LPM（Liter/Minute）=0.26 GPM（Gallon/ Minute）

Concentration:

　 1mg/L=1mg/L=103ppb=103µg/L



12.2 Commonly used formula

Membrane Flux and Permeated Water Flow:

Permeated Water Flow (gpd)= Membrane Flux (gfd) ×(Membrane active surface).

Salt Rejection（%）=（Permeated Water TDS/Feed WaterTDS）×100%

Conductivity and electronic receptivity relations:

Conductivity=(1µs/cm) × Receptivity (MΩ.cm)≈1

Recovery and flow restrict relations：

Flow Restrict =Concentrated Water Flow/Permeated Water Flow

Recovery =（Permeated Water Flow /Feed Water Flow）×100%=1/（1+ Flow Restrict）

×100%

Salt rejection and salt passing rate relations：

Apparent Salt Rejection =（1-Permeated Water Salinity/Feed Water Salinity）×100%

Real Salt Rejection =1-【Permeated Water Salinity /（【Feed Water Salinity +Concentrated

Water Salinity】/2×A）】×100%

A---- Concentration Polarization Coefficient

Salt Passing Rate=（1- Salt Rejection）×100%



Temperature and membrane flux relations：

Standard Membrane Flux =Test Membrane Flux*Temperature Coefficient

Temperature Coefficient Tcoff：

Tcoff=EXP2640×1/（273.15+25）-1/（273.15+T） T≤25

Tcoff=EXP3020×1/（273.15+25）-1/（273.15+T） T≥25

12.3 Calculate conversion of conductivity and salinity

TDS = K × EC25

The unit of TDS is mg/L, which is ppm. EC25 is the conductivity when temperature is 25，the unit isµs/cm EC25 treat all salt as NaCl and don’t considerate the permeability of CO2.

Chart Caculate conversion coefficient of conductivity and salinity

Solution Conductivity EC25（µs/cm） K

Permeated Water 0～300 0.50

300～4000 0.55 Brackish Water

4000～20000 0.67

Sea Water 40000～60000 0.70

Concentrated Water 60000～85000 0.75


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