----- --

.. "

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of Agriculture

(Department of Agriculture & Co-operation)

Report on Forest

of

Resources

WESTERN NEPAL SURVEY AREA

(NEPAL) VOLUME 1

(RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS)

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA NORTHERN ZONE

SIMLA MARCH ~9S2

, . ...

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Ministry of Agriculture (Department of Agriculture &: Co-operation)

PREFACE

With a view to set up a paper mill in Nepal in the joint sector with His

Majesty I s Government of Nepal, th e Hind ustan Paper Corporation requ est ed

the Forest Survey of India ,to undertake a survey of forest Resources in

Western Nepal. It was requested ~hat a light intensity 5 urvey of a large

forest area to the extent of about 35,000 sq.km. may be completed quickly

within a period of about six months. Based on the findings of this sur~~y,

fUrther intensive survey could be carried but of specific. forests.

Accordin~y, field work of survey operation was carried 0 ut from

October 1979 to february 1980. The t~otal gross geographical area covered

was 50,000 sq.km.

The field data was duly processed and the draft report was discussed

fi rst with th e officials 0 f the Hindustan Paper Corporation, Ministry of'

External AffairS and thereafter with th e officials of His Majesty's

Government of Nopal.

The survey has revealed a clear picture of various land-use pattern, . , forest compositioM, availability of forest resources of different species

in different localities and their local unB. Terrain evaluation has been , made. In formation of existing infrastructure and extraction cost have

also been furnished. It should noW be possible to undertake further

intenSive_study of specific areas for util~sation of forest produce for

specific purpose. It is hoped that the information furnished in this

report would. be useful for imp.rovement of the quality of life 0 f the

people and td strengthen the bond. of frieQdship between the two countries .

J I thank the people and the officials of the Royal Government of Nejal

for tho facilities extended to our field staff during the period of

survey ope ration. I thank the Hindu stan Paper Corporation for entrustin 9

the work to tHe forest Survey of India.

(N. D. 8ACHKHETI) INS PECTOR GENERAL Of fORESTS

CHAPTER-I

CHAPTE R-II

TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME-I

Preface ~~tanical, Loc~l and Nepali names of impor~ant species.

Abbreviations used

Summary

BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Name of the Area

1.3 Location'

1.4

1 .5

1.6

1.1

1.B

Location Map of Survey Area

Locali ty Factors

Physical Fea~ures

Physical Map of Survey Area

Geb!ogy, Rock &,50i1 y

Geological Map of Survey Area ._ .. -

N tural Resources B

People and their Socio­economic conditions.

Some Photographs showing way of life and socio-economic conditions of people in survey area

1.9 Infrastruc~a~s

1.10 Present system of management of, forests. Some photographs showing extravagant use of ~oQd for different purposos in survey area.

RESOUR CE EASE

2.1 Forest Types

2.2 Area

Some photographs showing damage to forests by biotic interference and one f o rest patch unaffected by these interfere rices in the survey area

2.3 Stand Tables

(i)

(ii)

1-16

11-34

11

18

19 &. 21

20

22

22

23

24 25

26

26-21 &. 31

28-30

31

31-32

33-34

• 35 ... 62

35-31

37 -4,1 &. 41-48

42 to 46

48-49

CHAPTER;.. I I I

CHA~ER'::'IV

CHAPTEA-V

2.4 VO'lume Tables

2.5 'Stock 'T ab les

2.6 St~nd and Sto~k TaSles for dead &., dying trees.

2.7 Stand and St~ck Tabl~s for different Catchments.

2.8 Standard Error

Tabl~~ of Chapter-II (I 1. 8 ~t () I r. 17 '

MARKET STUDIES AND CONSUMPTION PATTERN

3.1 Demarid Zone

3.2 Me~hodology of ~onsumption ,Survey

3.3 Wood Cpnsumption by Local People for domestic purposes.

3.4 Population and numb~r of house holds.

3.5 Present consumption of wood (Le. during 1960)

3.6 FutUre Demand Trends

GROWTH RATE AND POTENTIAL

4.1 Growth Rate

4.2 Rotation

4.3 Potential Annual Cut

4.4 Cull • Er.ONOMIC AVAILABltITY' I\ND

RAW MflTERIAL DELIVERY

5.1 ~hy C6s~ Studies?

.5.2 Obj ectives.

5~3 Pre~ises Ad6p~ed

5.4 -Logging Operations

5.5 Logging Costs

5.6 Transport. Costs

5.7 Transport Distance

5.6 Cost Classes

ANNUAL CUT

COST OF

5.9 Distribution of Growing stock into' Cost· Classes,

49

49 - 51

51

51

51-52

63,;..71

63·

64-66

64-66

66

67-70

70-71

72 ... 79

72-73

73 ... 74

74-76

76-79

BO~90

eo ",

81

61-82

82-83

83-84

64-,86

86

86-67

CHAPTER-VI

5.10 floatability of nivers

5.11 Terrain Study

5.12 Scops of Mechanisation

WOOD BALANCES AND RECOMMENDA7IONS

'6.1 Wood Balances

6.2 Recommendations

87-88

88-69

89-90

91-93

91

92-93

· (i)

BOTANICAL. LOCAL Aim NEPALI NAMBS OF -HIPORTANT SPECIES

Botanical Name

Pinus roxburghii

Pinus wallichiana

Cedrus deod.ars.

Abies pindrolf

Picea smithiana

Tauga dumoaa

Taxus bacca ta

Cupressus torulosa

Shorea robusta

Terminalia tomentosa

Anogeissus la'ti:tolia

Acar Spp.

Be tu la. Spp.

Que reus incana )

QUercus dilatata )

Quercus semecar- ~ pitolia

Oaks

1&.£.a 1 '1'1 a me

Chir

Kail

Deodar

lnr/Rago.

Spruce

Tsuga (Hemlock)

Thuner

Surai/Cyprus

Sal

Asin

Dhawrll/Bakli

Kainjal

Chamarpayyan/ Bhojpatar

Ban Oak

Moru Oak

Kharsu O~k

Nepali Name

Kohote Salla

Gobre Salla

Devdar

Thingure

Jhule Salla

Thingre Salla

Phiraphere

Saur

Banjh

Kharsu

For botanical and local names of other. species please see appendix-VII ot this Report.

-0-

(ii)

A B B REV I A T ION S USE D

'KIn

sq,.km/km2

ha./hect

Cm

Cu.m./f.13

Kg.

·D.B.H.O.B.

\fil.E

A.A.I. F.R.I. MAI

B.L.

Misc.

SPP.

H. W.

,o.B.

U.B.

%

Kiloroo tre

.iS~uaro kilolOCl tre

hectare

Centimetre

Cubic metre

Kilogram

Diameter at breast height overbark (Broast height is 4'6" .or 1.37 metres from ground on uphill aide in case of Bloping ground) • . Wood round equivalont

Average Annual Increment

Forest Research Insti,tute

Mean Annual Increment

Broad Leaved

Miscellaneous

SpeCies

Hardwood

Overbark

Jnderbark

Percent

- 1 -

SUHHARY

'~'he Hindustan Paper CO::" . oratio:Ll proposed. to prepare a

feasi bility report for establishmoL1t of a. PUlp/Paper/CrGf~ min based on conifer raw material from the western hill region or Nepal. 11. part of this feasi bili ty report regarding I assessment

of availability of r:lW rrn terial was entru sted to this organi-

sa tion ,d th the approval of Hi;:lis try of Agriculture, Govt •. of India.

The gross geographical are:! covered by this survey is about

50,000 km2

• The effective geo gru hical area (eXClUding snow

Covered area) suryeyed i 36,607.267 km2 The suryey area lies

between 27°45' to 30030' r'~orth latitudes and 80°30' t() 83°45'

Rtl.st longitudes. 1Iia.hakali, SBt:i, Bheri, Karllali, Rapti,

Dholagiri and Lumbil1i Anchals are ei th<;!r partly or wholly

covered by the survey 4rea.

2. Almost entire area has hilly terra'in with wide altitu-

dinal varia hon. The al ti tude varies from 250 metres to 7500

matres. forest bearing slopes are generally steep to

precipi tous. Modern. to and gentle slope s a.re mostly under

.cultivation.

3. Uti tudinal variation is the main fa.ctor whid1 effects

the clim.-'l te of the nrea. which is typically of temperate zone

'at lower eleva.tions. The average annual rain fall varies from

900 mms to 1600 mms and it is mostly received between ju~y to

September. Snow fall occurs at elevations a~ove 2000 metres

but, remains for appreciable periods only above 2500 metres

alti tudes. 'nle survey area lies in ca tChmonts of river Karnali.

Bherl, Babai and Rapti.

- 2 -

4. The goology of tho urea cO:lSi sta mostly of upper Siwnliks,

middle Si':'131iks, middle Rimalay '3 ~nd inner Hima: l.yas. The rocks

mostly found in Siwalik region are sand stones, shulos Ilnd con­

glomer~l.tes whereas thG rocks found in Himal~yan region are

phylites, quartzites, mica schists, gnoiss and granites etc.

The soil of the tract varies from sandy to clJy-loam. The soil

is vary poor in fertility in exposed and non-forest areas.

p'sunlly deep nnd frinbl e clay-loam soil ri ch in f ertili ty with

thick layer of humus is found :)::1 Horthern s lopes in forest areas.

5. '!'he surve'y area is fairly ri ch in natural resources lXirti-

cularly forests 'ttlhich have not yet been explo,ited for commercial

purposes due to lac~ of infrastructure. The rivers flowing in

tho survey area especially Karnali has suffiCient flow evon during

lean periods and has treracndous hydro-electric and irrigat-ion potential.

6. The popula tion donsi ty in the survey area is low and people

are mostly poor. There is no good m~rket in the survey area and

common modern , ameni tics, like road transport l~ not well developed.

r1ain Ii vel y-hood is from agriculture and cattle rearing.

Primitive oethods of CUltivation are employed and the crops mostly

grown. are maize, padd,Y and whe;n. 'l'ransport of CJIDIi10di ties is

mostly by manual carriage. Only near Jumla some apple orchards

are coming up. Industrial activity is in ,'l limit'Jd s.calo~ The

population of the survey !lroA. according to 1971 census was 16,05,350.

There6

are no roads worth the name. Only hlO katcha roads pa.rtly

lying ~n the survey area. arc undor cO~lstruction. The 'transport

means are by Air or on foot: Only five places I1.'l.mely Simikot,

Sur~het, Jumla-, Dolpa and Doti in the, survey a.rea are connected by occasional air services.

- 3 -

7. Tho objoctivos 0f thi,s survey llrre ,ns under:

( 1 ) fro prepare a c OJ' Ie te photointcrpY'3tation map .:l.:1d es tirJ.a te £"r·JP of thE; f allowing lend use an,1, forest types:-

(i) ii'ore s t; (ii) Scrub land; (iii) Crop lai.1d irlcludiag habi t!l.tion;

(iv) Pasture land; (v) Water spreads; (v~) Badly eroded aad ba.rren.

(2) 'fhe forest area is to be divided into the follOW'ing strnta:-

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

Upland hardwoods~ Fir-Sp,ruce-Hemlock; mlir-pine; and Low land hardwoods.

(3) The forests in strata (ii) & (iii) above should then be divided into three stand size classes and thr03e de~lsi ty classes as under:-

(a)' Stand size class :

(il MaturO.and overmature; (ii Middle aged;

(iii Young ~includi ng pole crop.

(b) Densi ty class :

(i) Below 30,:1 (ii) 30% to' 60%

(iii) Above 60%

B. To assess pulpabla valutIe in the ,two forest types of (i) Chi'r-pi~le and (ii) Fir-Spruca-Hemlock wi thin,

·an estim!l ted standard error of 10 ss than 10%.

C. To carry out" lpgging and transport study and ascertain the not availability of wood at mill site ~Chisapa.ni) from th~ surveyed nreas into cost classes depending upon its occessibiiity for undertaking the economic logging and extraction operations • ..

~ 4 -

The study would include:-

(1) 'rerrain evalua tion;

(2) qptimum methods to. be' adopted 1n -'echa nize'd and conventional logging and extraction o.pera tions 'from the forest areas upto the water course 0 'l'J.-ris study wIill include identi­fication of the equipm::nt including mechanised equipment which should be req_uired fer the purpo.se.

(,3) Floa ta,bili ty of various r~ vers through whidl material 'Irill have -to. be floated 1.'n the form of logs or, splits.

"

(d:J) To. uhdertake demand studies to. arrive at a safe surplus weed balances.

2 8. Of the total effe(!tive geo.graphical area (36,607.267 km )

co.vered 14~639.536 km2 'is unier ,fo.r8st a~d it constitutes

about, 40% of th:e effective geographical area and 29.3% of

total geo.graphical area. The, forests found in the survey area

are mostly of Himalayan mois t temp~rate and sub-tropical types. ,

For' the purpose of esti!l\ating, growing stock these forests hav.e

been div.ided into six forest types namely Ch,ir;' Kail-Deodari,

Fir-spruce-Tsuga j Conif ers mixed wi th broad leaved; High level

hardwoods. and low level hardwoods. The total forest area and ....

exploi tabl e forest area under each of these types is

respectively 1922,802,811', 2636,5092, 3376 and 1816, 657~ 695,

2399, 4791, 3270 }an2. All forest areas situate~ on slopes •

below 60~ have been taken as 'expl'oitable forests. The

distribution, of exploitable forest area in each forest type

into diff erent regeneration classes, dGnsi ty classes',

lopping classes, fire incidence classes and grazing incidence

classes (by percentage) is ,given in G"hapter-II of ·this Volume • .

- 5 -

9. 'rIle number of stems/hat in diffr;rent forest types of

exploitable forests varies .:'rom 150 (Chir tyr-a) to 413 (1o,.,

lovel broad leaved type). The total number of stems in the

exploitable forests is 444.633 millions. The volume/hat varies

from 70 m3 (low level hardwoods) to 320 m3 (Fir-Spruce-Tsuga.

type) in different forest typos of exploitable forssts. The

total volume in the exploitable forests is 166.953 million m3•

10. The stems/hat of important species in different forest

typ~s, total stoms (000) of important species by diam,eter

classes, vOlume/hat U.B. (m3) of important species in different

forest types and total volume U.B. (000 m3 ) of important species

by diameter classes (for exploitable forests) is given in

Table Nos. S.I, S.II, S.III and S.IV respectively.

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O)~ 0) 0'\ Nvu"\N o trlCO \0 .. .... ...-. .. . . .

CO ........ t-COLC\trlo::t-t-O)t­t'J (\J U"\ \0 0"'1 0'1 0'1 0'1 U"\ N

o {\J co \0 \0 0 0'"\ \0

v\ 1.&, I.J.-' C\I N ._ u' <o.A.J 1;.1'-\ tc\ .~ N (\J lr\_

lJ"\ t-

~b . . o \0 coo N N N

U"\g:~""""g~';:g~~N~ C--N....rCO\oN..-OO U"\ · ... . . . .. . \O"<To"\~...oLC"\U"\OOLC"\O 1<"'1\0 co N v_ LC\N (\J 1<"\1<"\ 0'\ N L!'\ t- ~ (\J U"\

N

o co . 1<"\ o N U"\

o V \0 · N o

· 1 V • - 1 m

• I trI • \0 I

,. t-" • ('-J I t- •

t.r. o N

U"\ N

· l.-

N

t­v co

I

I · I · I · I · I

.. 1

..0 .. ..- I 1<"\ . U"\ t­o N

0'1 LC\ LC\ . .q­O · o N

I · I • I · I

· I · 1

, O. (0', ~.

-I "" .. "'''' :J"\ • ~,

-..c.

inl

0'1. 0 '

t­-.t-, t­...0 •

en' 0\.

-I ". <'VI 0:;.. trli

-t -0"\1

t- • C'~ 1 . . ........ , 0'> • trlt 1:-­-I

vi. 0'11 v '"

·1 1<"'1 • tnl U"\ • vi N.

I . I

0'1 • 1<"\' U"\ • -I

C-- • -I t- • 1<"11 N.

1 . I

\0. U"\I ~. -, U"\. N 1 t- • lr\1

- 10 -

11. Annual potential cut (Yield) both gross and net T"

worked out f or different species in the exploi tabl e forests

is given in Table No.S. V. This potential annual cut has been

worked out basing on growing stock/ha., its age and growth

rate in case of conifer species and P?r 'hectare growing stock,

total growing stock and rotation in case of broad leaved species. • , '.' 3

The gross potential annual cut works out to 2548789 m and the ' 3 -net 22,39,698 m respectively. The potential net .annual cut

has been worke,d alit after deducting the cull l'lhich has been

adopted fa r 'differ~nt species from surveys c enduc ted in similar areas in India.

.5iJ _ .,0

~

• N"'\ S

Il')

en o

6'

oj r-I ~§--

~ o

"""' "d rl o

OM ~

10 N

__ IDUl(f)D)

~ ~ ~ ~ oj .,. gj <1l (l) (I) (I) <:> >..>..>..>..

<:> Q <:) <:) N U"'\ U"'\ N _. ....-- -- ~

. . N_

o N

(l]

~ c:) <ll >..

<:) N

o N

-.

co CO CO 0'\ U"'\ 1..0 ~ CO CO CO 0 CO

o \D

on 0) Dl

'"' I'-< '"' oj ct:l <'1 ~_, (!) G)

>.. >..'>.. o 00 (. 'J \ '\I: \. 'J

- ..­. .

CI.l I'-< oj ill >..

<:)

".

0'\ CO ~

CO N

co o t­O \.0

CIl ~ <tl (l)

>.. o '"

- 12' -

12. The consumpt~on of wood which is entirely by lbc.al people

>for diff'1reilt purposes has bee ,:; estimated by cond.ucting a low

intensi ty suryey. There is no consump tion by wood based

industries. an4 export of wqod outside the survey area. The

main consumpti9n by local people is for 'house construction, repairs

and replacements of the same ; agricultural implements, furni tlfre

and fixtures and fuel ~ood •. 'l'he total estimated present and

future demand of ,,,ood for this purpose is given in Table

No. S.VI.

t<"'\ ~ ..- ~ (;'oJ' co N ~ co .."

....... "¢ ~1- '-" CT'I -d" aI 0 ~ ~ t- eo +> N N c-O t<"'\ t<"\ \D

8 N N

"d t- CT'I t- _) ~ '1:! <D ~ N 0 0..0

aI I> t- '<'T 0..0 • N 0 0 aI .- L.r. l1"'> 0..0 CT'I 0 F-! (!) N CT'I t<"'\ 0 J:Q.-1 "<I" 0..0 N -

'" F-< "" ~ ..-....-- 0> N t<"'\ N CO P<l ,._. t- 0"\ ~ ..-

~ . ,-t (I) 0 ..- CT'I s:: 0"1 t<"'\ t<"'\ 0 CO a )

t<"'\ U J :;0: I ~

'n ~ 0 --7

:::::> ....... CXl \0 ....., \0 ..-CiI 0"\ ~ V CF\ CO

aI +> 0 N co t-O> 0 0..0 l.{"\ ro I-< Eo< N ~ "CF\

<l CCl N

CD :> "d ..- <;;t- \0 .N t<"'\ F-! "d Q) Ln '-D \0 N 0 ::::J <1l I> l1"'> l1"'> \0 ~

'!"or:) 0 ttl ~ N «t- eo "'<I" H CD ~ ..- t<"'\

(1J IOQ I'""i N t<"'\ ...:::: ....., +>

/" (])

~ ...:::: ·n +> [1J 0"1 Ln ..r co

F-! N t- t<"\ t<"\ 'd Q Q) co N N 0 'n ,._. t- t- '-D

1:<"\ .1-1 .0 ~ -'8 - ~--'

.~ ______ \.O.,._ . ...._" -=---=--------~- «t-

::> ~ ..- ~co~ .. '~~-- -.~.--. - . _ '"

0 0 CI) ,._. • .-i (.)

C +> . 0 '1:! S

Z ~ ::::J aI 00 t<"'\ ...... N l.{"\

~ E ~ ....... ~ t<"'\ -<;:j- t- ~

H CD 0 oj -q- N \.0 t- o ~ 'd {.} +> N " 0 ~ t<"\ \.0 «: 0 "<l- t-E-< Q) '1:! E'-<_ N l1"'> t-

""' 0

E 0 :;: ::::J

<t-o "d N ..- 0 t<"'\ "-<;:j-0 "d CD "<l- t<"'\ \0 II\

"d a) ttl :> t- N t- t<"'\ C> s:: 0 c1 0 0 t<"\ N t-al ""'

Q) co 0"1 (I) J:Q1'""i en 0

+> s:: <D I1l tr.! Cl F-! CF\ N l:-F-! Q) 0 N ..... t<',

<H r-:- ~ '¢. 0

-gl 'rl .- U"'I ..- ~ s:: t<"\ II'\ co 0 ~

,.., +,,' (.)

~l ~l r~

+> !=1 Q El <')

s:: <> 0 G.) ·n ....... +> 0.. 0 ~)

::::J H I-< .-1

+" "d c~ ~ oCl ~ H <Il I'""i r-: c~ ::::J +> r;,) "d c.J 0 +" !O:: I-< OJ 0 +> 0 (I'J .-1 0 ::::J Q) 0 0

II I-< ::::J S ~ F-! :;.: Eo<

,~~ ' .-i <:) C) . r! ::::J Ul C'il • .-1 .-I q+> -i ;;j AI {;bP-. F-! M 0> 0 <D -~ .;:: ::::J 'M ::::J

td I-< ~ct-f er.. P .. . . .

N t<"'\ ~

- 14 -

13. The average logging and transp.ort cost for dIfferent . operations hn s been ;.,orked out by c.:l.lcul;lting thoa quautum of

each op8ration especially off-road transport 'nild, on-road

transpor,t involved in bringing conifers raIT.:..mteri~l fr om' the

forest to the proposed. mill sito. :~';)r "t'[o:cl::ing out this quantum

the same cluster centrcs as used for inventory survey have b8en

adoptod as units. Aft0r wo~king out the' qUantuI;l of each op('lra­

tion involved the cost has been. -'\70rked out by adopting cost

figures of same operations in similar areas in 111dj;a. This has

been done as no felling operations are be,ing carried out in the

survey area. The only means of transport Possible/anticipate d

are by manual carriage. animal carriage, dryslides, wet slides

and floating in the river. The' average cost of logging and

-transport operations has ,also been worke4 out for Karnali and

Bh'eri catChments and the, same comes to Rs.249· and Rs.313/m3

respecti vely. The distribution of gro wing stock int'o different

cost classes for Karnali and 'Bheri catchments if3 given below:

Distribution of growing stock of Karnali arid Bheri Catchments into different ' cost classes (by percentageL

Co~t Cl51ss~s, Range of .Cost/M3 Karnali catchment

1 • Low. (A) Less than 1$.200 29.49% 2. Medium (B) 1$.200 to less

than Rs.300 47.80%,

3. High (0) Rs.300 to les.s 17.29% than 1?$.400

4. Very (D)

High, Rs.400 and above 5.42%

'Bller~ catchmen t

23.60%

32.92%

1'8.63%

24.85%

•• • • 15 : :

The average cost of different logging and transport operations

adopted is as, follows :

1 •

2.

5.

6.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Felling including lopping and roping

Cross cutting including delimbing & deparking

Sawing/splitting into hakaries and ass-orted sizes.

Engraving property hammer marks ani

.' munbering the pieces.

Dry Slides/rolling/man carriage from stump site to wet slide/launch~ site.

vIet slides

Khad vahan (Khad floating)including cost of launching and collection

.---­River floating inc luding launc bing rafting etc.

Collection at boom & stocking or loading into trucks.

:Boom making charges

Overhead/supervision charges.

a 0.18 man3days/m3 ~

Ps. 2. 70/m

= 1~00 man 3ays/m3 ~ Rs.15.00/m •

c 2-man day~/m3 ~ Rs.30.00/m

~ 0;06 man3days/m3

Q

Rs.0.90/m

R 2'man'da~/m3/km ~ Rs.20.00/m /lcrn.

a 1;0 man d~~/m3/km a

Rs.10.00/m /km. a 0.25 man3daVs/m3i km R

Rs.2.50/m /km.

R 0;02 ma~daya/m3/km R

Rs.0.25/m /km..

a 0.8 man 3ays/m3 ~ Rs.8.001_"l

c RS.2.00/m3

Rs.20.00/m3 =

Under this Gtudy floatability of river Kamali and Bheri was

also studied and it has been found that both these rivers and

some of their tributaries are sui table for timber transport ,by

floating. 'Considering ~he present conditions i.e. non existence

of road net work and non-availabilit.Y of skilled labour it is

opineC;i that trore is little possibility of mecbanised logging

at present.

• •••••• /16

Year I

'With mechan~ed logging there will be economy in cost,

increased utilisation 0: wood a·ni even tho l:road '

leaved species which are not floa ta'!:lle can be extracted for

marke ting. With the ,present De,thods of logging and trans port

only conifera..stimber can be harvested as it can be transported by fl~ating.

14. Taking into account the potential net annual cut and

present/future annual demand the wood balances have been worked

au t ani the same are given in Table No. S .. VII.

Table No. S. VII

Present and Future pas i ti6n of Wood Balances

Unit ,_ M3

: Total yield(Net) : Conifers B.L.

, : Demand of wood :Conifers: B.L.

Surplus : TO,tal , ;Surplus ,

I I: I I

f.

I I I I I , I " ,,' , I I , I

: Deficit :Conifers ·:

I , , , I ,

B.L. 'Deficit I, t ,

1geo a.6268 1433430 699037 1 081054( -Jl1723~ ( ... )346376( + )463607 1433430 846238 1334903(-) 39970(+) 98527(+)58557 1433430 1039181 1639261(-)2329~~(-}205831(-)438744

~' 199,: 806268

:eooo e0626e

, From Ta.ble No.S.VII it will be found that the survey area is

'not going to remain surplus in wood for 8 long and within 20

yec;.rs the area.will be deficit to alm()st the same tune as it is surplus now.

15. However, some districts like Jumla, Mugu, Tibrikot,

Humla and parts of Dati and Accham have comparatively nIgh

percentage of forest area and low density of population. It

will be better if some such areas are selected and the availa­

bility of raw-material to feed the paper mill from such smaller

areas is found out either by re-surveyirig this area by improved

sampling design or in the alternative by re-processing the ,data

of the present survey relating to these areas,;

- 17 -

CHAPTER - 14

1.1 Introduction

The Hindustan Paper Corporation proposes to prepare a

Feasibility Report for establishment of Co Pulp/Paper/Craft lUll

to be located some wham near Chisa Pani and based on conifers 'raw

~~terial from the western hill region of Ne~~l. A part of this

Faasi bili ty Report so far as availability 0 f conifers raw rna tcrial

is concerned was aSSigned to Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resourcos

Organisation. Therefore, on request from Hindustan Paper Corporation

the survey in Western Hill Region- of Nepal was undertaken by this

Organisation and the o~jectives of survey were as under:-

A. '(1) To prepare a complete photointerpretation map and estimate area of -the following landuse and forest types:-

(") (i~)

(iii) (iv) (v)

(vi)

Porest; Scrub land; Cropland including habi tanoD; Pasture land We. ter spreads Badly eroded a.nd barren.

(2) T"ne fores t area is to be divided into th e following strata:-

( . ) (i~)

(iii) (iv)

Upland hardwoods; F1r-spruco-Hemlock; Chir-pine; and Lowland hardWOOds.

(:~) The forests in strata (ii) & (iii) above shOUld then be divided into three stand size classes and three density c lasses as under:- •

(a) Stand size classes :

(i) (1i)

(iii)

Mature and overmature; Middle aged; young inc ludi ng pol e crop.

(b) Dens i ty classes:

(i) Below 30%

(ii) 30% to 60%

(iii) Above 60%

- 18 -

B. To assess pulpable volume in the two forest types of

(i) Chir-pine and (ii; Fir-Spruce-Hemlcck wi thin an

estimated standard error of less than 10%.

C. To carry out logging and transport study and ascertain

the net availabi lity of wood at mill site (Chisapani)

from· the surveyed areas into cost classes depending

upon its accessib ili ty for undertaking the economic

logging and extraction operations. The s'tudy would include:-

(1) Terraill e valua tion;

(2) Optimum methods to be adopted in mechanized and conventiona 1 logging am extraction operations from the forest areas upto the water course. This study will include identification of the equipment including mechanised equipment which should be 'required for the purpose.

(3) Floatability of various rivers through which material will have to be floated in the form of logs or splits.

D. To undertake demand studies to arrive at saIe surplus wood balances.

1.2 Name of the Area

The sU,rvey area is narnell as "Western Nepn.l Survey" and

comprises partly or wholly of Baitadi and Dandeldhura districts

of MahalaH anchal, Bajura, Bajhang, Achham, Dati and Kailali

districts of Seti Anchal; Jajarkot, Dailekh, Surkhet and Bankey

districts of Bheri anchal; HumIa, r1ugu, Tibrikot and Jumla

districts of Karnali anchal, Rukum. Rolpa, Sallyan and ,Pyuthan

districts of Rapti anchal; Dolpa, Banglung and Hyagdi districts

of Dholagiri anchal and Gulmi and Argha districts of Lumbini

anchal. This entire area righ t upto international boundary

in the West, North &: South is also called "Far Western Region"

which is one of the four development regions into which the

country has been diVided.

- 19 -

1 .3 Loca ti on

The survey a rea is si tuated between' 27°45' and 30°30'

North latitudes ani 800 30", 83°45' East Longitudes. The area

is c overe d by the ,fo 11o~Til1g map sheets:,

. (i) (~uarter inch

sheets -

(1" ,:::: 4 miles scale)

(ii) One',inch sheets (1" = , milo scale)

62/C, D,ifd,H,J,K~L,O,P =10sheets

63/I~M = 2 sheets.

62c/1o,11,12,14,15,16 = 6 sheetS.

62 Dig, 13 :::: 2 sheets.

62 F/4,8,12,15,}6 = 5 sheets.

62 G/1 to 16 :::: 16 sheets.

62 H/r, 2 ,5,6,9, 1 0,11 , 1 ,3 , 1 4,1 5

:::: 10 sheets.

62 3/3,4,8 = 3 sheets.

62 K/1 to, 16 = 16 sheets

62 L/1 to 16 = 16 sheets

,62 0/2,3,4,6,7,8,12 = 7 sheets

62 p/1,2,3,4;5,6,7 = 7 sheets

63 1/9,13 = 2 sheets.

63 M/1 :::: 1 sheet.

Thus, the entire geographical area under Iiilurvey is covered

by above indicated 91 map sheets of 1 1t=1 mile scale. However,

the map sheet Nos. 62 F/4,8,15,16j 62 3/3,4,8; 62 K/5,9,10,11,13,

14,15; 62 O/2,3,4,~,7,8,'12; 62 P/1,5,9 of snow covered areas

,near China Boundar'J were not made available and hence t h e

geographical are,a actually surveyed is covered by following

67 map sheets:

- 21 -,

'62 C/10,11,1-2,14,15,16 = 6

62 D/9!"i3 = 2

62 F/12 = 62 0/1 to 16 =16

62 H/1,2,5,6,9,10,11,13,14,15 =10

62 K/1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12,16 = 9

62 L/1 to 16 ==16

62 P/2,3~4,6 == 4

63 1/9.13 = 2

63 M/1 == 1

o. Total =67

)I

In the north the intern a ti onal boundary between' Nepal & China

forms the boundary of the survey area. Towards West the survey

boundary runs along t_he North-South ridge separating the

catchments of Karnali and VJahakali rivers. In the E-"l.st the

boundary runs along the North-South ridge separating the catchments

of Karnal,i and Narayani rivers. The southern boundary starting

from Western .side runs along t\- 3 ridge called CI"'.lria hills

running parallel to Tarai tract a.nd then this boundary meets

Karnali riv~r near Chian Pani and again moves along Churia

hills until it again meets Ba. bai ri vcr a t the cont lu~nce of

Sardakhola and En bai river. 'I'heraaf tor it runs a long SaI'dakhola

upto Dhareni and then follows a ridge named Mahabharat lekh

dividing Sardakhola and Enbai catchments. Following this ridge,

this southern boundary meets Rapti river at the confluence of #

Sitkhola & Rapti rivers. From this confluence it takes a turn

towards South and joins the eastern' boundary. The location

map of the survey is given at pago-20.

- 22 -

1.4 Locality Factors

The climatG of the arct is typical of t0lil)Or:J.te zone at

altitudes abovo 1500 motres and of sub-toillperate zono at l Ovler ,

elevp.tions. Autumns 3.1'0 50t1crally vCJ.'Y c ,jld at h igher e leva t ions

and summers are quite hot at lower elevations. In summe r maximum

tempera tUre ri se s upto 3 10 G. in th e month of Nay at lower al t i tudes.

At higher al ti tudes minimum tempera tU:::'e falls below freezing

point in winters.

The aVerage annual rain fnll varies from place to place.

The loW elevation areas such as Surkhet, Chisapani, Salyan,

Pyuthan receive :high~r rniufall as compared to_

higher' elevation areas such as Jumla, Humla, I1ugu, Dqlpa.

'l'he average annual rainfall va ries from about 900 mm to 160 0 mm.

Most Of thG rai n fall taKes place between July to Septemb e r and

winters are genGrally dry. Snow fall occurs generally at ,

higher al ti tudes ati,ove 2000 metres. But it seldom remains for

apprecia bl e period below 2500 metres al-ti t~de.

1.5 Physical f ea turos

T'w terrain is moun tainnus wi th cleva tio!' :::! varying from

250 metres to 7500 metres. Slopes are generally stoep to

precipitous. The forests are confined to steep slopes.

Moderate and gentle ~lopes are mostly under cultivat~on. Thore are a few very wide' valleys particularly in Rapti, Babai

and Bheri catchment s. The valleys in Karnali catchment are ~ .

comparatively narrow. Almost entire area of these valleys is

under plough. The inner Himalayas beyond' Jumla are very

pr~cipitous and covered by permanent snow. Physical map of

tho sur?ey area is gi'ven at page-23.

-+-I

(f)

w u a::: :::> o (f)

w a:::

I-(f) W

·0 f(l )

~ Z Q_ o 0 <I lJ.. N ~

lJ.. o

I .....

(

I

<II wI 0:: <I r-x

>- :i w Q

> ~ 0:: :::>J. if) "... • .J

/. ___

- 24 -

1.6 Geology. Rock & Soil

'l'hc survey llrea extends fron Si waliks to inner Himalayas.

The geological formations of the tract are comparatively of

recen t origion.· The underlying :;,'ock cOl1si s ts mostly of coarse

boulders, conglomerates with irregular bands and lenses of

sand rocks and with intercolation of yellow, bro~rn grey sandy

clays in uppor Siwaliks; l~dium to coarse grained, friable,

arkosic sand s tono, fine to medium grained massive grey

and stones, interbedded with greenish grey clays, grey shales

and thinbands of pseudo - conglomerates occasionally silty

'sand stones in middle Siwaliks; and fine grained hard grey

sand stones interbedded with purple red even chocolate

coloured shales, noduler maroon pseudo congl~meratos and clayey

shales in lower Siwaliks. The underlying rock in outer and

middle Himalayas is mostly grey, dark grey and green phylites,

quartizite and sills of basic rocks interbedded with fino to

medium grained garnet mica schists, calc-schist a~d thin bands

of marble and skarns. In the innder Himalayas tho rock

consists mostly of medium to coarse textured augen gneiss,

garnet mica-gneiss, kgani,te - sillimaniti gneiss, migmntites

and thin bands 0f marble and granites.

Tho soil of the tract varies from sandy to clay-loam.

OvetT the large area of the track, the soil, however, is clay­

loam'. The soil depth and the organic matter is quite variable.

In exposed areas, particularly n~ar villages the 60il, is very

poor with low· organic content. Usually deep and friable clay­

loam soil with thick layer of humus is found on n~rthern slopes.

The soil is, shallow, poor and sandy loam in lowor portions as

well as southern exposed sl'opes. Varying quantities of gravels

are also present on the surface which have a marked influence

on soil fortili ty. Geological map of the survey area is

given at page-25.

- 26 -

1 • 7 Na tu reI Res Our..£.li§.

The aroa is fairly rich in nctural resources particularly

the fprests which have not yet been expl oited f or commercial

,PUrposes to any app,rGciable extent. Thore are hardly any. m~ans

pf commu~ication and, ther~fore, fDrests have not been put to

any commercial use except _to meai; the local demand for timber

and fuol WOod. The area is very rich in ,.;rater reSOllrces. There

arc four perennia'l rivers carrying sufficient discherge evon

durin~ lean periods. Karnali river, particularly, holds

tremendous poten tial for hydroelectr:ic power generation and

irrigation but its potential has not yet been exploited.,

1.8 People and their Socio-economic conditions

The entire su rvey area is mountainous and far away from

the developed towns. The population is sparse and scattered.

The people are living far away f rom motor roads. The nearest "

road points are at Surkhet and Dandedhura. The peopl~ from

far off places take at least 15~20 days to reach the road points.

The main markets for consumable goods are Nepalganj and Dhangarhi.

The en tire popula tioll of the area is Ii vil1g in isola tion from

modern develop~ents .and hence, people are conth.uing age old

methods of liv ing. f1ain lively hood is from agricul tUre and

cattle rearing. The farming methods are, howover, primitive.

The use of improved seeds, fertilisers, insecticides, improved

farming tools etc. is. completely unknown. ~e yield of' agri-

cul tural crops, therefore, "is very poor,. Maize, paddy & whea t

,are the main food crops grollll1 in the area. People grow other

subsidiary crops also such as potatoes, pulses, Tobacco,

( Sugarcane etc. in small quantities. They grow almost every thing

/ - :: 27 .. -o •

for their requirement in their fields and do not depend on

outside markets for their food requirements. Cultivation is

mostly done on un-terraced/faulty terraced fields ",hieh

results into 10'. of soil erosion and loss of fertility.

Except in valleys, irriga.tion is not COf.1ffiOn. Wherever a

little bit irrigation ~acilities exist, they are the joint

efforts of the .people. There is hardly any surplus agricul­

tural produce, which can be sold. In fact, there is no

oarket centre in the survey area for sale of surplus produce,

if any. If the people have to buy or sell anything, they

ha.ve to travel long distances sometimes involving more than

·15-20 days walking. The only marketable surplus is ghee

which is sold mostly at small places in Tarai belt. Long

queues of people carrying ghee at their back while moving

down and ~t and other essential items such as cloth, shoes •

etc. on their way back can be seen amos t eVerywhere. There

is hardly any fruit production in the area except near Jumla

where apple orchards are coming up, rather slowly and in

small extent .only. Industrial activity in the area is practi­

cally absent. People use wooden utencils for storage & carriage of ghee. milk and other food items. At many places

people use donas (Le. c ... ntainers prepared from tree leaves )

for eating the food. They use metal utensils for cooking

the meals.

28

SOME PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING WAY OF LIFE AND SOCIO­

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF PEOPLE IN THE SURVEY AREA.

Village Industry for making wooden utensils.

People carrying the commodities at their back­( A most common transport system)

Photograph by: V. P. Singh. IFS.

29

A Market mainly for Salt & Ghee in forest near Chisapani.

Bazar in Boxes at Jumla (Zonal Commissioner's Headquarters)

30

School children of a Primary School at Sallikot (3500') near Pyuthan.

Photograph by : V. P. Singh, I FS.

• .. ,

- 31 -

Quite 11 largo number of people cross\; thG border to Indi:::. in

search cif job. fl1igration of labour for agriculture, ind.u­

stries, hotels e te. from this urea to India is (iuite common.

Almost' in every village one can como across some retired . people i'lho have served in Indian Army or els"'Ilho re. Standard

of living

average.

are given

of the se people

A few PhhraPhs 'I

at page 28-30.

is compara ti vely beiter than the

depecting socio-ec,onomic condi tions

1.9 Infrastructure

i'rom c ommunica tion point of view the area is very backward •.

Even ·i f it is conpared to similar terraip. in Nepal, the area lags

f.(lr behind in infrastructure. There are only two Kncha roads

in the survey area. , Even these roads are not of much

signifi canee from extraction of forest produce point of view.

One road Le. Nepalgunj-Kohalpur~Surkhet Road (no kms)

Penetratos into survey area only about 40 kms (balance being

outside the area) and the other road Dhanghrhi-D:l.ndeldhura (140 kms)

runs almost along the western boundary of ,the survey area.

Rivers can be IIl.."lde use of for transport of timber but at present

floating of timber into rivers is almost unknown. The only

communication to the area is by Air. Five places nam~ly Simikot, . Surkhet, Jullila, Dolpa and Dati are c om1ected w'ith Nepalgunj

by Air, but only skale ton Air services exist for these placas·.

There are only one to two flights per l.,eek for each of thase

places and capacity- of the p.18ne is between 12 to 18 persons.

Present system of management of forests . \

-Except over -a small portion of low level hardwoods (Sal

and Sain sPP.) and Chir forests no commercial fellings are

being done at present.

. , :. -

- 32 -

.Even felling of small quan ti ties of. Chir, S~l & Sain aro dono only t; meet the 10c:1.1 demanC: for timber. In post, about 20-30 yenrs back, some fellings were dono in Chir and Kn.il forests and timber WClS exportod to Indi."t. These faIlings were, how'ever, done in a haphClzard W3.y and no wo rking scheme or

silvicultural system was followed for these follings. .8xcept

for very small portion of forests tOlmrds sQu thCI'l1 boundary

of the survey area no ~rorking pln.ns have ovon ,b'3cn prepared

for tho forests of the survey area. Thus the :forests are left to their O1'm fate. - " ~ 'r.cmarcati all of forests ri~ d llot been d011e. ': ~ :d that there are no well defined boundariaa . between forest and non-forest lands. It is difficult to say

whether there are any encroachments or not t but looking to the

extensive honey combing of the forests by cultivated lands, it

appears that tho encroachments are quite common. There appears

to be no control over illicit fellings (done mostly to meet

local demand) grazing, lopping, fires, oncroachncnts etc.

There is hardly any forest tract free from mass scale lopping.

Even tho non-conventional sPp. like sal, Chir, Kail are lopped

heavily and grazing is rampant in almost all tho forests.

The timber is available in plenty just next door. Therefore,

peoplo are quite extravagant in use of the tinbor. Alth~ugh uso of timber in ho~se construction is not high as compared to

simi13r areas in India, but quite a substantial amount of timber

is used for non-:-tradi tional purposes such as fen cing tho :fields,

making cattle sheds etc. A few examplos o:f extravagancy in

Use of timber are depicted in photographs given at pages 33-34.

. ,

33

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING USE OF WOOD FOR

DIFFERENT PURPOSES IN THE SURVEY AREA .

. 4;~ ~t:;:~,. I:i;). ..

Fencing of agricultural field by Sal posts of 1 to 2 M. girth (posts touching

eachother) near Surkhet.

Photograph by: V. P. Singh. IFS.

34

A Sal tree of more than 2 M. girth used fer protEcting a paddy field of 20 x 10 M.

against soil erosion.

An Oil Expeller completely m3de of WJod.

".

35

CHAPTER • 11

RESOURCES BAS E

2.1 f,rest Tvpes

The forests of the survey area are l:lostly of Himalayan

moist temperate and sUb-tropical typ8S. By composition the fores~s

have both coniferous and broad leaved species almost in equal

proportion. Conifers on higher elevations are mostly pure and

similarly broad leaved forests towards lower ~titudes are also pure ••

In transiti jlal zones, however, the conifers are found mixed with

b=oad leaved specie~. At lower elevations sal with its associates

like Sain and Dhawra occupies mure dominant position. At places sal,

though in shruby form, is found to Occur with Ban Oak. ~or the purpose

of estimating growing ·stock the forests have been classified into

fallowing six forest types :

(i) Chir Tvpe : Where Chir cons~itutes 80% or more

of the crop.

(ii) Kail-Deodar Type: Where Kail and Deodar individually

Or bath taken together constitute 60% or more of the

crop.

(iii) Fir-Spruce & Tsuga T~! Where Fir, Spruce and Tsuga

- individually or all taken together constitute 80% Ot

mare of the crop.

(iv) Conifers with B.Ls Type: Where all conifers taken

toge~her const~tute 50% or more of the crop. but less

than 80% and have admixture of broad leaved species.

(v) Low ~evel hardwoods fores~ Tvpe : Whero low level broad

leaved species such as Sal, Sain, Dhauri t Dhawrat

Khair

etc. individually or all taken together constitute 50%

or mare of the crap. Such forests mayor may not have

sprinkling of Chir, but its proportion when present

should be i ess than 50%~

2.1 .1

- 36 - ,

(vi) High Level Hardwoo~~ Forest Tvpe : Where high lev,sl broad

leaved species such as Oaks, Maples, Walnut,Horsech'ostnut

etc. individually or all taken togct;her constitute 50%

or more of the c~op. Su~h forests mayor may not have

sprinkling of C 'hifers~ but the proportion of all the

conifers when presG~t should not exceed 50%.

100% photointerpretation WaS also dono from th e availa ble

1 :50,000 scale (app~o~imately)photograp hy. For th i s purpose the ,

forests have been divided into followin~ forest types and density

classes. Due to small scaJ-c and poor quality of photographs the sa,me

forest types as recognised in case of ground inventory could not be

identified on photographs.

A- Forested

5 :tmbo1 &. Code

1 ) Chir pine forests f 6 . 2) Blue pine forests f 5 3") High level mixed conifers f 3

4) Upland hardwoods· F 7

it Low Land hardwoods f B

B - No~-forested

All land USB clas,Be viz. snow cov8red glaciers, exposed

~reas &. barren lands, agriculture and habitation and water

spreads have been grouped into one category "N".

Densit:t Classification

The. foreste~ land was further classified into fol'lowing

three density classes .-

1. High density (more than 50%)

-2. Medium density (25-50%) ,

3. Low density {5-2:%}

1

II

-III

37

The density code has b, .. .;<1 given to all forest types F6,

F5, f3, F7 and FB injthe denominaior.

M athod o.f_ Anno"tation

Exampl e No.1 =

Example No.2

NUmerato..E. :: Fo r e st Tvpe Denominator Density

r -

.EL I

:: Non-Forested

:: ..£bi£ High Density_

r From photo-interpretation one set .of forest type map on

1ft

:;1 mile seal e WaS prepared which haS been kept in this office.

A--small 6.cale map (scal!3 1 tI:::,,'4mile) ras a~so been prepared from

these 1 "=1 mile' maps and same is given in Vol. III _ llaps

2.2 Area -2.2.1 Total Forest Area

The 9 ro,:raphical area au rveyed is. about 50,000 Km2 •

Howe~er, ~uite an extensive area towards China border is covered

by snow and map sheets of this area were not availabie. Therefore,

the effective,geographic area c overed is 36,607.267 Km2 out of which

14,639.536 Km 2 is under forest. Thus, the ~orests constitute 39.99$ -;:::: .

of the effective geographical arOa or 29.26~ of total geograp~ical

area. These "area >figures are based on 1 OO~ photointerprC!totion.

Further classification of forest arB a into various forest types,

denSity classes, regenerat ion status and biotic interferenc e

classes etc., however is base~on ground inventory.

Area under different Forest Types

The forest area has been divided into six forest types given

in para 2.1. The forest area under each forest type has,further been

classified into following physical accessibility classes •

- 38 - -

(i) Exploitable Forest - includes all the for~sts situated o

on hill slopes below 6~. slopes.

(ii) Un-exploitable forests - includes all the forests situated o on hill slopes of .0 slope and abL.c.

The break-up of forest aroa into exploitable and un-exploit ab..i. e

forests and also into different forest tYPBEl is given in Table No.II.1

TobIe No.q.d.

.Qi.stributian of Forest Arf~E by foreot Types ~::Jnd PhYSical

Accessibility Clas~

forest Type Exploit'al11e Un-exploi tabl e Total area area (Km2 ) area (Km2) (l<m2 )

Chir 1,816.245(94) 105.990 (6) 1,922.235 Kail &. Deodar 657.337(82) 144.583(18) 801.920 F ir-S pru ce-Tsug a 695.173(86) 116.207(14) 811.380 Conifers mixed 2,396.882(91 ) 237.466(P) 2,636.348 with hardWOOds

Low leVel 3, 269.65 4 ~ 97 } 106.223(3) 3,375.877 hardwoods

High level 4, 791 •. 169{ 94) 30D.607(6) 5,091.776 hardwoods Total 13, 62B. 460 1 ,011 .076 14,639.536 -_. Figures in brackets give the percentage area of B.,iJch forest type in different accessibility classes.

fage of total forest are<]

1 3.1

5.5

5.5

1 B. 0

23.1

34.8

100.0

the break-up of exploitable and un-exploitable

forests by forest types and catchments is given in

Table Nos, 1,2,3 in the Appendix.

- 39 - , '-

~ under different regeneration cla5~

The regeneration of main species of the forest type in

which the plot falls was observed over an area of about 1 ha.around

the plot cuntre. Depending upon ~he st3tUS of roo:;~noration. The

plots were classified into fivD regeneration claSSDS. The percentage

area under different regeneration classes in each foreot type .is given

in Table No.II.2

Regene-ration Status

Profuse

Good

Fair

Poor

Absent

Total

2.2.4

Table No. 11.2

Percentage forest 3rea in different regenerati~fl Closses by forest types(exploitablo forests)

For~st T:lE es Chir Kail- Fir- Conifers Low level

Deodar Spruce- Mixed with hardwoods Tsuga hardw~

2.1 17 .0 7.2 7.0

14.2 37.3 14.1 23.2 22.9

34.2 23.7 50.0 39.2 49.3

38.4 20.3 26.5 20.4 17.3

11 .1 1.7 B.6 10.0 3.5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

High level hardwuods

8.4

22.0

39.6

22.3

1.5

100.0

It may be observod from t~is table that the ~egeneration

position is more or less satisfactory in almost all

the forest types.

Area under different DOnsity Classes

The exploitable forests under each forest type have

fUrther been classified into different density classes and the

percentage area ~n different density classes is given in Table No.II.J

Density Classes

Less than 30%

30% to t I less than

60,%

Above 60%

.= 40 ... k ·.f;, ,~o.II. 3

Percent~ge Forest Area in different Density Classes

by Forest TypeJL.!.hie...~tiJble Forests}

Chir Forest Types

Knil- F ir-, Ccinifers Deodar Sprucc~ mixed with

Tsuqn hordwoods

32.4 23.4 4.4 16.1

63.2 68.8 66.1 69.8

4.4 7.6 2E!.9 14.1

low level h.:Jrdwoods

14.7

56.6

28.1

High level hurdwoods

22.9

59.2

17 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

~~--~--~~--~--~~-----It may be obs~rved from th~& t3ble ~h3t the, forests

generally are'of poor density. Tho percentage of fully stocked forests

(i.e. crown density above 60%) is very small in almost all the forest typ'es.

Area under different Biotic I nterference Classes

The forests are SUbjected to various biotic inter­

ferences such as grazing, lopping, fire etc. The exploitable

f,orests have been ,classified into different grazing, lapping and . fire incidunce classes and percer'i:age area in each of these class,es

is given in Table Nos. II.4, lI.S and II.6. For details of the

definitions of t,heS e classifications Chapter-II of Volume Ii of this R~port may be ~eferred to.

Lopping Classes

Very heavy

Heavy

Moderate

Light

Absent

Total

Fire Incidence Clesses

Very High

Froqu ent

Occasional

No fire

Total

- 4'1' r"

Table Nw .. 11.4

Percontage Forest Aica in different Lopping Classes

By Forest Tvpes

Forest Types Chir Kail- Fir- Conifers Low level

Deodar Spru co- mixed ~Ji th hardwoods

--- L>u__g_;l hardvJOcds .

6 .. 4 9,.4 6.6 14.8

3.4 12.5 9.5 14.0

13.'7 18.7 2.2 18.9 29.4

26.9 9.4 20.0 13.6 19.4

47.6 50.0 77.8 51 .4 22.4

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.r! 100.0

Table No.iI.5

Percentg.ge for8st Area in different Fire Incidence Classes bv Forest Types

~

Forest T~pes Chir Kail- Fir- Conifers Low level

Deodar 5p:'" Ie e- mixed with hardwoods TS'-lga hardwoo...E!L

2.0 9.4 2.2 1.6

17.1 23.4 11.1 6.6

76.0 .46.9 22.2 49.2 43.4

4.9 20.3 64.5 42.6 56.6

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

High level hardwoods

16.1

11 .5

.14.5

15.6

42.3

100.0

High leveJ. hardwoods

0"7

4.8

30.1

64.4

100.0

42

Chir Forests honey combed by encroachments and extensive cultivation in Dailekh District.

Photograph by : V. P. Singh, I FS.

43

Hill slopes near habitation rendered barren by excessive biotic interference in Jumla.

A good patch of Low-level hardwood forests affected by encroachments near Sallikot (Pyutha n).

. ~

44

Heavily lopped and encroached Kail forests near Jumla.

Photograph by: V. P. Singh. IFS.

45

M~lSS scale lopping of Low-level Hardwood forests in District Dailekh . .. I...-t., ~I.." 1.. ... \I D ~innh 11:::<::

46

Sal Forest near Chhinchu (Surkhet District) encroached and trees

girdled.

A patch of forest unaffected by biotic interference in Jajaikot

District.

., ~41 .::-

Tablo· No. II .6

P8rc~ntage Forest Area l.n different Grazing Incidence Clnsses by Forest Types

--.. ---~ Grazir.g Forest T ~E! cs incidence Chir Kail- Fir- ConifGrs Low level High level

closses Deodnr 5pruce- mixed with hardwoods hardwoods Tsugn huxdwoods

Heavy 38.7 18.7 4.4 15.1 33.6 22. 0

,grazing

Medium 2B.O 26.6 4.4 19.2 32.5 26.5

grazing

Light 20.1 25.0 24.5 33.5 23.5 27.2 grazing

No 13.2 29.7 66.7 32.2 10.4 24.3

grazing

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

It may be observed from these tables that almost

all the forests have beon affected by biotic interference.

A few photographs given at page 42-46 show the bud ,

condition of forest due to these biotic factors.

2.2.6 ~eu Under BDmboD

, Except over a very small oroa of low land hardwoods

forest type th e bamboos are almost absent in .all t he forests of

the survey orea. However, at higher altitudes bamboo brakes (r.ingals) , have been observed at many places and the percentage area under •

bambOO brakes occurrence in each forest typo is given in Table

No. II. 7.

Bamboo

- 48 -

Table No. II.7

Percentage forest u rca in di ffBrent Bamboo brakos occurrencd:~lasses by Forest Tvpes

.,

Forest Tvpes Fir- 'Conifers High level Low levsl

brakes Chir Kail-OccUrr8nca Deod ar 5pru co- mixed with hardwoods hardvJoods

classes Tsugo hard~-.Joods

Prescnt 5.1 26.6 15.3 , 4.8

Absent 100.0 94.9 71.4 84.7 100,0 85.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100,0

2.3 Stand Tabl es

2.3.1 Stems/ha, in different Forest 1vpes

The stems/ha. of import3nt species in different forest

types of exploitClblo forests havEl been. given in Table No, II.8

2.3,2 Di3meter ~ass-wise distribution of stcms/ha.

The diameter class wise distribution of stems/hoe of

the main species and rest of species of a forest type for each

forest typo has also been given in Table No.'II.9

The diameter class-wise distribution of stems/ho. of

important species for different forest types is given in Table

Nos. 4 to 9 in Appendix, It may be observed from these t3bles that

diameter class wise distribu.tion of stems/h3. is quite satf:ifactory

for Chir, Kail and Sal. For other species particularly Spruce, Fir, ,

Tsuga and O.aks tho distribut ion is fur from sutisfactory.

Total stems in different forGst types

Tho total number of stems of important species in

different forest typos of (lxploitnble forests is given in Table

No. II.10.

2.3.4 Total number of stems in th e survey area

The total number of stems in the exploitQb~e forests

of the survey orea are 444.633 millions and their diameter class

wise and species-wise distribution is given in Table No.II.11.

The diameter c~ass-wiso distribut ion of total stems

of important species has also been given separately for Bach forest

type in Table Nos. 10 to 15 of the Appon~ix.

2.4 Volume Tables

No follings were done for the purpose of preparing

local volume equat'ions/tab;l es. The sample tree d ate of survey area

were compared with tho data of other surveys conducted by the

Preinvestment Survoy of Forest Resourcos Organisation in similar

areaS i~ Indio and the local volUme equntion.s uS given in Chapter V

of Volume ' II of this Report were finnlly adopted. The local volume

tables prepared from these vol .... ;ne equations and ..ised for calcu­

lation of volume oro given in Table No.II.12.

2.5 Stock Tables

2.5.1 Volume/ha. in different forest types

Volume/ha. of important species in different forest

typ~s of exploitable forests have been ostimated and the some

is given in Table No. 11.13.

- 50 -

2.5.2, • Diamoter Class-wise distribution of Volume/ha •

Thu diametor class-wise distribution of volume/ha

of the main species and rest of the species of a forest type

has been ~vorked out for each fw..:ast type for exp_aituble forests

and the same is given in Table No. Il.14.

The diameter class wise distribution of volume/ha

of the important specius in oach forest type for exploitable

forests h::Js also been wurked out and is given in Table Nos.16 to

21 of the Appendix.

2.5.3 Totcl Standing ~olume in different forest ~ypes

The total volume of growing 'stock of important species

in different forest types of exploitable forests have been workod

out and the same is given ~n Table No.II.15.

2.5.4 niameter Closs-wise distribution of Total Growing Stock The total volume of the growing stock standing over

the exploitable forests of the survey arco by species and diameter

classes is given in Table No.lI.16.

The diameter closs-wise distribution of totQl growing

stock of important spocies is given separatcly for each forest type • in Table Nos. 22 to 21 of the Appendix.

2.5.5 Distribution o~ Growing Stock bv Forest Types and Maturity Classes

The growing stock of exploitable forests has be~n divided

into following maturity classes :

(i) Immature - D.B.H.O.B. below 60 cms for conifers and below 40 cms for broad leaved species.

(ii) Mature D.B.H.D.B. 60 ems Q~ cilove for conifers and 40 ems <:l"nd QbovfJ for broad leaved species.

- 51

Tho distribution of total volume of exploitable forests by

forest type and ma~urity classes is given in TobIe. No. 11.17.

2.6 .§_tand and Stock Tables f or dead unel dyinr. tre~

The stend ona stock tubl.es given in porus 2.3 to 2.5.5· reli]'te

to gre~n trees. Dying treos have been. enumerated separately. Tho

stand and stcick tobles i.e. ~~cms/ho •• total stems, vol./ha~; t utal

volume, b(Jsal orea/ha. aild totiJl b.nsal. arGO of green,deod pIld dying

trees (·i.e. Tree Grado 1 - gruen trees G'r3le II - mort;:)lity salvo­

gnble and tree grade III - mortality not ealvogoble) ho ve been

worked out scpnrately and Same ore given in TQble Nus. 28,29 .:md

30 of the Appendix.

2.7 Stond and Stock tables for diff'erent ci::ltct}_l?~

The stand and st6 ck tubl as of green trees have been prepares

for the fOur catchments namely Karnali, Bheri, Habni and Raft! p,,:d ". some are given in Table No. 31 of the Appendix .•

~ :- The volume in all the volumLl tables refers to

under-bark vol~me, inclUding cull upto a top

diameter -limit of 5 cms. aye r-bark from t he base

of the tree. In Case of broad leaved species it

is also inclusive of branch wood volume urto a

limit of 5 cm. over-bark diameter.

2.8 Standard Erro~

rhe standard errOr percent Qge for area, growing stock ' forest .' of euch/type and total area and total growing stock of thci

/ forest

exploitable is given in Tab16 No.II-1B.

N

I It''\

0

I z (l)

I f<D I as 0 \D In 0 I -.:r p. ~ ..0 N ..... N 0 'D c:r-. N N ....., . · · · r

. N ..- ..- ..- CO CO U"l

lJ) N N ...

OJ ,. e .-.. ::J <"l <"l .... e "<t on M In -.:r N ..0 0 U"") N a:l ,..._ 0 N In > 0 N CO ("') 10 -.:r .

Cl .. • · • 0 .... 0 = lt1 -.:r N 0 N ro -- "<t "<t ..... co 10 t- ao. +> CD N N w 0'\ '<;t I.tl 0 (T') CD N ..- N N ..0 l- N \D N \Q .....

In

~ U

, 0 +> CO ~ m lt1 Cl \D m -.:r

w \.0 ~ .... M 0 a:l ao. . - . · · en _'-D :.~~

..,., ~ ~

U')

"0 C c:J

c:J.

~ III ...r::: Q) ~ .-.. J.i III III ('T') N ('T') '" I.tl m r-ID e ~ t.n M In U) '" -co '<;t

::J N -.:r 10 co <"l ,..._ (l) +> .... . · · . · .... 0 \D U) m 0 0 0

.D +> > ,._ ("\J ..- tn ,..._ M N CO (J) M .... +> 11)

or! J.i

:.:!j 0 0 .... .... .:' X ..c:. N

I.&J U ~ .... 0 C"\ t.n 'D U"l '" .... Itl N · r- (T") ~ \J:I .... 1-1 Q} ....., .. CD · . · 0 Cl ,..._ a:l r- tn Cl .... en

Cl z ~ s.j I.&J J.t 0 ..J 0 La... JI:I J.t q; J.i t- W

"0 1-1

~ fU

"'C C) " C ....

ro ..c 0 +> r.:J Q 1Il r- CO") N q- a-. U) +> :z:: -

" . · \J:I -rl """ (T) r- eo U"l '-0 '<t a N (T) ..- co \.0 ..- CD .... I'l \D 1"- L, ID 0'0 ..... N Q. c - t.n '" 0'\ \,0 0'\ \.0 X H co \,C ..0 I";l N r- (T)

1...1 <C N C") '<;I

"0 (I) f l "'C

Cl J.i X a r CO I .. a +>" "C Cl e ;;:: r-I

0 U "0 r-I (Jl m (JJ Q) :::I (Jl J.t m "0 > "'C +> t=I J.t 1-1 ID > a m a

Ul c.. III ..r::::. Cl 0 ...J a ...J III J.i r-I ~, I'tI .... ...J ;;:: ;;:: <4 J.i OM or! I 0> OM ..r::::. "0 ..r::::. Ll t-o ..c:. 1-1 ::r c +> ;;:: H C"I J.t 0 La... U <:l 'M III a 'r! a ro °rl r.J I-~ t.... t- U ;;:: ...J ..c:. :I: ..c:

-c QJ

.-4 ::-10

Cl (l) N (T) Cl ..- <0 CO '<:t N <;j- '-0 ::- .-4 '1.0 C7'\ <0 <'"l M_ <0 '-C '<:t Cl a.I CO '1.0 '" \0 \0 r- r- eo Cl C7'\ ....J -0 . · .. .. · · r:J <D Cl co-"",Cl'-O CO '<:t N 3: a ..... NN .... '" 0

~ 0 ~ <;j-....J !Xl

. ...

-a a.I

.-4 ::-II) III

Ctl ::- (l)

I!J III .-4 In I.('l '<:t 0-. ..- '<:t ..... Cl N Cl N Cl CD - '" _J co ..... C'\ 0'\..- N 0'\ ..... It'l co ..... ..., co Cl cD -c """ CJ'\ ~ Cl ..., N <0 0'\ C1'\ N 0 on -- CJ'\ 0 0'\ l- .e I'J · . · . · . . · · · a>J..I ..., Cl Cl .,- ' U"I <D (T) Cl ...... ..., co 0'\ r-+> 'r! a N ..., r- <0 (J) :r: !Xl N M C"l III k a

u..

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- 63 ,-

CHAPTER - III

MARKET STUDIES AND CONSUMPTION PATTERN

3.1 Demand Zone

There is no timber market in and around the survey

area. Almost 'all quantity of timber felled is utilised

locally for house construction agricultural implements,

fUrniture and fixtures, fuel wood etc;. There is hardly

any export of wood outside the survey area to meet commi-. ~ted demand from Wood Based Industries or local population.

Therefore, only popUlation inside the survey area including ~.

the wood based industries is considered to be the demand zone.

Low intensity housB sampling waS done to estimate the present

level of wood consumption for different purposes. The vari~ty

of species, per capita income,numeroua sizes in,demand,

different prices for different grades of timber,availab~ity

~ of substitut~ of wood etc. make the demand picturs,rather,

complex and there'fore, the estimates of consumption are

indicative only. All the data in this charter,unlesa

otherwise indicated;pertains to year 1979-60 w~en the

survey was undertaken.

3.2 Methodology of consumption survey

on the

Initially it was proposed to collect the information

i)

ti),

iii)

ill)

total annual production/removal of wood from all the forests i.e.Government as well as private forests by all the .agencies.

annual import of wood into and export outside survey area.

annual wood consumption by wood based industries,gtivernment departments, etc.

annual consumption of wood by local peo~le for house construction, fire wood etc.

64 -

During the course of inventory survey it was

revealed that no commercial f811ing9· are being done and

only B small amount of timber is removed annually to

mee~ the demand of local people for domestic purposes.

The t:ul'l details of supply of timber to meet the iocal

demand were not available with the forest department.

There are hardly any import or export of timber and

there is no wood based industry in the survey area worth

the name. The anrllJ al requirement of wood by gov.ernment

departments is also very very small. Keeping in view the

above facts, main emphasis was laid on estimating the wood

consumption for domestic purposes by local people living

in the survey area. A low intensity house sampling survey

WaS done to estimate the existing annual wood consumption by local people for:

a} houss construction repair ~nd replacement

b" fUrniture and fi)(tures.

o} agricultural implements.

d) fuel wood

A total of 655 house-holds spreading ove~ 193

villeges of 20 districts fal~ing in the survey area were

au rveyed. Detailed data· on types of houses, plinth are~,

number of members i.n the family,frequency of repairs,life

of houses and timber used for house construction,agricultural

implements,fira wood etc.,was col lected for each sampled

household.The full details o~ methodology of house sampling

SUrvey have been given in chapter 2 of volume II of this report.

3.3 ~COd consumetion bv local people fO,r domestic purposes

An ab!3tract of per capita/household/piece consumption

of wood for ~ifferent purposes as estimated from, this house

sampling survey is given below

i)

ii) Total number of districts surveyed

Total number of villeges surveyed 20

- 193

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

vii)

viii)

ix)

x)

xi)

lHi)

.:--

xiii)

- - 65 -

Total number of households surveyed

NUmber of surveyed villages lying ,within 1 Km. distance forests

Numbw8 of au~veycd villages lying 1 to 5 km. from forests

Number of villa~es lying beyond 5 km.from forest

Average Il""~.ber of pursone pOI' house-holp

Average plinth area per household

Average life of house

Average frequency of repairs of houses

Wood us ed for house c onstruction per hou sehold 1 ) Conifers 9.994 m3

2) Broad leavEd 6.127 m3

Total - 16.121 m3

( WRE)

~ vlRq ~WRq

655/

78

101

58.41 m2

80 years

9 years to 10 years

16.121 m3(WRE)

vJood consumption for furnitu,re and fixtUres per house-hold

1 ) Conifers

2)' Broad leaves

Total

Annual fuel wood per

1 )

2)

house-hold

Conifers

Broad 1 eaves

Total

~ .• I

0.282

~ . 0.177

Q.:l~2

consumption -2351 ~.

4231 ~.

6562 V~

m3(WRE)

m3(WRE)

m3~ WRq ,-

xiv) Per capita annual fuel wood consumtion

1 )

2)

Conifers

Broad 1 eaves~

Total

356.21 Kg

- . 641.0~

997.21 1Sl.

66 -xv) Wood used for agricultural implements

1 ) Yoke 0.012 m3(WRE) per piece

2) Plough(Hal) 0.030 m3(~IRE) per piece

3) Halas G .. 014 m3( I:JRE) jJer peic8

4) Leveller - 0.056 m3( :RE) per piece

xvi) Average life of agricultural implements

1 ) 'oke and halas 10 years 2) ,- Plough(Hal} 3 years

3) Leveller 4 years

xvi.i.) Number of agricultural implements per hou sehold

1) Yoke 8. Plough 1 .3145

2} Leveller 1 .1369

3.4 Population and number of hOuse-holds

District is the lowest administrative unit fo~ which

population figures were available. While many districts fall

wholly inside th'e su rvey area, there are a few which fall

partly inside and partly outside. The papulation of the

districts which fall, partly in the survey area has been

apportioned in proportion to the geographical area falling

inside the survey area. On this basis the total papUlation

of the survey area as per 1971 cenSUs works out to 1605.350.

Taking 6.60 persons pe~ household and also presumi.ng the

rate of growth of popUlation as well as households as 2.28~

per annum which was the rate of g=owth of population of

Nepal between 1961 &. 1971, the population and number of

households in the survey aroa in different years are

e~timated to be as under

Year Iotal eoeulation Total number of households

1911 16,05,350 2,43,235

1980 19,15,000 2,93,182

1990 23,76,000 3,60, 000

2000 29,16,000 4,42,121

... 67._-'

3.5 Present consumption of wood (i.e. during 1980)

House construction & repairs

a) New additions : Presuming tho annual growth

rate of households Sarno as the population,

i.e. 2.28%,about 6665 new house~ ~~e to be

constructed in 1980 in the survey area. Annual

wood requirements for these new construction'

is as under

Conifers

Broad leaved

Total

66810 m3(WBE)

40960 m3( WRE)

101770 m3 ( WRE)

b) Replacements: Presuming average life of a

house as 80 years, houses need to be recons­

tructed in 1980 in the survey area. Thus annual.

wood requirement for reconstructing these ~ew

houses will be as under

Conifers

Broad leaved

Total

36628 m3(WRE)

22455 m3(WRE)

59083 m3(WRE)

c} . Repairs Prosuming that 10% of the timber

required for 'constructing a house it required

for repairs every 10th year, total annual wood

consumption fOr repair of houses in 1980 ~ill

be as under

Conifers

Broad leaved

Total

26263 m3(WRE)

11327 m3 (WRE)

45590 m3( ~/RE)

Thus,the total annual requirement of wood for

house constrwction,replacements and repairs will be

Conifers 131701 m3(WRE)

Brood Leaved 80742 m3 (WRE)

Total 212443 m3 (WRE)

- 68 -

3.5.2 Agricultural Implements

Presuming that every new household would need

the same quantum of agricultural implements,as the

existing households, the annual requir~ment of wood for

new agricultural implements will be 918 m3(WRE). In

addition to this, timber is also required to replace the

old implements which become unfit for USB due to normal

wear and tear. The average life of each implement, has been

given in para 3.3 of this Chapter. Taking into account the

life of implemDnts and wood required for each implement, the

annual requirement of wood for replacing old implements

COmes to 9313 m3(WAE). Wood used for repairs is negligible

and therefore this has been omitted from calculations. Thus,

total annual requirement of wood for agricultural implements

is 10231 M3(WRE). Almost entire quantity of wood for

agri~ult~ral implements comes from broad leaved species.

3.5.3 Furniture & Fixtures

PreSUming that every new household would need the

same quantum of fUrnitUre & fixtUres, as the existing

households annual requirement of wood for furnitUre &

fixtures will be as under

Conifers

Broad leaved

Total

1885 m3 ( WRE)

1163 m3 ( W~El

3068 m3(WRE)

In addition to the new households, the furniture

& fixtures are to be replaced in old households. Taking

average life of furnitUre and fixtures as 20 year, annual

requirement of wood for replacement of fUrniture & fixtures

will be as under :

Conifers

'BI.:Jad Leaved

Total

4039 m3( WRE)

2536 m3(WRE)

6574 m3 (WRE)

69 -

Wood requirement for annual repairs is very small

and hence omitted. Thus, the total annual requirement

of wood for furniture &. fixtures is

Conifers

Broad leaved

Total

3.5.4 Fusl Wood

5924 m3 (vJRE)

3718 m3(WRE)

9642 m3(WAE)

Fuel wood is used fol:' coqking food and also for

keeping the houses ware in winter. Total annual requirement

of wood for this purpose is as under

Conifers 689~66 tons ~ 1102825 M3(WRE)

]3road leaved - 1240451 tons ~ 1964725 m3(WRE) Total 1929717 tons: 3087550 m3(WRE)

.AII the fuel wood consumed by local people does not I

come from the .assessed growing stock. Quite a SUbstantial

quantity of fuel wood comes from the bushes,shrubs,branches

of trees,fallenv.ood etc •. which have been excluded from the i

assessment of growing stock whils surveying the forest,Besides,

the trees standing in agricultural lands which have bean

axclulled f:tom s urveyc contribute tOwards meeting the demand

for fuel wood. It is difficult to pin-paint exactly the amount

of fuel wood which comes from the assessed growing stock to

meet the lOca~ demand for fuel wood. However,from experience

in similar areas it can safely be aSSL'1I cd that atle~st 50%

of the fuel wood demand is met from the assessed growing .:

stock. Thus the total annual wood re~uired to meet fuel wood

dam and will be

Conifers 551412 m3(WRE)

Broad leaved 992363 m3(WRE)

Tota~ - 1543715 m3(WRE)

70 -Thus,the t~tal annual drain on the ,a9ses~ed growing

stock for meeting 'the local demand of wood for house

construction, furniture &. fixtures, agricultural implements

and fuel wood is as under :

Table No.III.1.

Total Demn~d of wood in 1980 to be met from the growing sta ck 0 f sU rVBv area

PUrpose

1. House construction repairs &. replace­ments

2. Agricultu'ral implements

3. furniture &. fixtures

4. fuel wood

Total

u nit !. m3(1:1RE)

Annual Wood consumption Conifers Broad Total

Leaved 1 31101 80142 21 2443

- 10231 10231

5924 3718 9642

551412 !:19236J 1543175

669031 t 067054 1176091

3.6 future Demand Trends

futUre demand of wood may be affected by many

faotors such as growth of pqpulation,changes "in income

structure, price trends Df variDus commodities,changBs in

utilisa,tion pattern of wood, availability of substitutes,

conaumer's preference etc •• The ~urQl population which

accounts for almost entire consumption of wood is

scattered allover the area and no replacement of wood

is likely to be available to these people firstly dUB to

nan-availability of any alternative and secondly due to

transportation end ,di'stribution probl'ems. The availability

II

- ~ - 71 -

of forest resou rces near their homes is another factor

which plays important .role in consumer's preference.

Therefore, per capita/household consumption of wood

for different domestic purposes ~s presumed to ramain

Same in future and,ther~fore,tha increase in consumption

of wood will be in proportion to increase in population.

The estimated demand of wood for different purposes in

futUre yClars is given in Table No.III.2

T obls No. II 1.2

FutUre Demand of Wood to be met by growing stack from the survey area

Purpose

House construction repair &. replacements

Ag rieul tural Implements

FUrniture &. F'ixtures

Fuel Wood

Toto.!

YEA R 1990

Conifers Broad leaved

2000 Total Conifers Broad Total

leaved

161829 99151 260960 1967,6 121757 320483

• 12564 ·12564 15429 15429

7275 4566 11841 8934 5607 14541

6771 :.\ 1 2~ 8622 1695796 831521 149646¥3279B9

~46236, 1334903 2tS1161 1039181 1639261~618442

~ - 72 -

.CHAPTER - IV

GRo\tHH RATE AND POTENTIi\L P':NNUI\L CUT

4.1 G~owth R~te

The growth rate of Ch~r, Kei1 &. fir has b2L. n studied

with the help.of pr8ssl8~ borer. Although e f forts WBrS

mado to study ths growth' rete of all thE; coni fers, but

due to limLted av~ilability of' pressler .borers Gnd sparse

occurrence of some of the· coni'fcr sp ecie.s ad equate number of

sample tree;> of Conifer and a,their than C.hir, Kail a nd Fir for the

purpose of studying gro~th rate were ~ot availabl e. Therefore,

the growth rate of Ihir, Kail & Fir only have been repqrted

here. By measur~ng the thickness of last 10: years nnnual

rings of a large ~umber of randomly selected sample trees,

the annual basal area increment p~rcents of chir, Kail and

Fir in different diameter classes have been wor ked out.

Presuming that the volume increment psrcent in any diameter

class is G~ual to the basal arB a increment percent of that

diC:lmetEr class, the average (weighted) annual volume j nere.;.

ment percent of these species spread, over the entire survey

area have baen worked ou~ and same are giv~n below :

Species

(hir

Kail

Fir

Average Annu~l Volume Increment Percent ( A.A~I.~)

1 .91

2.37

1.1

Fbr estimating th~ potantfal a~nual cut t~~ growth r@te of

Spruce-Tsuga, ThuneI' and Cyprus has be en assumed to be

equal to that of fir,. The growth rate 0 f D eod a1' has bc;en

taken from Ne ws-Priht Catchment Re~ort. Thus, average ~nnual ~

volume incremen~ percents used for 6stlmat~n9 the yield

are given below :

Species

Chir

Kail

Dl::lodar

Fir,.spruce

Tsu~a, Thune r

&. Cyprus

Avera ge Ann~al volume Increment percent ( A,A.I.!)

1. 91

2.37

1.74

1 • 11

..

73 -

The diameter class-wise basal area increment percents

of Chir,Kail & Fir have been given in Table No.32 in the I'.ppendix.

4.2 Rotation

The rotation depends upon the object~·· of management

which ore not very ClEarly defined in the present C9SB.

Although the mfin objective of Survey wns to cstim0te the

pulpable Volume yet it is difficult to conclude that 011

the forests will be manngcd to food tho pulp 8nd paper mill

only. The main purpose of diSCussing the rotation

here is only to calculate the potential unnual cut.

Kail, Deodar ~nd chir are important structural

grade timber~ond, therefore, it would be advisable to

man~ge them under long rot~tion so that they reach exploi­

table size of 60 ems. diameter et breast height over bark

or cbove before resorting to final felling. Besides, being

suitable for construction timber chir is also likely to be

used by Match Wood Factory to be established ncar Dhangarhi.

Ther.:. fore, keeping .in vie~1 thE: Bxploi table di'ameter and

growth rate the f~llowing rotations for chir, Keil and

Deodar are used for estimating the yield.

Chir

Keil &. Deodar 120 years.

150 years.

In case of Fir spruce and Tsuga which do not find

mueh use as construction timber but are ~uit~ble for

pulping, the object of mnnagement should be the m~ximum Volume production. From stand volume and yield tobIas

for ~he Silver Fir published by FRI, Dehradun it msy be seen that the total stem timber MAL eulmin~tes at the

age of 90 ~ears. The standard stem timber MAL, however,

culminates at the age of 120 years. Reliable growth

statistics of most of the broad leaved species occuring in

the arCa are not available. Except Oak most of the brOAd

- 74 -lCav6d species occur ci thGr in mixture with coni fers or

in small pure patches Glong nalas. The present trend of

management of forests is towords concentratEd felling9

leading to more or less clear f011ing5. Therefore, it

may bu difficult to manage tne brond leaved species at a

rotation different from th~t of the conifers of their

respective iones. Keeping in view ths above observntions

the following rotations have been Adopted for calculating

the yield.

Chir

Keil &. Deodar

Fir,spruco,

T s'ug a &. all other species

C.3 Potontial Annual Cut

120 yc:;p,rs

150 Y8c:Jrs

120 years

The yield from forests depends upon the silvicultural

system, the objects of mnnagement, the condition of growing

stock, rotation, growth rate, mortaiity etc. Therefore,

ir order to estimate the yield precisely a more

detailed study of growing stock and its condition in ecch

management unit is necessary which is beyond the scope

of this study. Therefore, only three pare-meters namely

growing stock, its age and growth rate have been kept in

view while e~tim6ting the potentinl annual cut of conifers.

For broad leaved only the growing stock and rotation have

been used to estimate the potential annu~l cut.

It may be noted from Table No.II.17 that propbrtion

of Daturc stock of fir-spruce and Tsuga is quite high

(60~) and that of chir, kail and deodar, is very low

(about 25%). Therefore, comparatively higher yield should

be available from Fir,Spruce and Tsuga forests. In chir,

Kail and Deodar forests not only the PFoportion of mature

stock is low but the stocking olso is poor as compared

to similar fo~ests in India.Thefefore, in Case of these

- :: 75 ::-

species, a part of increment should be retained to build

up the stock. In order to give an idea of the stocking of

fort::s ts a comparative info rma tion gi ving Yolume/ha.' in

different forest types in similar forests survey~d by

Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources Organisation is given in Table No. IV. I.

Forest Type

Chir

Kail

Deodar

Fir/ Spruce

Conifers with B .Ls.

Upland hardwoods

Lowland hard\ofOods

Table No .IV .1

Growing stock/ha. in vIes tern Hspsl Survey Area and other similar survey areas in India

Chanab Valley (J&K)

127.51 205.23

278.76 351 .40

Name Bhagirathi, Bhilangna Catchment ~,( U.p. )

130.33

275.09*

280.76

...

193.97

48.83

Unit _ M3

of the Project Area News­Print Catch­ment

( E.P.)

183.26**

394.59

299.04

North Western Bhutan

81.89

70.65

357.34

241 .. 17

272.48

We~tern Nepal

76.26

125.43*

319.56

150.86

130.41

70.20

* These are average figures for Kail-Deodar Forest Types.

** This figure is average for Chir-Kall & Deodar Forest Type.

All the forests of the above project areas except

Bhut.:ln are unde~ regular management. The poor stocking in Nepal

forests belies the claim of conservationists that the forests

left to themselve~ have better protection.

Thus, kee ping in view the annual growth, growing

stock/ha. and the proportion of mature growing stock of different

species, the following formulae have been used for estimating too yield.

1 • Chir z K rlil &. Deodar 16 -Yield = Y2 ({\f,I)

2. Fir-Seruce &. Tsuga

Yield = f\lU + VM

R'otation

whero - VM is the growing stock above 60 em. dbhol.

3. Cyprus &. ThunLr

Yiold = fit\!

4. All other Species

Yield = 2 x growing stock/rotation

4.4 Cull

Cull mea~s naturel defects in wood which mak e s

it unsuitable for any purpose. No fel1ings were done

in ,the area to study the cul,l. However, from fellings

,done in similar areas in India it is observed tha t the

cull volume is negligable in case of Chir, Kail and

DEodar, but it is quite high in case of Fir. Spruce,

Tsuga and Oaks. Even if the pull percentage

in each spEcies is known precisely it b e comes difficult

to estimote the net yield because, the percentage of

unutilizable volume (cull volume) will depend upon

manr . ..Jr of removal of yield also. Fo r example in case

selection faIlings Are dane the percentage of cull volume

\",iil be mare but if clear fellingo are d one there wil l

be sufficiently higher proportiJn of treec cif J 'Jwer

diameter close ond hence percentage of cull volume will

bEl' less. Though it is, difficult to arrive at correct

figures of cull volumes but still it is npceSsary to

give an indication of the net yield by ma~ing necessClxy

reduction i n grOSfJ yield due to cull v~lum 8 . In order

to arrive at net yield, t~e ~ross yield is, therefore ,

~educc~by 20% in case of Fir-Spruce ,Tsu~~ and Oake

-- 77 -and 5% ·for all other species except chir, ¥nil and

Deodar. For chir, kail and deodar no reduction is

done. These cull factors arG based on the studies

done~in similor areas in India.

The gross end net potential annual cut ~f the

major species of the survey arGo ~rrived zt by using

the formula indicated earlier ere giv~n in Table No.IV.2.

en t-

a 0 ~

C> t;J) c;

fl.t

!~ on

1;-I<l> ,z

j~

. I

~ 'n rl r:: rl ' P e'ER

rl,.!¥l

'" C,) ~ 0 o +>

E-1 ,CIl

,-' "" t<\ co t<\

""'" Li"I ~. \.0 "" I:"-l.C'I "" t<\ co

""'" lJ"\

or- ..- C'\I

I 0 " '0.1

I~ I

0::.. ~. ;:: :::J . . . r-I N r-I r-l

I ~ ~ "t:I o <I.l A

.,..... "" l.C'I t<\ 0

0 C\J

+ H

:i

r-I r-l ,

0

"" ..--t<\

""

0 C\J

co co -=:l" \.0 r-l r-I

+ H

:l

rl rl . rl

co co co "" "" Li"I \.0 lJ"\ ,.... co co l.C'I co· 0 co l.C'I

0 r-I \.0 rl

.J

lJ"\ 0 t1'"\ lJ"\ C\J

C> 0 C> 0 0.1 N (\J N ..- ..-

I:"- ..­co I:"-

~IS') t'- 0 I:"- ..-

' \..0 co -=:l" co C'. 0.1 I:"-

"" co ...... co C'\I

t1'"\

o \.0 t<\ o co I:"-

0 I:"-

""'" 'D lJ"\ '..-

lJ"\

78

II II u

co II co '-0 '-0 -=:l" "" " 0 0 '-0 ,

\.0 II I:"- '-0 C\J I:"- "" CI 0 1..1"'\ "" co t<\ II \.0 N C\J 0 C\J II

t<\ C\J II II II a II

" [I

lJ"'\ l.C'\ 1..1"'\ lJ"\

79

A bs tract of Gror S & Net Annual Tr tent ial Cut

Grosz Yield Net Yield

1 • Chir 185631 185631 ,

2. ICail-Deodar 151702 151702

3. Fir.Spruce-Tsuga 562350 449879

4. Cyprus 20060 19056 " 5. Hardwoods 1629046 1433430 ,

'Total ... 2548789 2239698 ..===c~:a=t::=· ============

:: 80 .. . . CHAPTER - V

ECONOMIC AVAILABILITY AND COST OF RAW MATERIAL DELIVERY

5.1 Why Cost studies ?

The raw material though availa.ble in plenty,

but if its transport cost :is too high, it becomes of little

releyanc e to the indus try. Therefore, bes ides aoquir ing

knowledge about the total wood, the information as to the

availability of raw material within reasonable economic

limi ts is also very i;nportant. Since the regulation of .. removal from forests is beyond the scope of present survey,

it will not be possible to co-relate the logging co~ts with­

cuts and remevals. A simple study, therefore, has been

undertaken to determine the accessibility and cost of

delivery of wood from forests to tentative industrial sites .•

For this study only one site namely CHISAPANI in foot hills

on t he riVer bank of Karnali river has been taken into consideration. \

5 .2 Objectives

The main objective of the study is to determine

broadly the cost of raw material ( excluding royaity ) at

tentative mill site ( Chisapani) and indicate bro~dly the

d.istribution of total growing stock into various cost classes

assuming that the current wage-rate, price and the logging

techniques will continue to prevail throughout the first

conversion period. The objectives also included :_

(a-) Terrain study

(b) Study of fl~atability of rivers for floating the logs or splits.

(c) Optimum methods to be adopted in mechanised and conventional logging • ..

Cd) Identification of equipment including mechanised equipment required Lor logging.

.. . . 5.3 Premises Adopted

81

The samPling design for the study can be described

to be the systematic point sampling. The same sampling frame

as the one adopted for ground. inventory- was used for 'the I3tudy.

The only difference waS that iA place of three plotswas done in

ground inv~ntory, cost structure was studied only at one plot

at the cross section of 6,000 yards x 6,000 yards grids .. For

each sampling' unit the logging costs were worked out as per the

description in the following paragraphs. The logging cos ts for

each sampling unit have been worked out on the presumption that

under the' existing cond;tions only coniferous raw material

can be extracted by conventional methods. On the oo.s is of

total lo'gging .costs for each sampling unit of Karnali and

Bheri catchments, the units were grouped into different cost

classes. DeJending upon the proportion of sampling units of

the'se two catchments in each cost class, the total growing

stock of these two catchments ,.,as apportioned into different

cost ,classes. Since there is very Ii ttle coniferous raw

material likely to be available from Babai and Rapti catchme:qts,

these two catchments have been opi tted from co st ollloula tions.

The wage'rates of Rs.15/- per, day for skilled and

Rs. 10/- per day for unsk;illed workers have been adopted for

arriving at various logging costs.

5.4 Logging Operations

Logging cos ts are defined normally as the costs

incurred on various operations 'carried out and contingencies

-to help handling of wood from stump to mill 8i te .. No regular

fe'lllngs are being done, presently in the survey area.

.. . . 82 . . . . However, usually recognised logGing operations in similar -

areas in India are ;

(i) Felling and cross cut+.ing of trees

(ii)

(iii) (iv)

( v)

(vi)

which inc ludes follow~ng opera tiona :

a Lopp~ng

b Roping c Felling d Cross cutting into logs e De barking f Site Sawing/Splitting

\g Engraving property marks and numbering the pieces.

Off-road transport i.e. transport of mater:ial to the road site/launching site by man/animal carriage, dry slides, wet slides, khad vahan etc.

Road Trans port.

Ri'ler Tram port.

Load~ -and un-loa~ing of trucks.

Launching, rafting etc. in case of floating.

5.5 Logging Costs

Since commercial fellings are not being done at present

-in the survey area, thc..::efore, it could .lot be possible to

ascertain the logging costs correctly_ However, many logging

studies have been done by Preinvestment Survey Organisation

in similar areas in India to ascertain the factual logging

costs prevalent in different areas. Basing on the logging

costs in similar areas in India, following rates for different

logging operations have been used to calculate the total

logging costs at each sampling unit :

- : ~ 83

1', Felling including lopping and roping.

.. -..

2. Cross cutting including delimbing & debarking

3. Sawing/s pl.! tting into hakaries and assorted sizes.

4. Engraving property hammer marks and numbering the pieces.

5 .6 Trans port Cos t

...

=

""

0;18 man ~ays/m3 '" Rs. 2. 70/m

1:00 man 3ays/m3 -Rs.15.00/m •

2 man da~/m3 '" Rs.30.00/m

0;06 nan3

days/m3 Rs.O.90/m

For estimating the cost of off-road and on-road

transport the net work of existing roads/rivers/nalas has

been taken into cons ideration. There is hardly.any road wort.h

the name which can be used for timber transport. Therefore,

for the .present rivers are the only mode of trans port of

timt9r by way of floating the logs/splits into the rivers and

only coniferous raw material can be transported by this method.

Since no commercial fellings are being done in t:te survey area

or in similar are'as of Nepal, the information on the costing

and the methods of transport of timber was not available.

However, the established practice in similar areas in

India is to resort to site sawing/splitJng the timber into

convenient B,izes, carrying it to nala/river head either by man

or animal carriage or by gravity ropeways and floating into

rivers/nalas upto consumption centres. At places where a good

net work of roads exist, the timber is carried to road heads

in round form. by skyline cranes and then transported to· '}on­

sumption centres either by road or combination of road and

river transport. The cost of transportation. of timber by \ .

different modes of transport, as adopted from similar areas

in India is given below and same is used for estimating the

:: 84 .. . . total cost of transport of wood for different sampling

units .:

( i)

( ii)

(iii)

(iv)

( v)

(vi)

(vii)

Dry.slides/rolling man carria ge f::::Oll: s tumi) ;:> i io to ,',et slide/launching site

"{et slides

Kba t vahan (kbad floating) including cost of launching and collection.

River floating including launching rafting etc.

Collection at boom & s tockiIlg or loading into trucks.

Eoom making charges

Overhead/supervision cmrges

5 • 7 Trans port dis tanc e

= 2 'man day~/m3/km :;. Rs. 20. OO/m /km

= 1.0 man d~ys/m3/km = Rs.1 O. OO/m /km

D 0.25 ma:3days/m3/km R

Rs.2.50/m /lan.

- 0.02 man3days/m3/km ... Rs.O.25/m /km

= 0.8 man ~ays/m3 ... Rs .. 8.00/m

.,. Rs. 2. OO/m3

... ns.2o.oo/m3

The modes of trans port and the dis tances which timber

has to travel from each sample unit to mill site have been

studied from I It ... lmile to~o sheets. For the purpose of

estimating the average logging costs and dividing the growing

stock into cost classes, it is presumed that timber will

first be felled and converted into convenient sizes. This will

t}1..en be trans ported by man carriage from stump site to the

nearest perennial nala. From there it will be transported

by making wet slides in or along the nalla upto a po~nt

from where the water discharge of nala can push the timber

by its force. This pushing of timber by water force. which

needs cons tant help from man is called khadvahan.

-I

:: 85 •• . . After Khad Yahan,. timber enters into river for floating and

collected down below nea!.' mill site by eraeting a boom on the

river. The average ho~i~ontal distance of different modes of

trans port which timber has to travel from each sampling uni-t

to mill site alongwith assumed windir~ factors are giv~n below:

KARNALI CATCID1ENT

Mode of Average Winding Average transport horizontal factor working

distance ( estimated) dis tame (km) •

1·. Dry elides/ 0.70 2.0 1.40 mancarri8.ge

" 2. Wet elides 3.14 2.t 6.28

3. Khadvahq,n 8.-88 1.2 10.66

4. River floating 211.00 1.0 211.00

13HERI CATCHMENT

1 • Dry Blides/ 0.83 2.0 1.66 man carriage

2. We't slides 7.22 2.0 14.44 3. Khad Vahan 4.90 1.2 5.Se 4. River 167.0 1.0 167.00

floating

_The average mill delivered eost (exclUding royalty) 9£

conifers by conventional methods is expected to be Rs. 24S.S0/m3

for Kamali Catchment & fu. 312.65/m3 for Bheri catchment.

Very little material is likely to be available in Babai

and Rapt! catchments and whatever is available that shall have

to be brought by road because these two rivers do not meet

Karnali river before proposed mill site. Therefore, for Kamali

and Bherl catchments ·only average worki.r'lg distame ,for different

modes of transport has been worked out and Saine . .is given below :

:: 86 ::.-

Dry slides /Man cal' iage

Wet slides· .'

Kha.d Vahan

River trans port

1.49 kms

- 9.16 Ions

8.97 kms

-193.27 kIDs

The average mill delivery cost ( excluding royalty) of I ,

wood for the. two catchments by conventional methods ~

Ril. 270~ 741m3• This cos t excludes the, river losses in transit

which may go upto 5% of' value of wo ad trans ported;.

5.8 Cost,C1asses

Following four cos t classes have been recognised for the

purpose .of dividing the growing stock into different cost classes.

Cost Classes

Low (A)

Medium (B)

High (C)

V~ry High (n)

R~e of cost/m3

- Less than Rs. 200.00/m3

&~200;00 ~ less than Rs.300.00/m .

Rs.300.00 to3less than

Rs. 400.00/m

flS.400.00/m3 and above.

5.9 Distribution of Growing Stock into Cost Classes

For the reasons given earlier cost oalculations have been

done only for Karnali and Bberl, Catchments. The percentage

'growing stock of these. two catchments into different cost

ol~sses is given below.

Cost Classes

Low (A)

l1edium (B)

High (c)

Very High CD)

~It may be

transport of raw

what ' costlier as

: : 81 : :-

observed

material

compared

Percentage Grm, i.ng stock of Karnali Catchment.

29.49

41.80

11 .. 29

5.42

from the above table

from Bheri Catchment

to Kamali Catchment. high cost of extraction from Bher! Catchment is

Percentage Growing Stock of Eheri Catchment

23.60

32.92

18.63

24 .. 85

that. the

will be some

The reasons

due to low

for

water av~ilability in feeder nallas etc. required for Khci.d Vahan

and the timber, thorefore, has to be carried by dry slides and

wet slides for longer distanoes.

5.10 Floatability of Rivers

One Crew was deployed for studying the floatability of

rivers. Since Babai and Rapti river oatchments are likely to , .

have very 'little surplus raw material, only Karnali and ~heri

rivers and their tributaries were visited for the purpose of

studying floatability. In order to arrive at conclusions regar­

ding floatabilit,r or otherwise of a river, various parameters

such as rate of discharge, speed of flow, presence of obstacles

etc. are required to be studied in different periods of the

year. Due to s hor tage 0 f time and lim! ted man powe r it was no t

possible to carry out the detailed investigations regarding

disc,barge/rate of flow etc.. The rivers .and their tributaries

were visited only to spot the hinderences/obstacles, if a..-y,

in the river course which could make floatability diffioult.

- :: 88 ::-

The rate of discharge and speed of flovr was observed ocularly.

It has been observed U: t both rivers ax.: some of their tribu­

taries have sufficient water discharge even in lean periods to

facilitate f~oating. Tr~ flow generally is ve~y smootp and

there are not many obstacles' in the rivers. Thus both the rivers

and their major tributaries can be considered to be suitable

for timber floa·~ing. This 0 bserva tion is further conf irmed by •

the fa.ct that about 20 years ba.ck quite a substantial quantity

of 'timber mainly Chir and Kail was floated to India in both

the rivers by an Indian Contractor from as far off places as

Jumla, Dolpa etc ••

5.11 Terrain Study

The sl::!Je and also the preseme of big boulders ( above

25 cm. diameter) was measured/observed at each sample point

and the sample points were classified into ~ollowing olasses of

slope and stoniness.

Code • 1

2

3

4· 5.

Code

1

2

3

4

Degree of slope

600

and above.

450

to less than 600

300

to 1e r'") tha.n 45°

20° to less than 30°

Less than 200

stoniness

More than 60% of the land surface is covere~. ,Yith stones/boulders.

30% to 60% of the land surfaoe is covered with stones/boulders.

Less than 30% of the land surfaee is covered with stones/bolAJ.dera.

/. I

Stones bouldeJ.s are absent.

- :: 89 .. . ...

The percentage area in different s lope and classes is given be'2ow :

,.

Percentage ~&n._ var:; . ..o~s..;._.sloPC?Lstoniness

Slope C].asses_ Stoniness 1 2 3 Class

1 ' " '(~5) 3 .. 1

(1.6)

2 60.0 36.5 26.9

stoniness

Classes

4 5

5.7 7.0 (1.0) (.4)

23.0 22.8 (.5) (8.2) (14.5 ) (4.1 ) (1.1)

3 30 .. 0 5t.7 66.8 60.8 63.2 ( .3) (12.9) (36.0) (11.0) ( 3.1)

4 10.0 3.5 3.0 , 9.6 7.0

',' (.1) ( .. 8) (1.6) (1.7) (.3)

N"B.·: Figures' in the brackets are percentage based on total area.

So far as rilechaniEdd means i.e. skyline cranes and' gravity •.

rope-ways are concerned the stoniness has ,little influence on

working the forests. The slope, however, plays an important role.

~t may be obServed from this table truit most of the forests can

conveniently be worked by skyline cranes/gravity rope ..... ways.

5.12 Scope of Mechanisation

Mechanisation of logging operations certainly leads to

economy in logging cost po.s w.ell as "TOad utilisation. By comentiona1

methods, explained earlier, only coniferoUs wOvd can be e:>:tracted,

but the mechanication can facilitate extraction of hardwoods also •

. The survey- area, however, is lacking ip necessary infrastructure

facil,ities required .for mechanisation.

.- :: 90 .. -.. The local people are alf" () not used to haL,Ue machines required

for mechanised logging. Even'the use of saws is restricted in

the area,. Local population uses axes to cui! the timber from ,I

forests to meet their domestic needs. Under such conditions

it is not advisable to r'esort to 'mechanisation. Therefore,

for the present the timber may be extracted by conventional

methods explained earlier. By the conventional methods,

however, only coniferous wood can be extracted to mill site

and the broad le~Ved special may be utilised' for meeting the

demand of local people for domestic purposes.

At a later stage, if communication system improves, the

poss ibili ties of mechanised logging may be explored. This

further will de,pend upon vario,us policy decisions such as

intensity of felling, method of regenDzation, the nature and

sizes of t~e forept produce to be utilised, by the mill etc ••

Year

- t:

CHAPTER yI

.. ..

WO,OD BALANCES AND RECOMMENnATI(iNS

6.1 Wood balances

The expected potential net annual cut has been given

in Table IV.2 of Chapter IV. The demand of wood fo~ 1980 is

gi Van in Table No. III.l ,and the future demand fo r ' the years

1990 and 2000 has been indicated in Table 111.2 of Chapter III.

It is presumed that the potential annual cut will not increase

unless steps are.taken to improve the existing growing stoCk:

in these forests. As the population will increase and the major

deman4 of wood is from the local po~ulation this demand will

also increase enormouslY as worked out in Table 111.2. Basing

on ·this data the present and future wood balances ,pOS ition is

gi van in Table NO. VI. I:

Table No. VI.I

PRESENT AND FUTURE 'POSITION OF WOOD BALANCES

Unit _ m3

Total yield1.Netl Demand of wood Surplus ~l Total

Deficit ~ ..

Conifers Surplus ~~~ .13. L. Conifers 13 .L' • " Conifers 13. L. Deficit

J ,

.'

1980, 806268 1433430 689037 1087054(+) 117231 (+) .346316 (+) 463607

846238 1334903(~) 39970 (+) 98527 (+) 58551

1039181 1639261(-) 232913 (-) 205831 (-) 438744

1990 806268 1433430

2000 806268 1433430

From the above table it is seen that though there is

surplus of wood in 1980 to the tune of 463607 :I+l3 per annun but .. it will be eaten away by increase .in ,demand and in 1990 the

surplus 'wil1 be very stlaJ..1 wherea.s in 2000 the area will be

deficit.of wood approximately to the same tune a.s it is surplus in 1980.

- :: 92

6.2 Recommendations

.. . .

The main objectiv'3 of this survey vas to assess pulpable

volume in the' two forest types of (i) Chir pine and (ii) Fir spruce

Tsuga. From the above wood balances position it will be seen that

the area is having wOCld surplus ;')nly :'11 1980 und this surplus is . ...

only for a short period of 10 yea~s and the ~uantitY' of surplus

will go on decreasing every year. Presuming that the present wood

surplus will be entirely of those species which are pulpable i.e.

chir, fir. spruce and tsuga the per day availability of raw material

presuming that the mill works for 300 days a year will be about 1550 M3.

However it is quite unlikely that such a large area

( about 15000 km2

forest area and about 51000 km2geographical area)

will ba set apart to cater to th0 raw material requirement of a

paper mill. Only a small area can be committed for industrial

supply and from the forest types map prepared by the PIS as ,

well as population information and field survey it has b€~n found

that' s~mo districts like Jumla, Mugu. Tibrikot. H~mla and parts

of Doti and Achham have comparatively high percentage of forest and

sparse popUlation. It may be better if some compact forest areas

in these districts are delineated and the field data of the

present survey is reprocessed to know the wood surplus from

the~e compact and small areas or in the alternative to arrive

at a still more reliable conclusion re-survey of these areas may . be done by adopting revised sampling design i.e. aacpling units

may be spaced closer. Also thorough photo interpretation of the

aerial photography available for these areas may be done for pre­

stratification purposes before taking up the inventor~ survey.

This suggestion is made keeping in view the fact that 85%. of

••••• 182

:: 93 ... . .

the domestic consumption of wood is for fuel wood and ....._

it will not be possible to supply fuel wood to t he far-off

deficit areas in the survey zone from these areas as

transport will be a problem and ~ostly affair.