From toxic emissions to health effects – case study in Krakow Introduction to the project

Emissions and Health Unit

From toxic emissions to From toxic emissions to health effects – case study in Krakow health effects – case study in Krakow

Introduction to the projectIntroduction to the project


Policy framework

•Community Sixth Environment Action Programme

•A European Environment and Health Strategy

Specific policy issues addressed:

The Clean Air for Europe (CAFÉ)Ambient Air Quality DirectivesEmission reduction Directives


#5 Al. Krasinskiego- Krakow (traffic site) SO2, PM10 and HV PM10 24- hour concentration comparison

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HV PM1024h PM10 limit value

Source Malopolska Air Monitoring Network

PM levels- AQ MonitoringPM levels- AQ Monitoring


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Project consortium: Project consortium: Overall coordination: EC – JRC (Emissions and Health unit)Poland - Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (GIOS)Other partners:Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (WIOS)Malopolska Governor OfficeEC-JRC (Inland and Marine Waters, Climate Change units, IPTS, IRMM)NILU PolskaJagiellonian UniversityNational Environmental Research Institute (NERI) Dk.Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Polish-Italian Foundation S. Raphael Central Mining Institute

…


ObjectivesObjectives• Investigation of relations between emissions, air

quality and health impact in support to the design of emission reduction policies.

• FOCUS: Particulate matter (PM) and associated pollutants• Case study: Krakow specific features: Coal widely

used, High levels of PM and associated compounds, strong existing collaboration.


From toxic emissions to exposure and health impacts:From toxic emissions to exposure and health impacts: An integrated emissions, air quality and health impacts case study in Krakow, POAn integrated emissions, air quality and health impacts case study in Krakow, PO

Socio-Economic Drivers

Environmental Pressures

Environmental State Changes

Impacts

Policy Response

Changes in energy production, Transport, industry…

Emissions from mobileand stationary sources

Change in the level of contaminants in the air

Impact on human health

Abatement policiesEU, National and local levels

DPSIRDPSIRWP1WP2

WP3

WP4 WP5

WP6


WP1 emission characterisation

• JRC laboratories:– dioxin, PAHs and PM emission factors for coal combustion in

residential sector– PAHs emission factors for new generation vehicles

• In Krakow:– emissions of dioxins and PAHs from dominant point sources

Outcome:• More accurate emission inventory, reflecting local

circumstances • Input data for source apportionment


WP2: Emission inventories and synthetic WP2: Emission inventories and synthetic emission scenariosemission scenarios

Emission inventories• input to the Air Quality modelling

– adequate spatial and temporal resolution needed– speciation of pollutants required

Emission scenarios • Modelling of Air Quality improvement due to

different emission reductions


WP3: PM outdoor& indoor levels and human exposure measurement campaign

• Outdoor: – complementing existing monitoring network: more detailed spatial information +

PM composition

• Indoor – to link with outdoor levels and indoor activities

• Exposure– PM personal exposure samplers

• Dioxines in the environment:– Soils, vegetation

.


WP4: Air Quality ModellingWP4: Air Quality Modelling

• Link between emissions and Air Quality – contribution of various local emission sources as well as

regional transport of pollution to the levels in the air– complement and support the Air Quality Monitoring –

extended spatial and temporal coverage

• Air Quality assessment for different emission reduction scenarios


• Contribution of the various sources to pollution levels – fundamental information needed to focus abatement measures

• Outdoor + attempt indoor• Complementing Air Quality Modelling

WP5: Source apportionmentWP5: Source apportionment


• More complete evaluation of the current situation in Krakow

• Estimation of changes in health risks based on emission reduction scenarios

• Medium scale pilot epidemiological study including some health effects

WP6: Health impacts


Air Quality Measuring Campaign- Air Quality Measuring Campaign- January/ February 2005January/ February 2005


Soil sampling- April 2005Soil sampling- April 2005



ERLAPSites: INDU, TRAF, POLI, AGRI, ZAKO• Measurements of:

PM10- sequential samplers – 2 weeks of measurements on each of the sites Total PM10 mass collected filters will be analyzed for organic and inorganic compounds continuous PM 10 measurements (TEOM FDMS) - 3 days on each of the sites size distribution particles (0.3 – 20 µm) (GRIMM) - 3 days on each of the sites SO2 - 3 days on each of the sites PM 2.5 (Low Volume Filter device) - 3 days on each of the sites Volatile/ non- volatile PM10 concentration radon Meteorological parameters observation: temperature, humidity, pressure, wind

direction, wind speed - 3 days on each of the site• temporal resolution:

– PM10- sequential samplers, PM 2.5 - 24hs– continuous PM 10, size distribution particles, SO2, volatile/ non- volatile PM10

concentration, meteorological parameters- 1 min -> 30 min – radon- 1h



Indoor/ outdoor sampling

• Sites: 20 apartments (10 with coal & 10 with central heating)

• Measurements of :– PM10- LV samplers- 1 week of measurements in each of the

apartment (=140 loaded indoor filters and 140 loaded outdoor filters)– Total PM10 mass– organic and inorganic analyses…

• time resolution: 24 hours



Malopolska Air Monitoring Network

• Sites: Krakow: INDU (Nowa Huta), TRAF (Al. Krasinskiego), Krowodrza; ZAKO (Zakopane- Rownia Krupowa)

• Measurements of:– SO2, PM10, NO, NO2, NOx, CO- continuous measurements (with different

configuration of measurements on each of the site)– PM10- from HV samplers (Nowa Huta, Al. Krasinskiego, Zakopane)– PM 2.5 (Nowa Huta)– Meteorological data (temperature, wind direction, wind speed)

• time resolution:– SO2, PM10, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, meteorological data- 30 min– PM10, PM 2.5 - 24hs



AEROSOL truck• Sites: INDU – 15th – 22nd Jan; AGRI – 28th Jan – 5th Feb

• Measurements of: On- line PM10 mass concentration- 7 days on each of the

sites Major inorganic components analyses Particle size distribution (10nm- 10 um ? or 0,3 um) Particles total number Volatility, hydroscopicity, absorption coefficient (EBC)

• 3. temporal resolution: 30 min



SPASS• Sites: INDU – 15th – 22nd and 28th January – 5th February (not continuous measurements

but mainly at night); 4 apartments (2 with stove coal heating and 2 with central heating), - samples

taken once a day for a week in each of the apartments (outside and inside at the same time);

4 monitoring sites; sampling in the chimney and exhausts from the old type of bus (for additional

interpretation)

• Measurements of: characterization of the size dependent chemical composition and the state of

mixing of the particles analyses of aerosol particles mass spectra analyses



Epidemiological questionnaire

Spirometry test results

From toxic emissions to health effects – case study in Krakow Introduction to the project

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