From the storefront to the front lines: The Private Sector...

The Private Sectorand Homeland

Security Investment

R e f o R m i n a c t i o nadvancing the reform agenda

From the storefront to the front lines :

The Private Sectorand Homeland

Security Investment

BoaRD of DiRectoRS

The Honorable Charles BassNew Hampshire

Charles KolbCommittee for Economic Development

Pam PryorConvoy of Hope

Cecilia MartinezExecutive Director

fRom the StoRefRont to the fRont LineS:THE PrivaTE SECTor & HomElaND SECuriTy iNvESTmENT

PRoJect DiRectoRS

Tina Guthriereform institute

Robert W. Kellymanaging Partner

CenTauri Solutions, llCSenior advisor, reform institute

EditorCHRIS DREIBELBIS

reform institute

the Reform institute300 north Washington St, Suite 600

alexandria, Va 22314

tel (703) 535-6897fax (866) 863-5510

www.reforminstitute.org

HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY AND BUILDING A MORE RESILIENT AMERICA: A Message from

Senior Advisor Robert W. Kelly

The United States recently observed anniversaries regarding the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and Hurricane Katrina in late August 2005. The repercussions of these tragic events still haunt us. The indelible images of suffering and destruction

and of the heroic efforts of first responders and ordinary citizens remain with us. Another leg-acy of these episodes is the lingering concern over our ability to respond to and bounce back from a catastrophic event.

In the case of both September 11 and Hurricane Katrina, first responders were hampered in their efforts by the lack of proper equipment and the inability of responders in different agencies to communicate with each other. The World Trade Center in New York City was cho-sen as a target on 9/11 because it represented America’s economic power. The major stock exchanges in New York were closed for several days after the attacks and financial markets remained anxious long after the attacks, which exacerbated a recession that was already underway. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, damaged and destroyed offshore oil plat-forms and refineries in the region caused a significant spike in gas prices across the country. Damaged infrastructure impeded efforts to assist and evacuate victims in the Gulf Coast and affected the shipping of goods to and through the region. The Gulf Coast is still far from recovering economically from the disaster and progress in rebuilding the infrastructure there has been slow.

Much of the emphasis at the federal level remains on preventing another terrorist attack. Although authorities deserve much credit for the absence of any terrorist attacks on U.S. soil since 9/11, we cannot afford to ignore the fact that our enemies are still actively trying to strike us again, nor can we prevent natural disasters from occurring. The U.S. must do more to strengthen the resiliency of our critical infrastructure and supply chain so that the nation can withstand a catastrophic event without severely disrupting economic and social activity. Channeling the technological advancements being generated by our entrepreneurial economy towards developing a more resilient society will vastly improve our security prospects.

Resiliency will be the major focus of the Reform Institute’s work in homeland security. This is the first of a series of reports to advance innovation, collaboration, and leadership in build-ing a more resilient nation. This report examines a cross section of technology solutions that involve the following sectors: emergency response, port security, transportation, and interop-erability. The Institute will also study critical issues such as cargo container security, protect-ing the global supply chain, and the link between drug trafficking and terrorism in upcoming monographs.

Robert W. KellyManaging Partner, CenTuari Solutions, LLCSenior Advisor, Reform Institute

�

ACKNOWledgements

Tina Guthrie

Robert Kelly

Matthew Freedman

Suzanne Luft

Cecilia Martinez

Chris Dreibelbis

Motorola, Inc.

Sprint Nextel

C-AT, Communications-Applied Technology

Planet Associates Inc.

CSX Transportation

Iridium Satellite LLC

ICx Technologies, Inc.

Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing, Inc.

Foster-Miller, Inc. – QinetiQ North America

Google

Alcatel Lucent

General Electric Global Research

��

TABLE of CONTENTS

A Message from Senior Advisor Robert Kelly....................................................................................�

Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................��

Introduction: Embrac�ng.Pr�vate.Technology.for.the.Publ�c.Good....................................... 1

Chapter 1: Emergency.Response................................................................................................ 3

Chapter 2: Port.Secur�ty................................................................................................................ 8

Chapter 3: Transportat�on.......................................................................................................... 11

Chapter 4:.Interoperab�l�ty......................................................................................................... 14

About The Reform Institute........................................................................................................ 21

��

1

I N T R O D U C T I O N

EMBRACING PRIVATE TECHNOLOGY for the Public Good

Cutt�ng-edge.technolog�es.such.as.Global.Pos�t�on�ng.System.(GPS).track�ng.dev�ces,.geospat�al.mapp�ng,.and.w�reless.

ava�lab�l�ty.have.become.pervas�ve.�n.our.soc�-ety...Wh�le.the.average.consumer.has.benef�ted.�mmensely.from.new.technolog�es.and.the.�nno-vat�ve.uses.developed.for.them.by.enterpr�s�ng.f�rms.�n.a.compet�t�ve.market,.the.publ�c.sector.has.yet.to.effect�vely.cap�tal�ze.on.these.advance-ments...In.order.to.bu�ld.a.more.secure.and.res�l�ent.nat�on,.we.must.embrace.pr�vate.sector.�nnovat�ons.and.technology.and.develop.ways.to.�mplement.them.�n.a.cost-effect�ve.manner...Tak�ng.advantage.of .the.new.technolog�es.com�ng.to.the.forefront.every.day.must.be.a.cr�t�cal.com-ponent.of .the.government’s.homeland.secur�ty.strategy.

The.Department.of .Homeland.Secur�ty.(DHS).and.the.�nd�v�dual.state.homeland.departments.must.reform.the�r.pract�ces.�n.order.to.adopt.technology.that.w�ll.have.a.substant�al.�mpact.�n.advanc�ng.our.nat�onal.secur�ty...Although.tech-nolog�cal.advances.offer.prom�s�ng.solut�ons.to.some.of .our.greatest.nat�onal.secur�ty.concerns,.homeland.secur�ty.author�t�es.must.be.d�scern-�ng.consumers.�n.procur�ng.such.technology...As.former.Homeland.Secur�ty.Secretary.Tom.R�dge.warned.�n.an.�nterv�ew.w�th.IBIA,.the.govern-ment.needs.to.be.careful.�t.�sn’t.persuaded.to.buy.technology.that.does.not.meet.m�ss�on.requ�re-ments...“Vendors.are.strong.�n.th�s.town,”.he.

sa�d,.referr�ng.to.Wash�ngton...“The.government.can.end.up.buy�ng.technology.that.m�ght.not.be.the.most.appropr�ate.for.a.task.and.have.only.a.marg�nal.�mpact.”..Lessons.from.the.pr�vate.sec-tor.offer.gu�dance.for.the.publ�c.sector..The.pr�-vate.sector.�nvests.�n.technology.us�ng.a.return.on.�nvestment.model..It.�s.h�ghly.mot�vated.to.purchase.technology.that.�s.not.only.appropr�ate.for.the.task.but.that.also.w�ll.y�eld.the.greatest.return..Th�s.m�ndset.�s.sorely.lack�ng.�n.the.pub-l�c.sector.

Entrepreneur�al.compan�es.are.constantly.research�ng.and.develop�ng.new.technolo-g�es.to.support.and.enhance.ex�st�ng.products...Accord�ng.to.the.Wall Street Journal,.s�xty-three.percent.of .cell.phones.sold.�n.2007.w�ll.be.equ�pped.w�th.a.GPS.locator...A.new.cell.phone.program.started.by.a.company.called.Loopt.uses.GPS.track�ng.to.allow.users.w�th�n.the.network.

IN ORDER TO BUILD A MORE

SECURE AND RESILIENT NATION,

WE MUST EMBRACE PRIVATE SECTOR

INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

AND DEVELOP THEM IN A COST-

EFFECTIVE MANNER.

FROM THE STOREFRONT TO THE FRONT LINES..The.Reform.Inst�tute

2

to.locate.other.part�c�pat�ng.users.ut�l�z�ng.an.onl�ne.map.or.a.cell.phone.that.has.access.to.the.�nternet.1.Such.off-the-shelf .technolog�es.could.have.major.�mpl�cat�ons.for.homeland.secur�ty.and.emergency.preparedness.person-nel...Dur�ng.a.d�saster,.these.new.GPS.l�nk�ng.networks.could.a�d.emergency.responders.�n.search.and.rescue.efforts...Fr�ends.and.fam�ly.could.go.onl�ne.and.f�nd.the.locat�on.of .loved.ones.affected.by.a.d�saster,.wh�ch.could.then.be.passed.on.to.Red.Cross.and.emergency.responders...

New.technology.compan�es,.such.as.Loopt,.have.the.potent�al.to.become.an.�nvaluable.partner.to.DHS.and.emergency.preparedness.personnel,.allow�ng.them.to.be.more.effect�ve.when.conduct�ng.search.and.rescue.opera-t�ons...Partner�ng.w�th.the.pr�vate.sector.�n.advance.also.�ncreases.coord�nat�on.effect�ve-ness.of .f�rst.responders.and.the.pr�vate.sec-tor...These.partnersh�ps.also.establ�sh.strong.work�ng.relat�onsh�ps.between.the.pr�vate.and.publ�c.sectors.that.pay.long-term.d�v�dends.

Innovat�ve.technolog�es.offer.benef�ts.to.homeland.secur�ty.beyond.a�d�ng.f�rst.responders...Th�s.report.�dent�f�es.and.pro-

motes.technolog�es.and.solut�ons.that.present.a.h�gh.probab�l�ty.of .success.�n.decreas�ng.our.nat�onal.vulnerab�l�t�es.to.spec�f�c.threats...

The.Reform.Inst�tute.�s.ded�cated.to.pro-mot�ng.�nnovat�on,.collaborat�on.and.leader-sh�p.�n.homeland.and.nat�onal.secur�ty.pol�cy...Develop�ng.and.apply�ng.cutt�ng-edge.�nno-vat�ons.�n.protect�ng.the.nat�on.w�ll.requ�re.extens�ve.collaborat�on.between.the.publ�c.and.pr�vate.sectors...The.report.�ncludes.examples.of .successful.publ�c/pr�vate.partnersh�ps.�n.pro-duc�ng.and.deploy�ng.new.technolog�es...F�nally,.as.shown.�n.these.examples,.leadersh�p.from.homeland.secur�ty.author�t�es.�s.requ�red.to.adapt.these.technolog�es.for.use.�n.the.demand�ng.pub-l�c.safety.and.homeland.secur�ty.env�ronment.

The.goal.of .th�s.report.�s.to.ra�se.awareness.w�th�n.the.Department.of .Homeland.Secur�ty.(DHS),.Congress,.state.and.local.government,.and.state.homeland.secur�ty.centers.on.ways..�n.wh�ch.to.cap�tal�ze.on.technolog�cal.advance-ment.�n.the.pr�vate.sector.for.the.publ�c.good...In.add�t�on,.the.report.prov�des.�ns�ght.�nto.the.pr�vate.sector’s.ab�l�ty.to.reconstruct.new.or.ex�st�ng.technolog�es.�n.order.to.protect..our.nat�on...

3

Emergency.responders.�nclud�ng.pol�ce,.f�re.and.emergency.med�cal.serv�ce.are.on.the.frontl�nes.of .any.major.catas-

trophe.and.cannot.afford.to.be.h�ndered.by.lack.of .proper.tools..Emergency.responders.are.pr�mar�ly.funded.by.the.states..The.federal.government.also.prov�des.mon�es.to.the.states.through.the.Homeland.Secur�ty.Grant.Program.2.The.recently.passed.leg�sla-t�on.enact�ng.many.of .the.recommendat�ons.of .the.9/11.Comm�ss�on.t�tled,.Improving America’s Security Act of 2007,.allows.for.a.greater.percentage.of .the.funds.allocated.to.the.states.to.be.d�str�buted.accord�ng.to.a.r�sk-based.formula,.w�th.the.f�xed.fund�ng.to.the.states.reduced.3.The.f�xed.pool.of .money.from.the.federal.government.to.the.states.has.been.shr�nk-�ng.over.recent.years,.and.the.new.requests.for.grants.need.to.be.more.tar-geted.to.the.new.fund�ng.mechan�sm..Th�s.chap-ter.w�ll.h�ghl�ght.technology.that.�s.already.�n.ex�stence,.and.that.can.be.updated.for.homeland.secur�ty.use.�n.the.states,.and.h�ghl�ghts.some.new.technolog�es.that.are.on.the.hor�zon..

Alabama Googles “Help”In.past.art�cles.and.Congress�onal.test�mony,.the.Reform.Inst�tute.has.noted.that.geospat�al.map-p�ng.programs.such.as.Google Earth.prov�de.an.excellent.resource.for.empower�ng.emergency.responders.and.the.publ�c.to.better.plan.and.make.dec�s�ons.�n.t�mes.of .d�saster..As.we.w�t-nessed.�n.New.Orleans.w�th.Hurr�cane.Katr�na,.

the.�mmed�ate.aftermath.of .a.catastrophe.�s.a.cruc�al.per�od.when.�nd�v�duals.often.must.make.dec�s�ons.and.take.act�on.before.author�t�es.can.respond..Empower�ng.�nd�v�duals.to.create.and.share.response.plans.w�th.the�r.fam�l�es.or.co-workers.rema�ns.an.essent�al.unmet.need..Google.Earth.�s.an.off-the-shelf .technology.that.can.be.enhanced.to.meet.the.needs.of .emergency.responders.and.the.publ�c.

Alabama.has.partnered.w�th.Google.Earth.to.create.a.new.program.called.“V�rtual.Alabama.”4.

The.Alabama.Department.of .Homeland.Secur�ty.(AL.DHS).states.that.th�s.program.allows.users.to.v�ew.a.w�de.var�ety.of .�nformat�on,.�nclud�ng.�nfrastructure,.evacuat�on.routes,.flood.zones,.

EMERgency RESponse: Empowering First Responders

and Citizens

C H A p T e R 1


4

school.d�str�cts.and.watersheds..Agenc�es.us�ng.the.program.access.th�s.�nformat�on.through.a.secure,.Web-based.appl�cat�on..The.program.began.by.creat�ng.a.database.of .pol�ce.stat�ons,.hosp�tals,.ut�l�ty.l�nes,.and.other.pert�nent.�nfrastructure..Th�s.was.done.through.a.col-laborat�ve.effort.from.all.the.count�es.�n.the.state..All.government.workers.have.access.to.the.webs�te,.and.can.e�ther.send.�n.the�r.�nfor-mat�on,.or.they.can.upload.the�r.�nformat�on.d�rectly.to.the.onl�ne.program..The.platform.allows.them.to.create.3D.model�ng.of .bu�ld-�ngs,.cr�t�cal.�nfrastructure.mapp�ng,.and.emer-gency.evacuat�on.rout�ng..

“What.makes.V�rtual.Alabama.so.remark-able.�s.the.�nput.and.collaborat�on.w�th.coun-t�es.and.other.state.agenc�es,”.sa�d.Alabama.Homeland.Secur�ty.D�rector.J�m.Walker..“We.are.l�terally.bu�ld�ng.th�s.program.from.the.ground.up.and.�t.�s.very.encourag�ng.to.see.all.levels.of .government.and.�ndustry.work�ng.so.well.together..It’s.really.a.grassroots.effort.that.allows.the.people.who.w�ll.benef�t.from.the.program.to.help.create.�t.”.

Accord�ng.to.AL.DHS,.future.appl�cat�ons.of .the.ongo�ng.project.are.to.�nclude:.del�ver-�ng.deta�led.v�ews.of .the.�nter�ors.of .bu�ld�ngs,.�nclud�ng.furn�ture.and.l�ve.footage;.d�rect�ng.responder.teams.�n.emergenc�es.through.the.platform;.overlay�ng.real-t�me.data.(traff�c,.etc.).w�th.route.mapp�ng.to.better.manage.and.control.resources;.and.�ntegrat�ng.a.publ�c.emergency.broadcast.system..“The.Google.Earth.Enterpr�se.has.prov�ded.a.h�ghly.effec-t�ve.framework.�n.wh�ch.to.support.publ�c.sector.programs.�n.Alabama..As.a.platform,.�t.has.helped.produce.the.common.operat�onal.

p�cture.needed.to.protect.l�ves.and.safeguard.Alabama.c�t�zens.�n.t�mes.of .man-made.or.natu-ral.d�sasters..Hav�ng.a.secure,.dynam�c,.com-mon.�nformat�on-shar�ng.platform.has.allowed.Alabama.to.reach.the.next.level.�n.emergency.preparedness.and.d�saster.management,”.accord-�ng.to.the.state.homeland.secur�ty.off�ce..“When.a.tornado.h�t.the.state.on.March.1,.the.Federal.Emergency.Management.Agency,.Nat�onal.Guard.and.other.organ�zat�ons.help�ng.�n.the.clean-up.were.able.to.connect.to.the.s�te.and.f�nd.useful.data.on.gas.p�pel�nes,.property.owner.names.and.other.pert�nent.�nformat�on.”.

The.program.�s.currently.operat�onal.�n.56.out.of .57.count�es.w�th.more.than.1500.users.represent�ng.hundreds.of .agenc�es..The.suc-cess.of .the.program.w�ll.depend.on.how.the.Alabama.state.government.uses.the.new.web.portal.to.�nform.the.publ�c.dur�ng.an.emer-gency..In.order.to.be.eff�c�ent,.the.publ�c.w�ll.need.t�mely.�nformat�on.on.evacuat�on.routes,.hosp�tal.and.shelter.ava�lab�l�ty.and.closures,.and.ava�lab�l�ty.of .water.and.fuel.dur�ng.evacuat�on.delays..It.�s.cr�t�cal.that.key.players.�n.all.hosp�-tals,.shelters,.med�a.outlets,.and.the.Department.of .Transportat�on.have.access.to.update.the.�nformat�on.onl�ne.dur�ng.an.emergency..Because.s�tuat�onal.awareness.�s.the.f�rst.pr�or�ty.�n.an.emergency,.access.to.the.system.for.these.key.players.w�ll.prov�de.�mportant.management.tools.for.cr�s�s.managers.and.f�rst.responders..The.publ�c.w�ll.also.be.better.�nformed.as.a.result.of .th�s.cohes�ve.effort.by.the.state.

Alabama.and.Google.Earth.have.done.com-mendable.work.�n.coord�nat�ng.th�s.�n�t�al.effort..By.man�pulat�ng.th�s.program.to.make.�t.more.robust,.the.publ�c.w�ll.be.prov�ded.w�th.the.most.up-to-date.�nformat�on.poss�ble..Th�s.also.prov�des.the.opportun�ty.for.�nd�v�duals.to.f�nd.the.�nformat�on.themselves.onl�ne.or.through.the.local.med�a.w�thout.burden�ng.the.already.overwhelmed.emergency.responders..

electronic Mapping That is easy to Use and DistributeDur�ng.a.major.catastrophe,.f�rst.respond-ers.need.to.have.access.to.the.most.up-to-

“THE GOOGLE EARTH ENTERPRISE

HAS PROVIDED A HIGHLY EFFECTIVE

FRAMEWORK IN WHICH TO SUPPORT

PUBLIC SECTOR PROGRAMS IN ALABAMA.”

—ALABAMA STATE HOMELAND SECURITY OFFICE.

5

CHAPTER 1—.Emergency.Response:.Empowering First Responders and Citizens

date.�nformat�on.ava�lable..Dur�ng.Hurr�cane.Katr�na.�n.2005.�ncomplete.�nformat�on.relayed.between.responders.at.the.scene.and.off�c�als.�n.Wash�ngton,.namely.the.Federal.Emergency.Management.Agency.(FEMA).and.DHS,.exacer-bated.the.chaot�c.s�tuat�on..In�t�ally,.DHS.thought.that.there.was.only.one.locat�on.where.the.surv�-vors.had.been.pos�t�oned;.they.had.assumed.that.the.Superdome.and.the.Convent�on.Center.were.the.same.locat�on..If .there.was.a.more.up-to-date.mapp�ng.capab�l�ty,.th�s.confus�on.could.have.been.negated..Both.maps.would.have.been.d�s-tr�buted.to.all.part�es,.and.would.have.prov�ded.s�tuat�onal.awareness.to.all.�nvolved..In.add�t�on,.federal.author�t�es.would.have.had.a.clearer.p�c-ture.of .the.amount.of .people.that.needed.food,.water,.suppl�es,.and.eventual.evacuat�on..

Planet Associates Inc..�s.look�ng.to.solve.many.of .these.d�str�but�on.problems.5.The.com-pany.has.created.an.Intell�gent.Infrastructure.PDF.(��PDF).system.targeted.to.�mprove.s�tua-t�onal.awareness.for.emergency.responders,.state.emergency.management.personnel,.FEMA,.and.DHS...Th�s.dev�ce.would.send.floor.plans,.maps,.and.other.deta�ls.needed.to.the.f�rst.responder,.wh�ch.would.be.readable.�n.PDF.format..The.newer.PDF.vers�on.also.�ncludes.the.ab�l�ty.to.v�ew.embedded.data.and.cl�ck.through.the.docu-ments.�n.a.layered.approach..Th�s.w�ll.allow.�nformat�on.to.pop-up.and.br�ng.documents.that.conta�n.geospat�al.data,.CAD.draw�ngs,.maps,.and.spreadsheet.data.

Ideally.these.new.software.platforms.should.be.easy.to.use.and.requ�re.l�ttle.tra�n�ng..Th�s.system.should.only.requ�re.one.to.two.days.for.tra�n�ng.and.because.�t.uses.a.PDF.format,.wh�ch.most.people.have.used.�n.the�r.day-to-day.l�fe,.�t.uses.an.ex�st�ng.technology.that.would.be.eas�ly.adopted.

Texting Alerts on Campus The.recent.tragedy.at.V�rg�n�a.Tech.Un�vers�ty.h�ghl�ghts.the.need.for.�ncreased.preparedness.at.our.schools..On.Apr�l.16,.2007,.Seung-Hu�.Cho,.a.V�rg�n�a.Tech.student,.murdered.32.people.on.campus.and.�njured.25.before.he.comm�tted.su�c�de..The.un�vers�ty’s.response.to.the.�nc�dent.

has.been.cr�t�c�zed.for.not.alert�ng.students.to.the.shoot�ngs.and.encourag�ng.them.to.stay.�n.the�r.dorm.rooms..The.f�rst.shoot�ng.occurred.on.campus.at.7:15.a.m..and.the.un�vers�ty.d�d.not.�nform.students.unt�l.9:26.a.m..that.there.had.been.a.shoot�ng.on.campus..The.�nforma-t�on.was.relayed.over.e-ma�l..When.the.second.�nc�dent.occurred.there.was.a.second.e-ma�l.sent.w�th�n.e�ght.m�nutes.of .the.shoot�ng.warn�ng.students.to.stay.�ndoors.and.to.lock.the.doors..Another.alert.system.that.could.have.been.used.to.warn.students.was.the.school’s.s�ren,.but.�t.was.not.cons�dered.because.�t.was.only.used.for.weather-related.warn�ngs..The.school.d�d.not.have.a.mechan�sm.�n.place.to.�nform.all.students.of .the.shoot�ng..E-ma�ls.are.not.useful.to.students.�n.trans�t.or.those.already.�n.the.classroom..

Accord�ng.to.M:Metr�c.researchers,.16.6.m�l-l�on.college.students.have.cell.phones,.wh�ch.represents.95.percent.of .the.17.5.m�ll�on.full-.and.part-t�me.college.students.counted.by.the.Census..These.stat�st�cs.po�nt.to.a.remarkable.opportun�ty.to.prov�de.emergency.�nformat�on.to.students.�n.a.t�mely.manner.dur�ng.a.cr�s�s..Text�ng.and.�nstant.messag�ng.over.cell.phones.represent.contemporary.modes.of .commun�ca-t�on.that.are.w�dely.used,.espec�ally.by.members.of .Generat�on.Y.(ages.18-30)..These.technolo-g�es.can.be.used.to.�nform.commun�t�es.about.pend�ng.natural.d�sasters.or.other.emergenc�es.

S�nce.the.school.shoot�ngs,.V�rg�n�a.Tech.has.contracted.w�th.the.National Notification


6

Network,.wh�ch.w�ll.prov�de.cell.phone.alerts,.phone.calls.d�rectly.to.dorm.rooms,.and.�nstant.message.pop-ups.work�ng.w�th.AOL,.MSN,.and.Yahoo.start�ng.at.the.beg�nn�ng.of .the.new.fall.semester.6..

Roam Secure Inc.,.another.alert.not�f�cat�on.company,.holds.a.current.contract.w�th.V�rg�n�a.state.agenc�es.to.prov�de.th�s.�mportant.serv�ce.7.The.company’s.most.recent.contract.�s.w�th.the.Un�vers�ty.of .Mary.Wash�ngton.�n.V�rg�n�a..The.contract.w�ll.cost.$40,000.w�th.annual.renewal.fees..Th�s.serv�ce.w�ll.also.prov�de.text.alerts.to.cell.phones.dur�ng.an.emergency.to.all.students.and.faculty,.nearby.graduate.and.profess�onal.stud�es.students,.and.to.parents..“The.recent.tragedy.at.V�rg�n�a.Tech.emphas�zed.the.�mpor-tance.of .hav�ng.such.a.system.�n.place,”.Teresa.Mann�x,.d�rector.of .news.and.publ�c.�nforma-t�on.at.the.un�vers�ty,.sa�d.�n.an.e-ma�l..“It.�s.our.goal.that.we.can.be.prepared.for.any.cr�s�s.”

Many.un�vers�t�es.across.the.country.have.now.begun.to.assess.the.v�ab�l�ty.of .text.alert.systems,.�nclud�ng.colleges.�n.Texas,.Flor�da,.New.York,.and.Pennsylvan�a..Th�s.�mportant.tool.has.also.been.recogn�zed.by.such.d�verse.�nst�tut�ons.as.the.U.S..A�r.Force,.Homeland.Secur�ty’s.Nat�onal.Med�cal.Response.Teams,.the.Red.Cross,.and.the.Los.Angeles.County.Department.of .Health..Mir3,.based.�n.San.D�ego,.holds.the.contracts.w�th.these.ent�t�es.8..The.company.also.holds.smaller.contracts.w�th.local.grocery.stores.that.ut�l�ze.the.serv�ce.for.remov�ng.recalled.food.�tems.

Preparedness.plans.must.�nclude.redundan-c�es..There.�s.no.one.plan.that.w�ll.not�fy.every-one.across.campus,.but.�nvolv�ng.more.people.�n.the.network.and.�n.the.dec�s�on.mak�ng.process.w�ll.make.commun�t�es.safer.and.more.res�l�ent.�n.the.long.term..Also,.�n.add�t�on.to.alert�ng.students.for.prevent�on,.add�t�onal.steps.should.be.taken.to.prepare.for.response..For.example,.establ�sh�ng.short.range.secure.w�reless.mesh.systems.on.college.campuses.that.f�rst.responders.could.use.to.access.�nter�or.v�deo.secur�ty.cameras.�n.a.hostage.s�tuat�on.would.prov�de.add�t�onal.s�tuat�onal.awareness.useful.for.�nc�dent.response.

Using Wi-Fi to Connect RespondersAfter.a.large-scale.d�saster,.such.as.the.br�dge.collapse.�n.M�nneapol�s,.M�nnesota.�n.August.2007,.tr�age.un�ts.are.set.up.�n.order.to.pro-v�de.�mmed�ate.care.to.the.v�ct�ms.of .the.event..Th�s.can.be.an.extremely.confus�ng.t�me,.try�ng.to.shuffle.pat�ents.to.hosp�tals.that.may.already.be.full.or.over-capac�ty..Depend�ng.on.the.amount.of .�njur�es.and.casualt�es,.�t.can.be.very.d�ff�cult.for.fam-�ly.and.fr�ends.to.locate.loved.ones.because.there.�s.no.database.to.track.each.person’s.whereabouts..New.w�reless.technolog�es.are.now.allow�ng.the.process.of .tr�ag�ng.pat�ents.to.be.more.eff�c�ent,.and.less.of .a.log�st�cal.n�ghtmare..

Accord�ng.to.Jonathan.Te�ch,.professor.of .med�c�ne.at.Harvard.Un�vers�ty.and.an.attend�ng.phys�c�an.�n.emergency.med�c�ne.at.Br�gham.and.Women’s.Hosp�tal.(BWH),.“It’s.very.hard.to.keep.those.pat�ents.�n.track.and.make.sure.we.are.handl�ng.all.of .the.most.ser�ous.cases.r�ght.away.”.The.Un�vers�ty.of .Cal�forn�a,.San.D�ego.�s.also.start�ng.an.�n�t�a-t�ve.called.the.W�reless.Internet.Informat�on.System.for.Med�cal.Response.�n.D�sasters.project.(WIISARD)..The.most.recent.dr�ll.was.held.last.summer,.and.all.on-scene.f�rst.responders.and.publ�c.health.personnel.rece�ved.�Tags,.wh�ch.are.electron�c.W�-F�.tags.used.to.enter.the.data..The.W�-F�.enabled.personal.d�g�tal.ass�stants.(PDAs).were.able..to.scan.a.barcode.on.the.tags.that.would..catalog.pat�ent.�nformat�on.�nclud�ng.health.status.and.med�c�nes.that.had.been.d�str�b-uted;.the.scanner.was.also.used.to.upload.pat�ent.�nformat�on..

Dur�ng.the.exerc�se,.superv�sors.were.g�ven.a.W�-F�.enabled.tablet.to.assess.the.scene,.and.scan.the.v�ct�ms’.barcodes.�n.order.to.track.wh�ch.hosp�tals.would.be.rece�v�ng.spec�f�c.pat�ents..All.data.was.then.sent.to.the.data-base.at.the.un�vers�ty.and.then.forwarded.to.the.�nc�dent.command.center.

The.company.Motion Computing Inc.,.based.�n.Aust�n,.Texas,.uses.the.technology.to.help.w�th.�nteroperab�l�ty.�ssues.to.connect.

7

CHAPTER 1—.Emergency.Response:.Empowering First Responders and Citizens

other.w�reless.systems.9.Th�s.dev�ce.works.to.�mprove.workflow.w�th.s�ngle.�ntegrated.data.capture.and.allows.for.fac�l�tat�on.of .real-t�me.commun�cat�ons..It.was.or�g�nally.used.�n.con-sumer.electron�cs.and.gam�ng.appl�cat�ons..Now.th�s.technology.has.been.re�nvented.to.prov�de.much.needed.ass�stance.to.our.emer-gency.responders.

It.�s.�mportant.to.note.that.for.many.of .the.technolog�es.ment�oned.above.to.be.ava�lable,.operab�l�ty.of .the.commun�cat�ons.�nfrastruc-ture.must.ex�st..Dur�ng.d�sasters.the.very.�nfra-structure.that.these.technolog�es.rely.on.to.be.funct�onal.�s.�mpa�red.due.to.the.destruct�ve.nature.of .natural.or.manmade.events..In.order.for.the.technolog�es.to.be.ava�lable.for.emer-gency.response,.plans.and.arrangements.must.be.�n.place.pr�or.to.a.d�saster.at.local,.state.and.

federal.levels.to.allow.for.the.necessary.restora-t�on.of .the.commun�cat�ons.�nfrastructure..

The.Wh�te.House Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned.report.�ncludes.the.rec-ommendat�on.for.commerc�al.rap�dly.deploy-able.commun�cat�ons.capab�l�t�es.to.restore.operab�l�ty.and.ach�eve.�nteroperab�l�ty..It.�s.�mportant.that.federal,.state.and.local.jur�sd�c-t�ons.have.arrangements.to.deploy.commun�ca-t�on.capab�l�t�es.to.augment.ex�st�ng.�nfrastruc-ture.�mpa�red.dur�ng.a.d�saster.and.�ncrease.capac�ty.�n.areas.saturated.w�th.emergency.response.users..Sprint Nextel.has.Emergency.Response.Teams.w�th.scalable.capab�l�t�es.to.rap�dly.deploy.mob�le.�nfrastructure.w�th.sup-port.teams.manag�ng.the.ent�re.effort.and.pro-v�d�ng.support.to.end.users..Operable.commu-n�cat�ons.are.essent�al.to.emergency.response.

8

Secur�ng.our.ports.�s.a.cr�t�cal.aspect.of .pro-tect�ng.the.supply.cha�n..Amer�ca’s.ports.are.an.�ntegral.part.of .the.U.S..economy..

Accord�ng.to.a.study.conducted.by.Mart�n.Assoc�ates,.Un�ted.States.deep-draft.seaports.and.seaport-related.bus�nesses.generated.approx�-mately.8.4.m�ll�on.Amer�can.jobs.and.added.near-ly.$2.tr�ll�on.to.the.economy.10.A.terror�st.attack.at.a.U.S..port.or.a.catastroph�c.event.that.causes.ports.to.shut.down.would.severely.d�srupt.eco-nom�c.act�v�ty..Explo�t�ng.technology.to.enhance.port.secur�ty.w�ll.con-tr�bute.substant�ally.to.strengthen�ng.the.res�l-�ency.of .the.U.S.

Port.secur�ty.has.been.a.major.focus.of .recent.act�on.�n.Congress..The.new.law.�mplement�ng.many.of .the.9/11.Comm�ss�on.recom-mendat�ons.that.had.not.prev�ously.been.addressed.w�ll.requ�re.100.percent.scann�ng.of .cargo.headed.for.Amer�can.ports.by.the.year.2012.11.Technology.�s.now.at.the.forefront.of .th�s.�mplementat�on.requ�rement..Currently,.DHS.pre-screens.many.of .the.sh�pp�ng.compan�es;.once.they.are.prov-

en.cred�ble.all.of .the�r.conta�ners.are.cons�dered.safe.and.not.�nd�v�dually.scanned..The.screen�ng.process.�s.�nadequate.because.�t.assumes.that.the.conta�ner.�s.secure.throughout.the.transport.process..Technology.ex�sts.that.can.neutral�ze.th�s.concern.by.guarantee�ng.conta�ner.secur�ty.throughout.�ts.travel.

Container Security DevicesNew.dev�ces.are.help�ng.to.conta�n.the.fears.that.the.next.d�rty.bomb.can.be.brought.�nto.the.

country.through.our.sh�pp�ng.lanes..A.con-ta�ner.secur�ty.dev�ce.(CSD).has.been.manu-factured.that.w�ll.lock.the.cargo.doors.from.the.�ns�de..The.system.des�gned.by.the.Dutch.f�rm.ZOCA.locks.and.unlocks.the.dev�ce.remotely.12.Handheld.dev�ces.are.d�str�buted.to.customs.off�c�als.and.can.scan.and.relay.

the.barcode.�nformat�on.back.to.the.company.for.ver�f�cat�on..The.company.also.ver�f�es.the.secur�ty.code.and.the.coord�nates.before.access.�s.granted.to.the.conta�ner..Many.compan�es.use.GPS.and.global.prec�p�tat�on.measurement.

Port security:Using Innovation to Protect

Shipping

C H A p T e R 2

9

CHAPTER 2—.Port.Secur�ty: Using Innovation to Protect Shipping

of .Massachusetts,.where.LNG.tankers.and.o�l.product.tankers.dock.and.unload.fuel.near.res�-dent�al.areas..The.explos�on.that.would.result.�f .a.LNG.sh�p.�s.attacked.would.be.d�sastrous.and.could.k�ll.thousands.�n.�ts.path,.accord�ng.to.a.study.on.the.vulnerab�l�ty.of .Tractabel’s.Everett.Boston.fac�l�ty..16.Author�t�es.closed.Boston.to.LNG.�mports.�mmed�ately.follow�ng.September.11,.2001,.and.LNG.tankers.bound.for.the.Massachusetts.port.st�ll.requ�re.U.S..Coast.Guard.escorts.wh�le.200.m�les.at.sea.17

The.future.locat�ng.of .LNG.fac�l�t�es.�n.Boston.and.other.areas.�s.st�ll.a.concern.for.local.res�dents.and.state.and.local.pol�t�c�ans..In.a.letter.to.the.Federal.Energy.Regulatory.Comm�ss�on.oppos�ng.an.LNG.fac�l�ty.planned.near.the.c�ty.of .Fall.R�ver,.then-Governor.M�tt.Romney.of .Massachusetts.expla�ned.that,.“There.�s.s�mply.no.way.that.(�t).makes.sense.to.s�te.an.LNG.fac�l�ty.�n.th�s.locat�on.�n.the.post.9/11.world.”18.

In.order.to.address.these.secur�ty.�ssues.and.stop.a.small.boat.attack,.Foster-Miller, a QinetiQ.company,.has.proposed.development.of .an.advanced.Boat.Trap.system.19.Accord�ng.to.the�r.webs�te,.Boat.Trap.�s.a.non-lethal,.ball�s-t�c.net.that.�s.deployed.from.a.hel�copter.at.h�gh.speed.to.ensnare.the.propellers.of .a.targeted.speedboat,.wh�ch.would.cause.the.craft.to.stop.�mmed�ately..The.system.was.tested.�n.2005.at.Camp.Lejeune,.North.Carol�na.and.at.South.Padre.Island,.Texas,.and.at.CAPEX.demonstra-t�ons.�n.Honolulu,.Hawa��.w�th.100.percent.success..In.add�t�on.to.homeland.secur�ty.pro-

(GPM).technolog�es.�n.order.to.track.cargo,.but.because.these.technolog�es.are.not.ava�lable.everywhere,.ZOCA.partnered.w�th.Iridium Satellite.system.to.mon�tor.sh�pp�ng.conta�ners.remotely.to.further.reduce.the.threat.13

General Electric Global Research.has.also.been.�nvest�ng.t�me.and.money.�nto.the.area.of .port.secur�ty.research.14.The�r.f�rst.generat�on.cargo.secur�ty.technology.�ncludes.a.conta�ner.secur�ty.dev�ce.s�m�lar.to.the.dev�ce.that.ZOCA.has.created..The.CSD.�s.palm-s�zed.and.attaches.to.the.doorjamb.�ns�de.the.conta�ner..The.CSD.commun�cates.�ts.locat�on.and.when.and.where.�t.has.been.opened.to.a.w�reless.reader.at.the.port..When.the.conta�ner.arr�ves.at.the.port,.the.customs.off�c�als.have.access.to.th�s.�nformat�on.as.well..

Wh�le.these.technolog�es.are.�mprov�ng.the.safety.of .our.commerc�al.traff�c,.there.�s.st�ll.concern.that.the.conta�ner.walls.can.be.breached.and.that.the.cargo.conta�ner.can.be.penetrated.by.s�mply.remov�ng.the.ent�re.door..General.Electr�c.�s.focus�ng.�ts.research.to.�nclude.secu-r�ty.prov�s�ons.to.address.these.concerns..L�ght.sensors.and.mot�on.sensors.can.be.added.to.the.�nter�or.of .the.conta�ner,.wh�ch.would.alert.the.manufacturers.and.customs.off�c�als.�f .someone.has.entered.the.conta�ner.through.the.doors.or.through.the.walls..In.add�t�on,.General.Electr�c.Ver�W�se.technology.uses.a.mult�-sensor.network.to.track.the.cargo.and.report.on.env�ronmental.cond�t�ons.of .the.cargo,.such.as.temperature..Th�s.technology.could.be.moved.�ns�de.of .the.cargo.conta�ner.at.the.beg�nn�ng.of .�ts.del�very..

protecting ShipsCargo.sh�ps.are.not.�mmune.from.attacks.e�ther..The.USS.Cole.was.attacked.�n.2000.by.a.small.boat.carry�ng.explos�ves..In.2002,.the.L�mburg.o�l.tanker.was.attacked.by.a.small.boat.f�lled.w�th.explos�ves,.wh�ch.k�lled.one.crew.member.and.sent.more.than.90,000.barrels.of .o�l.�nto.the.Gulf .of .Aden.15.Concerns.over.attacks.on.the.sh�pp�ng.�ndustry.were.understandably.elevated.after.September.11,.2001..

Small.boat.attacks.on.L�qu�d.Natural.Gas.(LNG).sh�ps.are.a.part�cular.concern.for.the.state.

ACCORDING TO A STUDY CONDUCTED BY

MARTIN ASSOCIATES, UNITED STATES DEEP-

DRAFT SEAPORTS AND SEAPORT-RELATED

BUSINESSES GENERATED APPROXIMATELY

8.4 MILLION AMERICAN JOBS AND ADDED

NEARLY $2 TRILLION TO THE ECONOMY.


10

tect�on.for.ports,.the.new.system.could.also.be.used.by.the.Coast.Guard.for.drug.�nterd�ct�ons.

Sh�ps.can.also.be.targeted.underwater.by.�nd�v�duals.or.w�th.explos�ve.dev�ces..The.Underwater.Port.Secur�ty.System.(UPSS).�s.a.comb�nat�on.of .an.Underwater.Inspect�on.System.and.an.Integrated.Ant�-Sw�mmer.System..The.UPSS.�s.a.portable.dev�ce.that.can.be.used.w�th.any.sh�p..The.Underwater.Inspect�on.system.uses.d�vers.or.a.remote.dev�ce.that.can.be.used.when.cond�t�ons.are.dangerous.to.look.for.any.ev�dence.of .tamper-�ng.w�th.the.hull.of .the.sh�p.or.dev�ces.under.the.p�ers..

The.Integrated.Ant�-Sw�mmer.system.uses.h�gh-frequency.sonar.�mages.to.detect.that.�t.�s.�ndeed.a.sw�mmer.and.not.some.sort.of .mar�ne.mammal.or.another.object..The.Coast.Guard.has.also.tested.th�s.system.w�th.sw�mmers.to.try.to.fool.�t..Accord�ng.to.Petty.Off�cer.2nd.Class.Jachob.Sm�th,.“We’ve.had.the.d�vers.go.at.the.system.at.all.speeds.and.from.all.angles,.and.�t.detects.them.every.t�me.”

This Fido Needs No BoneThe.Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002.(SAFETY).was.enacted.by.Congress.to.encourage.the.development.and.deployment.of .new.and.�nnovat�ve.ant�-terror-�sm.products.and.serv�ces.by.prov�d�ng.l�ab�l�ty.protect�ons..The.law.affords.s�gn�f�cant.legal.l�ab�l�ty.protect�ons.for.prov�ders.of .Qual�f�ed.Ant�-Terror�sm.Technolog�es,.wh�ch.covers.both.products.and.serv�ces..Th�s.des�gnat�on.has.encouraged.the.development.and.operat�on.of .ant�-terror�sm.technolog�es.that.otherw�se.m�ght.be.delayed.or.abandoned.because.of .l�ab�l�ty.concerns.

The.F�do.un�t,.created.by.a.Wash�ngton.D.C..based.company, ICx,.�s.one.of .the.products.w�th.the.SAFETY.Act.preferred.status.des�g-nat�on..F�do.�s.a.bomb.sn�ff�ng.dev�ce.that.�s.handheld.or.can.be.mounted.on.a.veh�cle.or.robot..The.appl�cat�ons.are.w�despread..The.Transportat�on.Secur�ty.Adm�n�strat�on.(TSA).began.p�lot-test�ng.the.un�ts.to.screen.sealed.l�qu�d.bottles,.and.the.D�str�ct.of .Columb�a.Department.of .Park.and.Recreat�on.used.them.to.scan.the.Nat�onal.Mall.for.explos�ves.

Accord�ng.to.ICx’s.webs�te,.“F�do.explos�ves.detectors.ut�l�ze.propr�etary.ampl�fy�ng.fluores-cence.polymers.(AFP).to.detect.trace.levels.of .explos�ve.mater�als.�n.parts.per.quadr�ll�on.(ppq)..Th�s.level.of .detect�on.�s.comparable.to.that.of .h�ghly.tra�ned.explos�ves.detect�on.can�nes,.the.gold.standard.�n.explos�ves.detect�on.technolo-gy..Unl�ke.the.alternat�ve,.the.exqu�s�te.sens�t�v�ty.of .the.F�do.supports.detect�on.of .both.explo-s�ve.vapor.and.part�culates.w�thout.the.need.to.mod�fy.the.system.�n.any.way..Th�s.un�que.des�gn.enables.prev�ously.unheard.of .funct�onal-�ty.for.explos�ves.detect�on.equ�pment.”

The.portab�l�ty.of .the.equ�pment.�s.�deal.�n.a.port.where.�t.�s.not.feas�ble.to.have.a.s�ngle.checkpo�nt..There.�s.also.very.l�ttle.tra�n�ng.�nvolved.w�th.the.equ�pment;.th�s.contrasts.w�th.that.of .a.K-9.un�t.where.the.Explos�ve.Detect�on.K-9.course.�s.a.ten.week.program.for.the.handlers.and.the.dogs.rece�ve.s�x.weeks.of .tra�n�ng.on.explos�ve.odors.pr�or.to.meet�ng.the�r.handlers,.accord�ng.to.the.North.Amer�can.Pol�ce.Work.Dog.Assoc�at�on...ICx.�s.also.work-�ng.on.long-term.solut�ons.to.prov�de.new.low-cost,.easy-to-use.capab�l�t�es.for.the.detect�on.of .explos�ves.on.f�sh�ng.boats,.conta�ner.vessels,.pleasure.boats.and.other.watercraft..

11

The.Un�ted.States.ground.transportat�on.system,.wh�ch.�ncludes.ra�l,.mass.tran-s�t.and.truck�ng,.affects.all.Amer�cans.

and.�s.a.v�tal.part.of .our.economy..Accord�ng.to.the.Amer�can.Truck�ng.Assoc�at�on,.�n.2005.truckers.hauled.10.7.b�ll�on.tons.of .fre�ght..Th�s.accounted.for.68.9.percent.of .the.fre�ght.moved.�n.the.country..The.ra�lroads.carr�ed.more.than.30.m�ll�on.ra�l.cars.loaded.w�th.coal,.chem�cals,.lumber,.food.and.automob�les..Protect�ng.cr�t�-cal.�nfrastructure.�s.essent�al.to.our.economy..Only.recently.has.ra�l.and.ground.transportat�on.rece�ved.suff�c�ent.attent�on.from.federal.pol�-cymakers..Improving America’s Security Act of 2007.w�ll.appropr�ate.more.than.$4.b�ll�on.over.four.years.for.ra�l,.trans�t,.and.bus.secur�ty.grants..Add�t�onally,.the.br�dge.collapse.�n.M�nnesota.has.prec�p�tated.he�ghtened.�nterest.�n.Congress.�n.strengthen�ng.our.ag�ng.�nfrastructure..Increased.federal.�nvestment.should.complement.efforts.already.be�ng.undertaken.by.the.states.and.pr�vate.compan�es..

Smuggl�ng.of .weapons.of .mass.destruct�on.�nto.the.U.S..v�a.trucks.has.always.been.a.major.concern,.but.border.secur�ty.must.be.balanced.w�th.susta�n�ng.the.commerc�al.act�v�ty.that.th�s.nat�on.rel�es.upon..Many.of .the.trucks.that.pass.through.our.borders.from.Mex�co.and.Canada.are.g�ven.spec�al.status.under.the.North.Amer�can.Free.Trade.Agreement.(NAFTA).and.now.under.the.Customs-Trade.Partnersh�p.

Aga�nst.Terror�sm.(C-TPAT).program..If .the.compan�es.are.cert�f�ed.under.NAFTA.or.C-TPAT,.they.are.allowed.to.move.through.the.“Green.Lane”.at.the.border.w�th.an.exped�ted.�nspect�on.process..

electronic ManifestsIn.October.2006,.U.S..Customs.and.Border.Protect�on.(CBP).mandated.that.fore�gn.trucks.transm�t.advance.man�fest.�nformat�on.before.enter�ng.the.Un�ted.States.through.land.ports.of .entry.20.Ma�ne.and.M�nnesota.are.the.latest.states.to.beg�n.us�ng.the.system;.they.have.90.days.to.use.and.test.the.system.and.w�ll.be.fully.opera-t�onal.beg�nn�ng.October.16,.2007.

Truck�ng.compan�es.are.adapt�ng.to.the.new.secur�ty.demands.and.comply�ng.w�th.the.add�-t�onal.requ�rements..“CTA.and.the.prov�nc�al.truck�ng.assoc�at�ons.have.been.work�ng.d�rectly.w�th.carr�ers,.CBP.and.U.S..customs.brokers.to.resolve.techn�cal.�ssues.�n.order.to.make.e-man�fest.funct�onal..Th�s.has.been.a.d�ff�cult.and.long.process,.but.much.has.been.accompl�shed,”.sa�d.Canad�an.Transportat�on.Author�ty.Ch�ef .Execut�ve.Off�cer.Dav�d.Bradley.�n.a.press.release.

Electron�c.man�fests.are.an.�mportant.tool.�n.�dent�fy�ng.potent�al.smuggl�ng.attempts.by.work-ers.and.terror�sts.al�ke..Compan�es.l�ke.Maddocks Systems Inc.,.headquartered.�n.Beachwood.Oh�o,.are.prov�d�ng.a.valuable.asset.�n.the.f�ght.aga�nst.

C H A p T e R 3

Transportation: Practical Solutions to Protecting

the Supply Chain


12

smuggl�ng.and.terror�sm..These.electron�c.man�-fests.also.prov�de.add�t�onal.benef�ts.to.the.car-r�ers,.�nclud�ng.reduct�on.of .process�ng.t�mes.at.ports.and.the.ab�l�ty.to.track.the.status.of .crew,.conveyances,.equ�pment,.and.sh�pments,.such.as.not�ces.that.sh�pments.have.arr�ved,.are.be�ng.held,.or.have.been.released.

emergency Shut-Off ValvesThe.transport.of .chem�cals.across.the.country.also.represents.a.ser�ous.publ�c.safety.concern..Respond�ng.to.the.threat,.the.U.S..Chem�cal.Safety.and.Hazard.Invest�gat�on.Board.(CSB).�ssued.a.safety.bullet�n.�n.June.2007.to.empha-s�ze.the.�mportance.of .�nstall�ng,.test�ng,.and.ma�nta�n�ng.chlor�ne.detect�on.and.emergency.shutdown.dev�ces.on.chlor�ne.ra�l.car.transfer.systems.21.The.chlor�ne.threat.�s.not.hypothet�-cal..In.M�ssour�,.a.2002.chlor�ne.release.caused.by.a.faulty.emergency.shutdown.system.d�s-charged.48,000.pounds.of .chem�cals.�nto.the.a�r..Hundreds.of .res�dents.were.evacuated.or.sheltered-�n-place.

Accord�ng.to.the.Occupat�onal.Safety.and.Health.Adm�n�strat�on.(OSHA),.severe.acute.effects.of .chlor�ne.exposure.�n.humans.have.been.well.documented.s�nce.World.War.I,.when.chlor�ne.gas.was.used.as.a.chem�cal.warfare.agent..Other.severe.exposures.have.resulted.from.the.acc�dental.rupture.of .chlor�ne.tanks..These.exposures.have.caused.death,.lung.con-gest�on,.pulmonary.edema,.pneumon�a,.pleu-r�sy,.and.bronch�t�s.22.Chlor�ne.�s.an.�mportant.chem�cal.used.�n.the.manufacture.of .bleach,.pharmaceut�cals.and.for.water.pur�f�cat�on.

The.CSB.has.found.that.approx�mately.30.percent.of .ra�l.cars.do.not.have.emergency.shut-down.dev�ces.�nstalled..Pr�vate.manufacturers.are.produc�ng.emergency.shut.off .valves.that.f�ll.th�s.need..

Powell Fabrication and Manufacturing Inc.’s.Emergency.Gas.Shut.Off .Valve.Closure.Systems.are.des�gned.to.prevent.s�gn�f�cant.releases.of .hazardous.gases.l�ke.chlor�ne.23.In.the.case.of .an.acc�dental.release,.the.emergency.valve.closure.system.w�ll.close.the.valves.�n.ten.seconds.or.less,.effect�vely.prevent�ng.further.release.from.the.conta�ner.

Inst�tut�ng.the.CSB’s.recommendat�ons.throughout.the.ra�l.system.�s.essent�al.to.pro-tect�ng.our.commun�t�es..“Chlor�ne.�s.a.very.useful,.but.h�ghly.tox�c.substance.that.needs.appropr�ate.safeguards.to.prevent.releases.and.protect.the.publ�c,”.sa�d.safety.board.member.John.Bresland..Technolog�cal.advances.ava�lable.on.the.market.w�ll.fac�l�tate.the.safe.and.orderly.transport.of .th�s.key.commod�ty....

protecting the Rails Through public/private partnershipsHazardous.mater�als.travel.through.major.met-ropol�tan.areas.�n.the.U.S.on.a.da�ly.bas�s..The.nat�on’s.economy.�s.dependent.on.the.move-ment.of .these.mater�als.across.the.country;.were.an.attack.to.be.carr�ed.out,.the.homeland.secur�ty.�mpl�cat�ons.of .such.an.attack.would.be.enormous..An.acc�dent.or.terror�st.attack.aga�nst.a.tra�n.carry�ng.hazardous.mater�als.wh�le.travel�ng.through.a.heav�ly.populated.area.could.endanger.m�ll�ons.of .people.and.severely.d�srupt.an.�nd�spensable.part.of .our.transporta-t�on.system..Close.collaborat�on.between.the.publ�c.and.pr�vate.sectors.�s.requ�red.to.deal.w�th.th�s.challenge.

Author�t�es.�n.New.Jersey,.New.York.and.Kentucky.have.formed.partnersh�ps.w�th.CSX Transportation (CSXT).to.address.th�s.�ssue.24.“Ensur�ng.that.our.fre�ght.ra�l.system.�s.secure.�s.a.top.pr�or�ty.for.my.adm�n�strat�on,”.sa�d.New.Jersey.Governor.Jon.Corz�ne..“CSXT.deserves.cred�t.for.stepp�ng.up.and.serv�ng.as.a.model.for.a.collaborat�ve.publ�c/pr�vate.secur�ty.�n�t�at�ve.”25

13

CHAPTER 3—.Transportat�on: Practical Solutions to Protecting the Supply Chain

The.partnersh�p.between.the.three.states.and.the.ra�l.�ndustry.enhances.secur�ty.by.fac�l�tat-�ng.commun�cat�on.and.�nformat�on.shar�ng.between.relevant.government.author�t�es.and.CSXT.regard�ng.resources.and.the.ra�lroad’s.�nfrastructure..CSXT.has.also.allowed.access.to.�ts.Network.Operat�ons.Workstat�on.(NOW.System).to.state.secur�ty.and.law.enforcement.off�c�als..Accord�ng.to.CSXT,.the.system.�s.an.onl�ne.tool.that.enables.state.off�c�als.to.�ndependently.track.the.locat�on.of .the.tra�ns.and.prov�des.contents.of .ra�l.cars.be�ng.hauled.to.each.state..All.states.w�ll.analyze.the.data.through.the�r.local.�ntell�gence.fus�on.centers...

Access.to.the.system.allows.states.to.pro-

v�de.an.enhanced.s�tuat�onal.awareness.to.f�rst.responders.dur�ng.an.emergency..The.l�st.of .chem�cals.would.be.prov�ded.as.well.as.loca-t�on.of .the.tra�n..Because.the.events.are.be�ng.mon�tored.on.a.da�ly.bas�s,.any.emergency.that.ar�ses.w�ll.be.responded.to.�mmed�ately..Th�s.�mproves.the.effect�veness.of .the.clean-up.and.the.response.t�me.of .the.f�rst.responders..In.add�t�on,.New.Jersey,.New.York,.Kentucky.and.CSXT.are.tak�ng.further.steps.by.conduct�ng.jo�nt.law.enforcement.and.emergency.responder.tra�n�ng,.prov�d�ng.the.state.and.the�r.commun�-t�es.a.l�st.of .hazardous.mater�als,.and.undertak-�ng.jo�nt.�n�t�at�ves.to.reduce.vulnerab�l�t�es.at.cr�t�cal.po�nts..

14

The.9/11.Comm�ss�on.c�ted.that.the.�nab�l�ty.to.commun�cate.was.a.cr�t�-cal.element.at.the.World.Trade.Center,.

Pentagon,.and.Somerset.County,.Pennsylvan�a.crash.s�tes,.where.mult�ple.agenc�es.and.mult�ple.jur�sd�ct�ons.responded..The.comm�ss�on.found.that.compat�ble.and.adequate.commun�cat�ons.among.publ�c.safety.organ�zat�ons.at.the.local,.state,.and.federal.levels.rema�ns.a.problem.and.must.be.addressed..States.have.begun.to.recog-n�ze.how.v�tal.�t.�s.for.all.emergency.responders.to.be.able.to.commun�cate.qu�ckly.and.effec-t�vely.�n.t�mes.of .emergency..

In.general,.�nteroperab�l�ty.refers.to.the.ab�l-�ty.of .emergency.responders.to.work.seamlessly.w�th.other.systems.or.products.w�thout.any.

spec�al.effort..W�reless.commun�cat�ons.�nterop-erab�l�ty.spec�f�cally.refers.to.the.ab�l�ty.of .emer-gency.response.off�c�als.to.share.�nformat�on.v�a.vo�ce.and.data.s�gnals.on.demand,.�n.real.t�me,.when.needed,.and.as.author�zed..For.example,.when.commun�cat�ons.systems.are.�nteroperable,.pol�ce.and.f�ref�ghters.respond�ng.to.a.rout�ne.�nc�dent.can.talk.to.each.other.to.coord�nate.efforts..Commun�cat�ons.�nteroperab�l�ty.also.makes.�t.poss�ble.for.emergency.response.agen-c�es.respond�ng.to.catastroph�c.acc�dents.or.d�sasters.to.work.effect�vely.together..F�nally,.�t.allows.emergency.response.personnel.to.max�-m�ze.resources.�n.plann�ng.for.major.pred�ctable.events.such.as.the.Super.Bowl.or.an.�naugura-t�on,.or.for.d�saster.rel�ef .and.recovery.efforts.

There.are.a.var�ety.of .challenges.to.�nteroper-ab�l�ty:.some.are.techn�cal,.some.f�nanc�al,.and.some.stem.from.human.factors.such.as.�nad-equate.plann�ng.and.lack.of .awareness.of .the.real.�mportance.of .�nteroperab�l�ty..Accord�ng.to.a.report.publ�shed.�n.February.2003.by.the.Nat�onal.Task.Force.on.Interoperab�l�ty,.the.emergency.response.commun�ty.v�ews.the.fol-low�ng.as.the.key.�ssues.hamper�ng.emergency.response.w�reless.commun�cat�ons:•. Incompat�ble.and.ag�ng.commun�cat�ons..

equ�pment;.•. L�m�ted.and.fragmented.budget.cycles.and..

fund�ng;.

Interoperability:The Missing Link

in Emergency Response

C H A p T e R 4

“COMMUNICATIONS IN

NEBRASKA IS NOT GEE-WHIZ.

WHAT WE’VE DONE IS NOT

FLASHY, BUT IT WORKS.”

—AL BERNDT, NEBRASKA

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

AGENCY ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

15

CHAPTER 4—.Interoperab�l�ty:.The Missing Link in Emergency Response

•. L�m�ted.and.fragmented.plann�ng.and.coord�-nat�on;.

•. L�m�ted.and.fragmented.rad�o.spectrum;.and•. L�m�ted.equ�pment.standards.

Linking RespondersLaw.enforcement,.f�re.serv�ce,.emergency.med�cal.serv�ce,.and.other.emergency.response.personnel.are.mak�ng.progress.towards.effec-t�ve.and.modern.m�ss�on.cr�t�cal.commun�ca-t�on.systems..Spend�ng.hab�ts.�n.the.states.are.also.reflect�ng.th�s.focus..Federal.grant.funds.

have.sh�fted.from.spend�ng.28.percent.on.commun�cat�ons.equ�pment.�n.2003,.to.over.70.percent.�n.2006..Much.of .the.commun�cat�ons.equ�pment.used.by.emergency.responders.�s.be�ng.upgraded.to.the.Project.25.(P25).su�te.of .standards-based.d�g�tal.equ�pment,.wh�ch.�mproves.commun�cat�on.between.state.and.local.governments.and.between.ne�ghbor�ng.local.jur�sd�ct�ons..A.partnersh�p.among.user.representat�ves.from.federal.agenc�es,.state.and.local.governments,.plus.�ndustry.manufacturers.�s.dr�v�ng.a.standards.process.that.enables.the.

by identifying the blackout area through its alarm and control capabilities. Recently, MPSCS has pro-vided interoperable communications for multiple agencies for large-scale events like the 2005 All-Star Game and the 2006 Super Bowl.

STARCOM21 is a statewide digital Project 25 (P25) trunked mobile radio system built, owned and operated by Motorola in partnership with the State of Illinois. STARCOM21 provides public safety agencies with the sophisticated tools they need to do their jobs more effectively plus the interoperability to allow communications with federal, state and local agencies. Participating public safety agencies pay Motorola a monthly fee, based on a contract-specified service level to utilize the network.

Another essential quality of the STARCOM21 solution is the incorporation of 700 MHz spec-trum into the design. STARCOM21 users have the opportunity to immediately take advantage of this additional spectrum since most of the State of Illinois is clear of the incumbent TV broadcasters in the band. The STARCOM21 architecture will accommodate the new spectrum and allow for continued growth of the network.

New spectrum provides the needed capacity for the expansion and continued build-out of mis-sion critical systems. The DTV bill which Congress recently passed will clear 24 MHz of new spec-trum for critically important public safety interop-erable communications and provide $1 billion for new public safety radios. The new 700MHz spectrum can provide a graceful migration path to P25 standards-based solutions and will bring added features.

“Wireless communica-tions is a critical tool for our nation’s public safety agencies, especially given today’s heightened homeland security concerns. It is the mechanism for providing

our first responders with the right information at the right time and in the right place, whether that information is transferred via voice, data, or images. Spectrum designated for exclusive use by public safety is the lifeline to their emergency response, detection and prevention capabilities. Simply put, without access to adequate spec-trum, wireless communications cannot take place, effectively and ubiquitously.” Gregory Brown, President and Chief Operating Officer of Motorola, in prepared testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, June 11, 2003

The State of Michigan “Michigan Public Safety Communications System” (MPSCS) pro-vides a perfect example of statewide shared networks that serve the communications needs for multiple levels of government. The August 2003 blackout, which was the largest in United States history, proved the value of MPSCS. While commercial wireless carriers were failing due to overuse and lack of emergency power systems at their tower sites, MPSCS continued to provide dependable uninterrupted communi-cations to its users. MPSCS also played a role to State of Michigan Emergency Management through its Network Communications Center,

Motorola in the States


16

offer�ng,.compet�t�ve.procurement,.and.opera-t�on.of .�nteroperable.d�g�tal.two-way.w�reless.commun�cat�ons.products.and.systems.that.meet.m�ss�on.cr�t�cal.needs.of .publ�c.safety.pract�t�oners..

A.key.enabler.for.�nteroperab�l�ty.�s.the.ex�s-tence.or.planned.deployment.of .statew�de.or.reg�onal.publ�c.safety.networks..Many.states.and.reg�ons.have.s�gn�f�cant.�nvestments.�n.large-scale.shared.networks..These.networks.offer.a.h�gh.degree.of .�nteroperab�l�ty.w�th�n.the�r.geograph�c.coverage.areas.and.can.be.l�nked.to.other.networks.through.gateways..To.date,.th�rty-one.states.have.or.are.�n.the.process.of .deploy�ng.statew�de.networks.(three.more.are.currently.�n.procurement)..Recent.trends.towards.reg�onal,.mult�-jur�sd�ct�onal.and.mult�-d�sc�pl�nary.approaches.can.meet.the.needs.of .c�ty,.county.and.local.users.wh�le.�mprov�ng.day-to-day.m�ss�on.effect�veness.and.�nc�dent.response.�nteroperab�l�ty.when.needed...

In.Nebraska,.stud�es.conducted.as.early.as.1992.found.gaps.�n.rad�o.coverage,.outdated.equ�pment,.and.�ncompat�ble.commun�cat�ons.systems..Accord�ng.to.the.ass�stant.d�rector.of .the.Nebraska.Emergency.Management.Agency,.Al.Berndt,.“Commun�cat�ons.�n.Nebraska.�s.not.gee-wh�z..What.we’ve.done.�s.not.flashy,.but.�t.works.”.W�th.federal.dollars,.Nebraska.has.acqu�red.hand-held.rad�os.and.car-mounted.mob�le.rad�os.and.pagers,.bu�lt.new.towers,.and.replaced.old.d�spatcher.consoles...

Wh�le.standards.for.compat�b�l�ty.and.�nteroperab�l�ty.may.address.commun�cat�ons.between.d�sparate.technolog�es,.they.do.not.address.the.need.to.commun�cate.across.sys-tems.and.rad�os.operat�ng.�n.d�fferent.frequency.bands..Mult�-band.and.software.def�ned.rad�o.technology.w�ll.allow.f�rst.responders.to.roam.and.operate.d�rectly.on.systems.that.employ.d�f-ferent.spectrum..To.fac�l�tate.commun�cat�ons.between.urban.f�rst.responders.us�ng.an.800.MHz.trunked.rad�o.system.and.a.rural.sher�ff .w�th.a.h�gh.band.rad�o.system,.compan�es.l�ke.Communications-Applied Technology, C-AT,.a.V�rg�n�a.based,.veteran-owned,.small.bus�ness.telecommun�cat�ons.company,.are.look�ng.to.support.state.agenc�es.and.�ncorpo-rate.rap�dly.deployable.solut�ons.that.w�ll.allow.for.qu�ck.set-up.dur�ng.a.natural.d�saster.or.man-made.�nc�dent.27.

Accord�ng.to.the.company’s.webs�te,.the.Inc�dent.Commanders’.Rad�o.Interface.(ICRI).prov�des.for.tact�cal.rad�o.�nteroperab�l�ty.for.emergency.response.personnel,.and.�ntercon-nects.mun�c�pal.publ�c.safety.rad�os,.state.and.federal.rad�os.and.telephone.�n.just.a.couple.of .m�nutes.through.the.unmanned.ICRI..It.also.helps.to.enhance.the.rad�o.l�nk.between.an.emergency.response.team.operat�ng.�n.areas.of .poor.rad�o.frequency.transm�ss�on,.such.as.�n.tunnels.or.bu�ld�ngs..DHS.has.also.seen.the.value.�n.prov�d�ng.small.commun�t�es.w�th.tac-t�cal.�nteroperable.commun�cat�ons.equ�pment..Under.the.Commerc�al.Equ�pment.D�rect.Ass�stance.Program.(CEDAP).program,.FEMA.d�str�buted.71.of .the.ICRI.dev�ces.to.select.smaller.commun�t�es.w�th.populat�ons.of .less.than.100,000.people.

In.New.Jersey,.the.Mount.Laurel.pol�ce.department.has.been.a.rec�p�ent.of .the.CEDAP.program..The.�nterface.has.been.extremely.suc-cessful.�n.solv�ng.the.�nteroperab�l�ty.�ssues.they.have.been.hav�ng..The.New.Jersey.State.Pol�ce.operate.on.800.MHz.and.w�ll.be.mov�ng.to.the.d�g�tal.700.MHz.frequency.�n.the.near.future..Other.agenc�es.�n.the.area.can.be.found.on.VHF.and.UHF..Accord�ng.to.MLPD.L�eutenant.Joseph.Lehmann.Jr.,.“Hav�ng.an.ICRI.w�ll.really.

“HAVING AN ICRI WILL REALLY MAKE A

DIFFERENCE BECAUSE WE RESPOND TO A

LOT OF MUTUAL-AID SITUATIONS, AND IT

WILL HELP US BRING EVERYONE TOGETHER

AND HELP US DO OUR JOBS BETTER.”

—MOUNT LAUREL (NJ) POLICE DEPARTMENT

LIEUTENANT JOSEPH LEHMANN JR.

17


make.a.d�fference.because.we.respond.to.a.lot.of .mutual-a�d.s�tuat�ons,.and.�t.w�ll.help.us.br�ng.everyone.together.and.help.us.do.our.jobs.better.”..In.the.future.c�t�es.may.opt.for.other.solut�ons.�nclud�ng.w�reless.�nfrastructure.and.Internet.Protocol.(IP)solut�ons,.but.because.these.alternat�ves.are.years.away.from.funct�on-al�ty,.an.�nterface.system.w�ll.be.extremely.help-ful.for.f�re,.EMS.and.law.enforcement.�n.the.short.term.

The.challenge.for.the.federal.government.�n.the.area.of .�nteroperab�l�ty.does.not.end.w�th.fund�ng.for.equ�pment..Equ�pment.for.our.f�rst.responders.�s.a.pr�or�ty,.but.along.w�th.that.should.come.ded�cated.fund�ng.for.ma�nte-nance,.updat�ng.software,.and.on-go�ng.tra�n�ng.for.new.software..If .there.�s.not.an.�nvestment.�n.the.long.term.v�ab�l�ty.of .the.equ�pment,.�t.w�ll.s�t.stat�onary.and.the.federal.mon�es.w�ll.be.wasted.�n.the.long.run..E�ther.the.federal.government.needs.to.ded�cate.fund�ng.for.long-term.strateg�es.or.the.states.need.to.show.that.they.can.support.th�s.technology.for.long-term.pr�or.to.rece�v�ng.fund�ng..

In.add�t�on.to.C-AT,.Motorola.�s.work�ng.to.develop.mult�-band.rad�o.capab�l�ty.and.soft-ware.based.waveforms.to.overcome.frequency.l�m�tat�ons.to.land.mob�le.rad�o.(LMR).based.commun�cat�ons.technology.28.Motorola.also.recogn�zes.that.pr�vate.IP.networks.and.the.Internet.offer.great.potent�al.for.address�ng.�nteroperab�l�ty.barr�ers.w�th.the.vast.number.of .d�sparate.systems.�n.operat�on.today..Accord�ng.to.B�ll.Anaya,.Motorola’s.v�ce.pres�dent.of .government.relat�ons,.“as.opposed.to.the.new.d�g�tal.systems.go�ng.�n.today.that.are.based.on.the.open.P25.standard,.many.legacy.LMR.commun�cat�ons.systems.�n.use.today.are.w�dely.�ncompat�ble,.they.do.not.fac�l�tate.commun�ca-t�on.w�th.users.on.other.systems.under.normal.operat�ng.cond�t�ons..Gett�ng.these.d�sparate.systems.to.support.�nteroperab�l�ty.�s.a.chal-lenge.due.to.d�fferent.operat�ng.frequenc�es.and.types.of .technolog�es..Motorola.�s.del�ver�ng.IP-based.�nteroperab�l�ty.solut�ons.that.can.connect.users.on.any.network,.any.technology.and.any.frequency.band.for.vo�ce.�nteroperab�l�ty.”.

In.2005,.the.State.of .Georg�a.used.fund-�ng.from.the.Law.Enforcement.Terror�st.Prevent�on.Program.to.procure.a.statew�de.IP-based.�nteroperab�l�ty.solut�on.�ntended.to.address.the.commun�cat�ons.challenges.faced.�n.metro.Atlanta.and.other.parts.of .the.state..The.state.awarded.a.phased.�mplementat�on.contract.to.Motorola.for.a.MOTOBRIDGE.IP.solut�on..Today,.th�s.phased.approach.to.a.reg�onal.system.�n.metropol�tan.Atlanta.�s.con-nect�ng.d�sparate.systems.�n.l�eu.of .a.statew�de.system..Gradual.deployment.m�n�m�zes.the.budget.�mpact.wh�le.mak�ng.steady.progress.toward.the.�nteroperab�l�ty.results.needed.by.f�rst.responders.�n.the.reg�on..

Aiding emergency personnelHurr�cane.Katr�na.brought.many.challenges.for.emergency.responders..F�rst.responders.had.to.contend.w�th.power.outages,.f�res,.flood�ng,.and.commun�cat�ons.�ssues..Long.d�stance.commu-n�cat�on.was.affected.because.the.sw�tch.con-troll�ng.the.phone.l�nes.was.located.below.sea.level;.w�th.reports.of .flood�ng.�n.the.area,.the.sw�tch.had.to.be.powered.down..The.flood�ng.made.�t.extremely.d�ff�cult.to.get.the.personnel.on.s�te.to.gauge.the.extent.of .repa�rs.

Sprint Nextel.partnered.w�th.the.Amer�can.Red.Cross.dur�ng.Hurr�cane.Katr�na.to.prov�de.w�reless.phones.and.serv�ce.to.enable.cr�t�-cal.commun�cat�on.�n.order.to.ensure.speedy.recovery.of .v�ct�ms.and.d�str�but�on.of .sup-pl�es.29.The.company.was.prepar�ng.days.before.the.storm.h�t.by.pre-pos�t�on�ng.resources.for.the.recovery.efforts..The.bus�ness.cont�nu�ty.off�ce.referenced.the�r.L�v�ng.D�saster.Recovery.Plann�ng.and.ensured.that.all.personnel.were.ava�lable.and.on-s�te.to.ass�st.dur�ng.the.d�sas-ter..W�th�n.three.days,.the.command.post.was.up.and.runn�ng..The.Spr�nt.Nextel.command.post.�ncluded.a.mess.tent,.showers,.approx�-mately.40.RVs.and.a.hel�copter.that.was.used.for.�n�t�al.damage.assessments.

The.company.est�mated.that.damages.to.�ts.network.�nfrastructure.were.between.$150-200.m�ll�on..The.�nfrastructure.had.been.dam-aged.over.a.90,000.square.m�le,.three-state.


18

reg�on..Reta�l.stores.were.damaged.and.all.the.rel�ef .for.�mpacted.customers.was.very.costly..Accord�ng.to.Greg.Fenell,.d�rector,.bus�ness.cont�nuat�on,.Spr�nt.Nextel,.“It’s.pretty.close.to.a.worst.case.scenar�o;.�t.�s.the.largest.escalat�on.we’ve.had.�n.a.long.t�me..Our.w�reless.and.long.d�stance.networks.were.really.�mpacted..The.only.th�ng.worse.would.be.a.major.earthquake.�n.Los.Angeles.or.San.Franc�sco.”30

Through.all.th�s.damage.to.the�r.own.opera-t�ons,.the�r.Spr�nt.Nextel.Emergency.Response.Teams.were.d�rectly.�nvolved.�n.the.d�str�bu-t�on.of .D�rect.TalkSM-enabled.mob�le.phones.to.emergency.responders..“D�rect.Talk.�s.an.off-network.walk�e-talk�e.serv�ce.that.allows.enabled.phones.to.commun�cate.handset-to-handset.w�th�n.a.range.of .up.to.6.m�les.(terra�n,.structures,.and.other.env�ronmental.factors.perm�tt�ng),.completely.�ndependently.of .any.w�reless.network.”.They.del�vered.over.20,000.phones.to.110.state,.local.and.federal.emer-gency.personnel.�n.the.affected.areas.enabl�ng.operable.and.�nteroperable.commun�cat�ons..They.also.deployed.f�ve.Satell�te.Cell.S�tes.On-L�ght.Trucks.�n.the.affected.areas.to.prov�de.enhanced.serv�ce.and.augment.ex�st�ng.�nfra-structure.damaged.by.the.hurr�cane.

The.ass�stance.they.prov�ded.to.the.states.also.enabled.them.to.speed.recovery.to.the�r.own.operat�ons..Spr�nt.Nextel.personnel.were.placed.�n.the.Emergency.Operat�ons.Centers.(EOC’s).at.the.state.and.local.levels..Through.th�s.partnersh�p.they.could.learn.f�rst.hand.wh�ch.areas.power.was.be�ng.restored.to.and.could.rap�dly.deploy.personnel.to.those.areas.to.restore.phone.serv�ce..Because.the.Spr�nt.Nextel.personnel.were.based.�n.the.EOC’s,.th�s.access.also.author�zed.them.to.move.qu�ckly.through.checkpo�nts.to.prov�de.serv�ce.to.cus-tomers.and.to.prov�de.commun�cat�on.s�tua-t�onal.awareness.to.local.and.state.off�c�als..The.partnersh�p.w�th.the.state,.the.Amer�can.Red.Cross.and.pr�vate.bus�ness.served.an.essent�al.role.�n.the.response.to.th�s.d�saster..It.not.only.fac�l�tated.returned.serv�ce.to.the.people.�n.New.Orleans,.but.also.to.the.emergency.responders.and.state.author�t�es.

A Capital IdeaAlcatel-Lucent.has.partnered.w�th.the.Nat�onal.Cap�tal.Reg�on.�n.order.to.bu�ld.a.w�reless.broadband.network.needed.to.manage.the.many.d�fferent.mun�c�pal�t�es.�n.the.reg�on..Th�s.�s.the.f�rst.w�reless.network.establ�shed.�n.the.states.for.emergency.response..Th�s.Reg�onal.W�reless.Broadband.Network.w�ll.be.based.on.off-the-shelf .technology.and.w�ll.g�ve.the.pol�ce.and.f�re.f�ghters.access.to.send.�mages.through.the.network.wh�ch.could.�nclude.blue.pr�nts,.maps,.and.photos.of .suspected.targets..Motorola.also.played.a.role.�n.th�s.broadband.network.by.develop�ng.the.mob�le.v�deo.appl�ca-t�on.software.used.by.the.p�lot.system.to.enable.and.manage.group.v�deo.calls.among.mult�ple.f�rst.responders.�n.a.user-fr�endly.manner..These.programs.w�ll.prov�de.enhanced.capab�l�t�es.for.emergency.responders.and.g�ve.them.the.tools.necessary.to.protect.our.c�t�zens.

The.Nat�onal.Cap�tal.Reg�on.cons�sts.of .the.D�str�ct.of .Columb�a.and.18.other.jur�s-d�ct�ons.�n.V�rg�n�a.and.Maryland..The.coor-d�nat�on.of .all.these.jur�sd�ct�ons.requ�res.a.cohes�ve.�nfrastructure.plan.for.an.effect�ve.�nteroperable.commun�cat�on.network..“If .we.d�d.th�s.separately,.we.would.end.up.w�th.the.�nteroperab�l�ty.problems.l�ke.we.have.had.�n.land.mob�le.(rad�o).today,”.Robert.LeGrande,.former.�nter�m.ch�ef .technology.off�cer.for.the.D�str�ct.of .Columb�a.sa�d..“We.all.agreed.to.do.the.same.technology.and.same.frequency.at.the.same.t�me.�n.a.network-of-networks.des�gn..It.g�ves.us.seamless.roam�ng,.seamless.operab�l-�ty.”.Th�s.network-of-networks.w�ll.also.prov�de.for.a.layout.for.a.potent�al.nat�onw�de.plan.for.�nteroperab�l�ty.

Accord�ng.to.the.Nat�onal.Governors.Assoc�at�on,.pr�nc�ples.for.a.nat�onw�de.plan.�nclude:•. An.�ntegrated.system-of-systems.�n.regular.use,.

wh�ch.would.allow.all.emergency.responders.to.use.and.commun�cate.through.data,.vo�ce,.and.v�deo.w�th.anyone.that.has.access.to.the.system.�n.real.t�me;

•. The.burden.of .federal.�nteroperab�l�ty.should.rema�n.�n.federal.hands;

19


•. The.burden.of .�nteroperab�l�ty.w�th�n.the.local,.reg�onal.and.tr�bal.agenc�es.should.rema�n.�n.the.state.government;

•. Collaborat�on.w�th.ne�ghbor�ng.agenc�es.�n.the.plann�ng.and.acqu�s�t�on.of .commun�cat�ons.system;.and

•. Grant.fund�ng.should.be.a.pr�or�ty.for.states.and.the.federal.government.31

Fund�ng.for.the.program.�s.com�ng.from.the.Department.of .Homeland.Secur�ty’s.Urban.Area.Secur�ty.In�t�at�ve.grants..The.network.w�ll.cost.$110.m�ll�on.under.a.f�ve-year.Indef�n�te.Del�very.Indef�n�te.Quant�ty.contract.(IDIQ)..The.benef�t.of .th�s.contract.allows.for.more.jur�sd�ct�ons.to.buy.�n.at.a.later.date..“The.IDIQ.allows.for.other.c�t�es.to.procure.systems.off .th�s.contract,.ga�n�ng.speed.and.eff�c�ency.�n.the.process,”.sa�d.Andy.Sm�th,.d�rector.of .pub-l�c.safety.for.LGS,.an.Alcatel-Lucent.subs�dary.

The.challenge.for.the.cap�tal.reg�on.�n�t�at�ve.was.coord�nat�ng.the.many.mun�c�pal�t�es.to.agree.to.work.together.on.the.same.system.and.the.same.frequency..Th�s.hurdle.was.overcome..Once.the.system.�s.up.and.runn�ng,.the.next.challenges.w�ll.�nclude.pr�or�t�z�ng.access.to.the.system,.and.commun�cat�ng.w�th.other.agenc�es.on.a.reg�onal.bas�s..Inter-agency.coord�nat�on.�s.often.hampered.by.the.d�fferent.l�ngo.and.nomenclature.used.by.var�ous.agenc�es..Many.t�mes.the.language.and.acronyms.that.are.used.

�n.one.agency.are.d�fferent.from.another..The.federal.government.�s.seek�ng.solut�ons.to.th�s.problem..

The.Nat�onal.Informat�on.Exchange.Model.(NIEM),.a.partnersh�p.of .the.U.S..Department.of .Just�ce.and.the.U.S..Department.of .Homeland.Secur�ty,.“�s.des�gned.to.develop,.d�s-sem�nate,.and.support.enterpr�se-w�de.�nforma-t�on.exchange.standards.and.processes.that.can.enable.jur�sd�ct�ons.to.effect�vely.share.cr�t�cal.�nformat�on.�n.emergency.s�tuat�ons,”.accord-�ng.to.the�r.webs�te.32..“NIEM.supports.the.day-to-day.operat�ons.of .agenc�es.throughout.the.nat�on,.and.seeks.to.break.down.barr�ers.to.�nformat�on.shar�ng.by.develop�ng.standards.for.�nformat�on.shar�ng.between.commun�t�es.of .�nterest.at.all.levels.of .government.”

ConclusionLocal,.state,.and.federal.government.emergency.response.employees.deserve.to.have.access.to.technology.that.w�ll.enable.them.to.prepare,.pre-vent.and.recover.from.all.hazards.�nclud�ng.nat-ural.d�sasters,.commerc�al.acc�dents,.and.terror-�st.act�on.aga�nst.the.Un�ted.States..Technology.that.�n.many.cases.�s.already.ava�lable.should.be.used.to.prevent.these.catastrophes..Where.such.an.event.cannot.be.prevented,.we.must.be.res�l�ent.enough.to.m�t�gate.�ts.cascad�ng.effects..Our.secur�ty.and.our.future.depend.on.our.ab�l-�ty.to.learn.from.the.examples.above....


20

endnotes1.. Loopt.Inc.,.https://loopt.com/loopt/sess/�ndex.aspx..

2.. State.Contacts.and.Grant.Award.Informat�on,.The.Department.of .Homeland.Secur�ty,..http://www.dhs.gov/xgovt/grants/.

3.. Un�ted.States..Cong..Senate..110th.Congress,.1st.Sess�on..S.4,.Improv�ng.Amer�ca’s.Secur�ty.Act.of .2007,.110th.Congress...Congress�onal.B�lls,.GPO.Access...4.January.2007.http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cg�-b�n/getdoc.cg�?dbname=110_cong_b�lls&doc�d=f:h1enr.txt.pdf..

4.. V�rtual.Alabama,.August.24,.2007,.http://www.v�rtu-al.org/...

5.. Planet.Assoc�ates.Inc.,.http://www.planetassoc.com/....

6.. 3n.(Nat�onal.Not�f�cat�on.Network),.http://www.3nonl�ne.com/company/�ndex.php..

7.. Roam.Secure,.http://www.roamsecure.net/..

8.. MIR3.Intell�gent.Not�f�cat�on,.http://www.m�r3.com/..

9.. Mot�on.Comput�ng,.http://www.mot�oncomput�ng.com/..

10..Mart�n.Assoc�ates,.“Un�ted.States.Port-Sector.Econom�c.Impacts.–.2006,”.August.2007,.http://aapa.f�les.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Port%20Sector%20Econom�c%20Impacts%20Chart.pdf.

11..Kean,.Thomas.H.,.Cha�r.and.Ham�lton,.Lee.H.,.V�ce-Cha�r..9/11.Comm�ss�on.Report..Nat�onal.Comm�ss�on.on.Terror�st.Organ�zat�ons...July.22,.2004..http://www.9-11comm�ss�on.gov/report/911Report.pdf..

12..ZOCA,.http://www.zoca.nl/..

13..Ir�d�um.Satell�te.LLC,.http://www.�r�d�um.com/..

14..General.Electr�c.Global.Research,.http://www.ge.com/research/..

15..Un�ted.States.Department.of .State,.Internat�onal.Informat�on.Programs,.Press.Statement.on.USS.Cole.Attack..Updated.November.16,.2006..http://us�nfo.state.gov/�s/�nternat�onal_secur�ty/terror�sm/uss_cole.html..

16..Fay,.James,.Spills and Fires from LNG and Oil Tankers in Boston Harbor,.March.26,.2003..http://www.borderpower-plants.org/pdf_docs/boston_LNG_tanker_f�re_�mpact.pdf..

17..The.Jamestown.Foundat�on,.Al.Qaeda.And.Mar�t�me.Terror�sm,.Part.II,.Volume.1,.Issue.5..November.7,.2003..http://jamestown.org/terror�sm/news/art�cle.php?art�cle�d=23400..

18..Reynolds,.Mark,.Lloyd’s likens LNG attack to nuclear explosion: U.S. regulators don’t share the concerns of the top official at the world’s second-largest commercial insurer..The.Prov�dence.Journal,.September.21,.2004...http://www.

projo.com/massachusetts/content/projo_20040921_ma21lng.134600.html..

19..Foster-M�ller,.Inc..-.Q�net�Q.North.Amer�ca,.http://www.foster-m�ller.com/..

20..Un�ted.States.Customs.and.Border.Protect�on,.ACE.Overv�ew.for.Truck.Carr�ers.–.Mandatory.Electron�c.Man�fests..December.12,.2006..http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/fact_sheets/trade/ace_factsheets/ace_overv�ew/ace_carr�ers.xml..

21..U.S..Chem�cal.Safety.and.Hazard.Invest�gat�on.Board..Emergency.Shutdown.Systems.for.Chlor�ne.Transfer...No..2005-06-I-LA..June.2007..http://www.csb.gov/.safety_publ�cat�ons/docs/CSBChlor�neShutdownBullet�n.pdf..

22..Occupat�onal.Safety.and.Health.Organ�zat�on..[Hathaway.et.al..1991;.Gossel�n.1984]..OCCUPATIONAL.SAFETY.AND.HEALTH.GUIDELINE.FOR.CHLORODIPHENYL.(42%.chlor�ne)..http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthgu�del�nes/chlorod�phenylchlo-r�ne/recogn�t�on.html.

23..Powell.Fabr�cat�on.and.Manufactur�ng.Inc.,.http://www.powellfab.com/..

24..CSX.Transportat�on,.http://www.csx.com/..

25..CSX.Transportat�on,.Press.Release,.July.17,.2007..http://www.csx.com/?fuseact�on=med�a.news_deta�l&�=49292..

26..Nat�onal.Task.Force.on.Interoperab�l�ty..Safecom.Program..What.Publ�c.Off�c�als.Need.to.Know.About.Interoperab�l�ty..February.2003..http://www.safecompro-gram.gov/NR/rdonlyres/4B5F0FC8-4339-407E-8AD8-08AEBA931068/0/When_They_Cant_Talk_L�ves_are_Lost_NTFI_Brochure.pdf..

27..C-AT,.Commun�cat�ons-Appl�ed.Technology,.http://www.c-at.com/..

28..Motorola,.http://www.motorola.com/med�acenter/news/deta�l.jsp?globalObjectId=4939_4227_23..

29..Spr�nt.Nextel,.http://www.spr�nt.com/�ndex.html..

30..M�ller,.Kev�n.C..Hard Times in the Big Easy: Sprint Nextel’s Response to Hurricane Katrina,.Strohl.Systems..http://www.recoverychron�cles.com/Med�aPR/_f�les/eNewslet-ter/53/Spr�ntNextel.pdf..

31..Trella,.Joe,.Strateg�es.for.States.to.Ach�eve.Publ�c.Safety.W�reless.Interoperab�l�ty,.Nat�onal.Governor’s.Assoc�at�on,.November.20,.2006..http://www.nga.org/F�les/pdf/0903INTEROP.pdf..

32..Nat�onal.Informat�on.Exchange.Model,..http://www.n�em.gov/..

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From the storefront to the front lines: The Private Sector...

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