Fiber-Optic Communications James N. Downing. Chapter 7 Fiber-Optic Devices.
From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire
description
Transcript of From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire
![Page 1: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From the spinning wheel to the fiber optic wire
Kelsey Z.
![Page 2: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Postcolonial period
• British Raj: 1858 - 1947
• Freedom 1947
• Neocolonialism fear
• Socialism
• Economic self-sufficiency
![Page 3: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mahatma Gandhi• National Hero
• Anti-industrialized west– Only natural medicines
•Wooden spinning wheel
•Revolt against economic ties to colonial power
![Page 4: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Jawaharlal Nehru
• Socialism
• Self-sufficiency
• Freedom movement = economic isolation
![Page 5: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Laws discouraging
foreign trade
Antimonopoly rules
High income taxes
Laws granting
lavish jobs
Stock Market run by
government
License Raj
Political corruption
Strong Government
![Page 6: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Rajiv Gandhi (1985)• Push reforms = nation’s economic growth doubled
– Exports grew dramatically – Companies began hiring
• Laws to allow more imports / exports • Cut taxes• Reduce number of industries requiring licenses • Raised antimonopoly limits • Problem: short-term borrowing form banks
Jawaharlal Nehru
Indira Nehru Gandhi Feroze Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi
![Page 7: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Economy at its worst • Debt
– Banks cut off India’s borrowings
• Oil prices spiked – Gulf War
• Loss of trade– Collapse of the USSR
• Extreme poverty DEBT
OIL PRICES SPIKED
LOSS OFTRADE
EXTREMEPOVERTY
Mill in poverty
Inflation
Mill Bellow Poverty line
foreign exchange reserves fallen to levels that would pay for 2 weeks worth of oil
OIL
![Page 8: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Change in Power • Rajiv Gandhi assassinated• Gandhi's congress party won power• P.V. Narasimha Rao as prime minister• Rao chooses Manmohan Singh as finance minister
![Page 9: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Economic reforms • Nationwide emergency
= economic reform
• IMF bail out if India agreed to reforms
Week of Reform:
![Page 10: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Less government control
Eliminating antimonopoly limits
Abolished license raj
Put stock market back in the hands of companies / investment banks
Lowered income taxes
Allowed for foreign economic interaction
Mutual funds & other investors can buy shares in Indian companies on the Bombay Stock Market
Importing easier
•Import duty free
•Imports at lower costs Companies in certain industries can be 100% owned by foreigners
![Page 11: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dramatic Effect
Economy grew faster than it had in decades
More jobs
Inflation dropped
Debt paid
Foreign exchange reserves built back up
Economic incentives
![Page 12: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
India today • Democracy
• Market economy
• Open trade
• Bangalore
![Page 13: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
India Vs. China GrowthChina
-1978- people dissatisfied = seek reform - communism- faster
India-1991- less ready to challenge government-Democracy - slower
“…It will never have speed, but will always have stamina”
“We are the fastest-growing free-market democracy in the world”
“China is winning the sprint and, we are going to win the marathon”
![Page 14: From The Spinning Wheel To The Fiber Optic Wire](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/554d9d0eb4c905575e8b4b21/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Works Cited
Meredith, Robyn. The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What It Means for All of Us. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008.