From the Odyssey, Part Onereader... · From the Odyssey, Part One ... great Sir, have a care for...

From the Odyssey, Part One

Literary Focus: HeroesWe all admire heroes in books and movies—and in real life, too. In

fiction, as in real life, heroes often set out on a journey or quest to

have adventures and accomplish great deeds. Heroic characters face

external conflicts—struggles with other characters or with forces of

nature. Epic heroes like Odysseus usually represent the values of

their society. As you read about Odysseus, think about how he

overcomes his conflicts. How is he heroic?

Reading Skill: Monitor Your ComprehensionAs you read this epic—a long narrative poem that tells the great

deeds of a hero—stop now and then to ask yourself questions. Ask:

• What has happened so far?

• Why did it happen?

• Where did it happen?

• What might happen next?

• Can I visualize, or picture, what is happening?

• What do I think of the characters and their decisions?

• What connections can I make between the poem and my life?

Into the EpicThe Odyssey is an epic poem about a soldier going home from war. It

is considered one of the greatest adventure stories ever told. We

credit a man named Homer with writing the poem, but the story was

probably told earlier and passed along by wandering poets, who sang

and recited stories for a living.

108 HOLT ADAPTED READER Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

HELP WANTEDEpic Hero: Seeking experienced monster slayer.Must have superhuman powers. Good workingrelations with Greek gods helpful. Work historymust reflect society’s highest values. Travel andlong hours will be required. No salary, but peoplewill read about your adventures for centuries.

HomerHomer

FROM THE

PART ONE

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ODYSSEY, PART ONE 109

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I wonder who the he is in line 3. Ilearned from You Need to Know that Odysseus and his menare waiting for the CyclopsPolyphemus. He must bePolyphemus.

I’ve seen the word ewes (yooz) in line 9 before, but I can’tremember exactly what they are.The poem says the Cyclops isgoing to milk them, and the nextsentence mentions rams. I’mpretty sure ewes are femalesheep.

What has happened in lines 10–12 that will make it hard for Odysseus and hismen to escape from the cave?

MONITOR YOURCOMPREHENSION

VOCABULARY


The Cyclops

In this adventure, Odysseus1

describes his meeting with the Cyclops2 named

Polyphemus.3 Polyphemus’s father is Poseidon,4 god of the

sea. Out of curiosity, Odysseus and his men have entered the

Cyclops’s cave. They wait for Polyphemus to return to the

cave, and they will have to be clever in order to escape.

We lit a fire, burnt an offering,5

and took some cheese to eat; then sat in silence

around the embers, waiting. When he came

he had a load of dry boughs on his shoulder

to stoke his fire at suppertime. He dumped it

with a great crash into that hollow cave,

and we all scattered fast to the far wall.

Then over the broad cavern floor he ushered

the ewes he meant to milk. He left his rams

and he-goats in the yard outside, and swung

high overhead a slab of solid rock

to close the cave. Two dozen four-wheeled wagons,

with heaving wagon teams, could not have stirred

the tonnage of that rock from where he wedged it

over the doorsill. Next he took his seat

and milked his bleating ewes. A practiced job

he made of it, giving each ewe her suckling;6

thickened his milk, then, into curds and whey,7

YOU NEED TO KNOW


1. Odysseus (oh DIHS ee uhs).2. Cyclops (SY klahps): a race of giants with one eye in the center of their forehead.3. Polyphemus (PAHL ih FEE muhs).4. Poseidon (poh SY duhn).5. burnt an offering: in ancient cultures, people often tried to please their gods by burning

offerings of meat and other things.6. suckling: a young animal still feeding on its mother’s milk.7. curds and whey: curds are the thick lumps of soured milk used to make cheese; whey is

the watery liquid that is left. Polyphemus makes cheese, which is why Odysseus and hismen have cheese to eat in line 2.

From Books IX “New Coasts and Poseidon’s Son,” XVI “Father and Son,” XXII “Death in theGreat Hall,” and XXIII “The Trunk of the Olive Tree” from Homer: The Odyssey; translated by Robert Fitzgerald. Copyright © 1961, 1963 by Robert Fitzgerald; copyright renewed © 1989by Benedict R. C. Fitzgerald. Reproduced by permission of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, LLC.

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sieved out the curds to drip in withy baskets,8

and poured the whey to stand in bowls

cooling until he drank it for his supper.

When all these chores were done, he poked the fire,

heaping on brushwood. In the glare he saw us.

‘Strangers,’ he said, ‘who are you? And where from?

What brings you here by seaways—a fair traffic?

Or are you wandering rogues, who cast your lives

like dice, and ravage other folk by sea?’

We felt a pressure on our hearts, in dread

of that deep rumble and that mighty man.

But all the same I spoke up in reply:

‘We are from Troy, Achaeans,9 blown off course

by shifting gales on the Great South Sea;

homeward bound, but taking routes and ways

uncommon; so the will of Zeus would have it.

We served under Agamemnon, son of Atreus10—

the whole world knows what city

he laid waste, what armies he destroyed.

It was our luck to come here; here we stand,

beholden for your help, or any gifts

you give—as custom is to honor strangers.

We would entreat11 you, great Sir, have a care

for the gods’ courtesy; Zeus will avenge

the unoffending guest.’

Polyphemus enters the cave

where Odysseus and his men are waiting. Polyphemus rolls a

huge rock over the cave opening, then milks his sheep and

starts to make his supper. Finally, Polyphemus sees the

soldiers and asks them who they are. Odysseus explains that

IN OTHER WORDS

I know that a sieve (sihv) is astrainer that separates largerpieces out of a mixture, like tealeaves out of tea. So sieved inline 19 must mean strained, orseparated.

In lines 24–27, the Cyclops isasking what kind of men theseare in his cave. Underline thewords that help you know whatrogues are.

You’ve probably seen the wordravage before. Read lines24–27 again. Then, write whatyou think ravage means on thelines below.

In line 32, I can tell gales means“strong winds” becauseOdysseus says they were blownoff course.

VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY

8. withy baskets: baskets made from willow twigs.9. Achaeans (uh KEE uhnz): Greeks.

10. Agamemnon (AG uh MEM NAHN); Atreus (AY tree uhs).11. entreat: ask or beg.

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In line 46, I can tell that Cyclopes(SY klohps) is the plural form ofCyclops.

Usually I don’t think of lying asheroic, but Odysseus just foundout that the Cyclops doesn’tfear the gods, so he is probablysmart not to trust him.Cleverness could be a heroicquality. Maybe it is one that wasadmired by the ancient Greeks.

I can really picture the scenedescribed in lines 60—65, and it’shorrible! The comparison of thesoldiers to squirming puppiesand of the eating Cyclops to acrunching mountain lion and theother details help me visualize theawful scene.


HEROES

VOCABULARY

he and his men are soldiers who fought in the attack on Troy.

Now they are heading home but got lost along the way.

Odysseus reminds the Cyclops that Zeus, king of the gods,

will punish anyone who mistreats strangers.

He answered this

from his brute chest, unmoved:

‘You are a ninny,

or else you come from the other end of nowhere,

telling me, mind the gods! We Cyclopes

care not a whistle for your thundering Zeus

or all the gods in bliss; we have more force by far.

I would not let you go for fear of Zeus—

you or your friends—unless I had a whim to.

Tell me, where was it, now, you left your ship—

around the point, or down the shore, I wonder?’

He thought he’d find out, but I saw through this,

and answered with a ready lie:

‘My ship?

Poseidon Lord, who sets the earth atremble,

broke it up on the rocks at your land’s end.

A wind from seaward served him, drove us there.

We are survivors, these good men and I.’

The Cyclops answers that he is

not afraid of any god. Then he asks where they left their ship.

Odysseus lies, saying that the ship was smashed to pieces on

the rocks.

Neither reply nor pity came from him,

but in one stride he clutched at my companions

and caught two in his hands like squirming puppies

to beat their brains out, spattering the floor.

Then he dismembered them and made his meal,

gaping and crunching like a mountain lion—

everything: innards, flesh, and marrow bones.

IN OTHER WORDS


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We cried aloud, lifting our hands to Zeus,

powerless, looking on at this, appalled;

but Cyclops went on filling up his belly

with manflesh and great gulps of whey,

then lay down like a mast12 among his sheep.

Suddenly, the Cyclops grabs two

soldiers, kills them, and eats them. Odysseus and his men

watch in horror. Stomach full, the monster lies down to

sleep.

My heart beat high now at the chance of action,

and drawing the sharp sword from my hip I went

along his flank13 to stab him where the midriff

holds the liver. I had touched the spot

when sudden fear stayed me: if I killed him

we perished there as well, for we could never

move his ponderous14 doorway slab aside.

So we were left to groan and wait for morning.

Odysseus pulls out his sword,

ready to kill the sleeping Cyclops. Then he remembers the

slab of solid rock that closes the door of the cave. Only the

Cyclops is strong enough to move that rock. They are trapped

in the cave. If the Cyclops dies, they all die.

When the young Dawn with fingertips of rose

lit up the world, the Cyclops built a fire

and milked his handsome ewes, all in due order,

putting the sucklings to the mothers. Then,

his chores being all dispatched, he caught

another brace of men to make his breakfast,

and whisked away his great door slab

to let his sheep go through—but he, behind,

IN OTHER WORDS

IN OTHER WORDSIn line 67, appalled must meansomething like “horrified.” That’show the scene makes me feel, soI think that must be what it means.

Odysseus sounds like a bravehero who wants to fight when hedraws his sword. He also showshis cleverness by realizing that ifhe kills the Cyclops while theboulder is still blocking theentrance, they won’t be able toget out.

In line 84, a brace of men soundsweird. I checked my dictionary,and there were lots of meanings.The only one that makes sense is“a pair.” So I guess the Cyclopsate two more of Odysseus’buddies.

VOCABULARY

HEROES

VOCABULARY

12. mast: a tall pole that supports the sails on a ship.13. flank: on the side, between ribs and hip.14. ponderous: heavy.

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Based on the words whistlingand then stillness in lines88–89, what do you think theword din means?

A friend of mine always jokes thathe’s “bleeding profusely” when hegets a small cut or scrape. I knowthat profusely means “a lot,” so Ithink profusion in line 105 mustmean “large amount.”

In lines 92–111, Odysseusmakes a heroic plan. Describehis plan on the lines below.Why is it heroic?

HEROES

VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY

reset the stone as one would cap a quiver.15

There was a din of whistling as the Cyclops

rounded his flock to higher ground, then stillness.

And now I pondered how to hurt him worst,

if but Athena16 granted what I prayed for.

Here are the means I thought would serve my turn:17

a club, or staff, lay there along the fold—

an olive tree, felled green and left to season

for Cyclops’ hand. And it was like a mast

a lugger18 of twenty oars, broad in the beam—

a deep-seagoing craft—might carry:

so long, so big around, it seemed. Now I

chopped out a six-foot section of this pole

and set it down before my men, who scraped it;

and when they had it smooth, I hewed19 again

to make a stake with pointed end. I held this

in the fire’s heart and turned it, toughening it,

then hid it, well back in the cavern, under

one of the dung piles in profusion there.

Now came the time to toss for it: who ventured

along with me? Whose hand could bear to thrust

and grind that spike in Cyclops’s eye, when mild

sleep had mastered him? As luck would have it,

the men I would have chosen won the toss—

four strong men, and I made five as captain.

In the morning, the Cyclops

gobbles two more of the men for breakfast. Then he takes his

sheep out to pasture, sealing the cave behind him. Trapped

again, Odysseus looks for a weapon. He finds a giant log,

which he and his men sharpen to a spike. They will jab it in

the Cyclops’s eye.

IN OTHER WORDS


15. quiver: a long, narrow container for arrows.16. Athena (uh THEE nuh): goddess of wisdom and the arts of war and peace.17. means I thought would serve my turn: items that would help me.18. lugger: a type of sailboat.19. hewed: chopped and cut.

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At evening came the shepherd with his flock,

his woolly flock. The rams as well, this time,

entered the cave: by some sheepherding whim20—

or a god’s bidding—none were left outside.

He hefted his great boulder into place

and sat him down to milk the bleating ewes

in proper order, put the lambs to suck,

and swiftly ran through all his evening chores.

Then he caught two more men and feasted on them.

My moment was at hand, and I went forward

holding an ivy bowl of my dark drink,

looking up, saying:

‘Cyclops, try some wine.

Here’s liquor to wash down your scraps of men.

Taste it, and see the kind of drink we carried

under our planks. I meant it for an offering

if you would help us home. But you are mad,

unbearable, a bloody monster! After this,

will any other traveler come to see you?’

He seized and drained the bowl, and it went down

so fiery and smooth he called for more:

‘Give me another, thank you kindly. Tell me,

how are you called? I’ll make a gift will please you.

Even Cyclopes know the wine grapes grow

out of grassland and loam in heaven’s rain,

but here’s a bit of nectar and ambrosia!’

Three bowls I brought him, and he poured them down.

I saw the fuddle and flush come over him,

then I sang out in cordial tones:

Odysseus is being clever in lines 123—129. I think he’s going to make the Cyclops sleepy bygiving him wine.

The Cyclops seems to like thewine. What do you think hemeans in line 136 when hecalls it “nectar and ambrosia”?

The Cyclops has had quite a bitof liquor now. I think fuddle andflush in line 138 means he isturning red and looking confused,as if he’s drunk.

VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY

HEROES

20. whim: sudden desire.

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Why do you think Odysseustells the Cyclops that his nameis Nohbdy?

What happens in lines150–165, after the Cyclopsfalls drunkenly asleep?

I had to look up the wordshipwright in line 161. I shouldhave guessed its meaning fromthe rest of the sentence. It’s acarpenter who works on a ship.

VOCABULARY



‘Cyclops,

you ask my honorable name? Remember

the gift you promised me, and I shall tell you.

My name is Nohbdy: mother, father, and friends,

everyone calls me Nohbdy.’

And he said:

‘Nohbdy’s my meat, then, after I eat his friends.

Others come first. There’s a noble gift, now.’

Evening comes, and the Cyclops

returns with his flock of sheep. He eats two more men for his

dinner. Then Odysseus offers him wine. Pleased with the

wine, the Cyclops asks Odysseus his name. Odysseus says he

is called “Nohbdy.”

Even as he spoke, he reeled and tumbled backward,

his great head lolling to one side; and sleep

took him like any creature. Drunk, hiccuping,

he dribbled streams of liquor and bits of men.

Now, by the gods, I drove my big hand spike

deep in the embers, charring it again,

and cheered my men along with battle talk

to keep their courage up: no quitting now.

The pike of olive, green though it had been,

reddened and glowed as if about to catch.

I drew it from the coals and my four fellows

gave me a hand, lugging it near the Cyclops

as more than natural force nerved them; straight

forward they sprinted, lifted it, and rammed it

deep in his crater eye, and I leaned on it

turning it as a shipwright turns a drill

in planking, having men below to swing

the two-handled strap that spins it in the groove.

So with our brand we bored that great eye socket

while blood ran out around the red-hot bar.

IN OTHER WORDS


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Eyelid and lash were seared; the pierced ball

hissed broiling, and the roots popped.

In a smithy21

one sees a white-hot axhead or an adze22

plunged and wrung in a cold tub, screeching steam—

the way they make soft iron hale and hard—

just so that eyeball hissed around the spike.

The Cyclops bellowed and the rock roared round him,

and we fell back in fear. Clawing his face

he tugged the bloody spike out of his eye,

threw it away, and his wild hands went groping;

then he set up a howl for Cyclopes

who lived in caves on windy peaks nearby.

Some heard him; and they came by divers23 ways

to clump around outside and call:

‘What ails you,

Polyphemus? Why do you cry so sore

in the starry night? You will not let us sleep.

Sure no man’s driving off your flock? No man

has tricked you, ruined you?’

The drunken Cyclops falls asleep.

Odysseus and his men push their giant spike into the fire

until it is red-hot. Then, with the help of four men, Odysseus

drives the spike into the sleeping monster’s eye. The Cyclops

awakens, roaring in pain. Hearing his howls, other Cyclopes

leave their caves and come to find out what is wrong.

Out of the cave

the mammoth24 Polyphemus roared in answer:

‘Nohbdy, Nohbdy’s tricked me. Nohbdy’s ruined me!’

IN OTHER WORDS

I thought hale in line 170 meant“healthy,” but how can iron bemade healthy? I checked thedictionary, and I was right, but italso says “sound in body.” Iguess hale is a figure of speech.I think it’s called personificationwhen you give an object humanqualities.

In lines 172–177, underlinethe details that help youvisualize the Cyclops’s reactionto what Odysseus and his menhave done to him.


VOCABULARY

21. smithy: blacksmith’s shop, where iron tools are made.22. adze: tool like an ax but with a longer, curved blade.23. divers: diverse; various.24. mammoth: huge.

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What do you think sage meansin line 186? Write your answeron the lines below. Check adictionary to see if you’re right.

Re-read lines 204–214. Whatheroic action is Odysseustaking?

HEROES

VOCABULARY

To this rough shout they made a sage reply:

‘Ah well, if nobody has played you foul

there in your lonely bed, we are no use in pain

given by great Zeus. Let it be your father,

Poseidon Lord, to whom you pray.’

So saying

they trailed away. And I was filled with laughter

to see how like a charm the name deceived them.

Now Cyclops, wheezing as the pain came on him,

fumbled to wrench away the great doorstone

and squatted in the breach25 with arms thrown wide

for any silly beast or man who bolted—

hoping somehow I might be such a fool.

But I kept thinking how to win the game:

death sat there huge; how could we slip away?

I drew on all my wits, and ran through tactics,

reasoning as a man will for dear life,

until a trick came—and it pleased me well.

The Cyclops’s rams were handsome, fat, with heavy

fleeces, a dark violet.

Three abreast

I tied them silently together, twining

cords of willow from the ogre’s bed;

then slung a man under each middle one

to ride there safely, shielded left and right.

So three sheep could convey each man. I took

the woolliest ram, the choicest of the flock,

and hung myself under his kinky belly,

pulled up tight, with fingers twisted deep

in sheepskin ringlets for an iron grip.

So, breathing hard, we waited until morning.


25. breach: opening.

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Polyphemus cries out that

“Nohbdy” has hurt him. The other Cyclopes reply that if

nobody has hurt him, there is nothing they can do to help;

and so they leave. Odysseus laughs to see how well his trick

has worked. But they are still trapped. Polyphemus pushes

the stone away and squats in the open doorway of the cave,

hoping to catch the men trying to escape. Odysseus thinks

up a plan of escape. He ties the sheep together in threes,

then ties a man under each middle sheep. He hides himself

under the Cyclops’s best ram. They wait for morning.

When Dawn spread out her fingertips of rose

the rams began to stir, moving for pasture,

and peals of bleating echoed round the pens

where dams with udders full called for a milking.

Blinded, and sick with pain from his head wound,

the master stroked each ram, then let it pass,

but my men riding on the pectoral fleece26

the giant’s blind hands blundering never found.

Last of them all my ram, the leader, came,

weighted by wool and me with my meditations.

The Cyclops patted him, and then he said:

‘Sweet cousin ram, why lag behind the rest

in the night cave? You never linger so,

but graze before them all, and go afar

to crop sweet grass, and take your stately way

leading along the streams, until at evening

you run to be the first one in the fold.

Why, now, so far behind? Can you be grieving

over your Master’s eye? That carrion rogue27

and his accurst companions burnt it out

when he had conquered all my wits with wine.

Nohbdy will not get out alive, I swear.

Oh, had you brain and voice to tell

IN OTHER WORDS

I’ve never seen the word damused like it is in line 218, so Ilooked it up in my dictionary. Theway it’s used here, a dam is a“mother of a four-legged animal.”

Re-read lines 226–233. Whatconnection to your own life canyou make to the affection theCyclops shows to his best ram?


VOCABULARY

26. pectoral fleece: wool on an animal’s chest.27. carrion rogue: rotten scoundrel. Carrion is decaying flesh.

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What do you think an adversaryis in line 257? Write yourdefinition on the lines below.Now, check a dictionary tomake sure you’re right.

Odysseus acted heroically byletting all his men escape fromthe cave before him. How doeshe again show his leadership inlines 251–255?

HEROES

VOCABULARY

where he may be now, dodging all my fury!

Bashed by this hand and bashed on this rock wall

his brains would strew the floor, and I should have

rest from the outrage Nohbdy worked upon me.’

He sent us into the open, then. Close by,

I dropped and rolled clear of the ram’s belly,

going this way and that to untie the men.

With many glances back, we rounded up

his fat, stiff-legged sheep to take aboard,

and drove them down to where the good ship lay.

We saw, as we came near, our fellows’ faces

shining; then we saw them turn to grief

tallying those who had not fled from death.

I hushed them, jerking head and eyebrows up,

and in a low voice told them: ‘Load this herd;

move fast, and put the ship’s head toward the breakers.’

They all pitched in at loading, then embarked

and struck their oars into the sea. Far out,

as far offshore as shouted words would carry,

I sent a few back to the adversary:

In the morning blind Polyphemus

lets his sheep out. He touches each one as it passes, but the

men are safely hidden. As the last ram goes by, with

Odysseus hanging beneath, Polyphemus swears to destroy

“Nohbdy.” Free at last, the men run for their ship, taking the

sheep with them. The rest of the crew is waiting. Quickly,

they load the sheep on board and begin to row away.

‘O Cyclops! Would you feast on my companions?

Puny, am I, in a Caveman’s hands?

How do you like the beating that we gave you,

you damned cannibal? Eater of guests

under your roof! Zeus and the gods have paid you!’

IN OTHER WORDS


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The blind thing in his doubled fury broke

a hilltop in his hands and heaved it after us.

Ahead of our black prow it struck and sank

whelmed in a spuming geyser, a giant wave

that washed the ship stern foremost back to shore.

I got the longest boathook out and stood

fending us off, with furious nods to all

to put their backs into a racing stroke—

row, row or perish. So the long oars bent

kicking the foam sternward, making head

until we drew away, and twice as far.

Now when I cupped my hands I heard the crew

in low voices protesting:

‘Godsake, Captain!

Why bait the beast again? Let him alone!’

‘That tidal wave he made on the first throw

all but beached us.’

‘All but stove28 us in!’

‘Give him our bearing29 with your trumpeting,

he’ll get the range and lob30 a boulder.’

‘Aye

He’ll smash our timbers and our heads together!’

I would not heed them in my glorying spirit,

but let my anger flare and yelled:

‘Cyclops,

if ever mortal man inquire

how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him

Re-read lines 282–287. Whatdo these lines tell you aboutOdysseus? Does this fit youridea of a hero? Why or whynot?

HEROES

28. stove: past participle of stave, meaning “to smash or break up.”29. bearing: location.30. lob: toss.

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The Cyclops recounts aprophesy in lines 289–294that he would be blinded byOdysseus. Re-read lines295–298. Then, explain in thelines below why Polyphemus isso surprised at what hashappened.

What does the Cyclops offer todo in lines 299–304? Do youthink he means what he says?



Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye:

Laertes’31 son, whose home’s on Ithaca!’

Odysseus shouts at Polyphemus,

taunting him with their escape. Enraged, the Cyclops breaks

off a hilltop and throws it at the ship. The hilltop falls in the

water ahead of them, making a giant wave that pushes them

back to shore. The men row away again with all their might.

The men beg Odysseus to leave the Cyclops alone. But

Odysseus calls out to the Cyclops again, telling him his real

name.

At this he gave a mighty sob and rumbled:

‘Now comes the weird32 upon me, spoken of old.

A wizard, grand and wondrous, lived here—Telemus,33

a son of Eurymus;34 great length of days

he had in wizardry among the Cyclopes,

and these things he foretold for time to come:

my great eye lost, and at Odysseus’ hands.

Always I had in mind some giant, armed

in giant force, would come against me here.

But this, but you—small, pitiful, and twiggy—

you put me down with wine, you blinded me.

Come back, Odysseus, and I’ll treat you well,

praying the god of earthquake to befriend you—

his son I am, for he by his avowal35

fathered me, and, if he will, he may

heal me of this black wound—he and no other

of all the happy gods or mortal men.’

Few words I shouted in reply to him:

IN OTHER WORDS


31. Laertes (lay UHR teez).32. weird: fate.33. Telemus (TEHL uh muhs).34. Eurymus (YOO ruh muhs).35. avowal: a public announcement or acknowledgment; a proclamation.

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‘If I could take your life I would and take

your time away, and hurl you down to hell!

The god of earthquake could not heal you there!’

At this he stretched his hands out in his darkness

toward the sky of stars, and prayed Poseidon:

‘O hear me, lord, blue girdler of the islands,36

if I am thine indeed, and thou art father:

grant that Odysseus, raider of cities, never

see his home: Laertes’ son, I mean,

who kept his hall on Ithaca. Should destiny

intend that he shall see his roof again

among his family in his fatherland,

far be that day, and dark the years between.

Let him lose all companions, and return

under strange sail to bitter days at home.’ . . .”

(from Book 9)

Long ago, a wizard said that

Polyphemus would be blinded by Odysseus. Hearing this

name, the Cyclops realizes that his fate has come to pass. He

asks Odysseus to come back, saying that he is the son of the

god Poseidon, and that he will ask his father to treat

Odysseus well. Odysseus responds with threats and insults.

Polyphemus calls out to Poseidon, begging him to make sure

that Odysseus never reaches home. Or, if that is impossible,

to make his journey long and hard, and his final return full

of grief.

IN OTHER WORDS

What is the result ofOdysseus’s taunting of theCyclops? How do you predictthe rest of Odysseus’s journeywill go? Will it be easy or full ofgrief?


36. blue girdler of the islands: a reference to the sea, which girdles, or surrounds, theislands. Poseidon is god of the sea.


The Odyssey

HeroesToday we use the word hero to describe many types of people weadmire. Firefighters, police officers, and soldiers are often calledheroes. A hero can also be a parent who makes sacrifices for a child, or someone who does an unglamorous job as if a lot depended on it.

Who are your heroes? Think about real people and fictionalcharacters you admire. Select one, and compare his or hercharacteristics with those of Odysseus. Put a check mark next to characteristics that apply to Odysseus, your hero, or both. You can add characteristics at the bottom of the table if you’d like. One item is filled in for you.

Heroic Characteristics Odysseus My Hero:

Strong

Attractive

Proud

Adventurous

Helpful

Has enemies

Gets magical help

Clever

Merciful

✔

Vocabulary Development

Synonyms

Draw a line connecting each word from “The Cyclops” listed in the left-handcolumn with the word or phrase in the right-hand column that means thesame thing. The first one has been done for you.

1. sieve a. horrified

2. rogues b. wise

3. ravage c. large amount

4. gales d. opponent

5. appalled e. strainer

6. din f. strong winds

7. profusion g. loud noise

8. hale h. rascals

9. sage i. destroy

10. adversary j. healthy

The Odyssey


American History Page 102

Page 104Biographical ApproachUnderline “My dreams were about going to college andbecoming a teacher.”

Historical ApproachUnderline “the day that President Kennedy was shot.”

Page 105Historical ApproachUnderline “His voice broke, and he covered his facewith his hands”; “No one moved for a minute; then weall scrambled madly to get out of there”; “a profoundsilence”; and “tear-streaked face.”Possible answer: The adults in the story are very sadwhen President Kennedy is killed. The children areconfused and don’t know what to think.

Biographical ApproachPossible response: Her mother means that Elena willsuffer the humiliation and pain of prejudice or rejection.

Page 106SummarizingSample answer: Elena knocks and Eugene’s motheranswers the door. She asks if Elena lives in El Building.When Elena says yes, the mother tells her that Eugenecan’t study with her. She tells Elena to go away. Athome in bed, Elena tries to think of the dead president,but she is really crying for herself.

Page 107 Graphic Organizer: SummarizingSample answers:Event 1: Answer provided.Event 2: Elena meets and becomes friends with Eugene.Event 3: Answer provided.Event 4: The students are sent home from school.Event 5: Answer provided.Event 6: Eugene’s mother won’t let Elena study withEugene.

From the Odyssey, Part One Page 108

Page 110Monitor Your ComprehensionThe Cyclops closed the cave with a huge slab of rock.

Page 111VocabularyUnderline “cast your lives like dice, and ravage otherfolk.”

VocabularyRavage means “destroy; ruin.”

Page 114VocabularyDin means “loud noise.”

HeroesOdysseus’s plan is to sharpen a tree trunk into a pointand, with his men’s help, thrust it into the Cyclops’seye. The plan is heroic because it is difficult anddangerous. It requires great strength and daring.

Page 115VocabularyNectar and ambrosia are what the gods drink and eat,so the Cyclops means the wine is very delicious.

Page 116Monitor Your ComprehensionPossible response: Odysseus doesn’t want the Cyclopsto know his real name.

Monitor Your ComprehensionOdysseus and his men thrust the red-hot stake into theCyclops’s eye.

Page 117Monitor Your ComprehensionUnderline “bellowed”; “Clawing his face he tugged thebloody spike out of his eye, threw it away”; “wentgroping”; “set up a howl.”

Page 118VocabularySage means “wise.”

HeroesOdysseus ties each man under the middle ram of threerams, which are tied together. He then holds himselfunder the biggest, woolliest ram and waits till morning.

Page 119Monitor Your ComprehensionStudents may connect to affectionate feelings for a pet,sibling, or friend.

Page 120VocabularyAdversary means “opponent.”

HeroesHe gives orders to hurry and load the herd onto theship.

Page 121HeroesSample answers: Yes, because he shows great braveryand pride. No, because his anger and pride put him andhis men in danger.

Page 122Monitor Your ComprehensionPolyphemus has expected a giant for an adversary, sohe is surprised that someone as small and pitiful asOdysseus could defeat him.


Third CourseMonitor Your ComprehensionThe Cyclops offers to treat Odysseus well and pray tohis father, Poseidon, to help him if he returns. Sampleresponse: No, I think he really wants to kill Odysseus.

Page 123Monitor Your ComprehensionOdysseus’s taunting results in the Cyclops praying toPoseidon to grant that Odysseus never sees his home, orat least not for many years, and that he have hard timesand lose all his men and return to bad days at home.Most students will predict that Odysseus’s journey willbe full of grief.

Page 124Graphic Organizer: HeroesFor Odysseus, check the following characteristics:Attractive, Proud, Adventurous, Helpful, Has enemies,and Clever. Heroic characteristics of students’ heroeswill vary.

Page 125Vocabulary Development: Synonyms

1. Answer provided.2. h3. i4. f5. a6. g7. c8. j9. b

10. d

From the Odyssey, Part Two Page 126

Page 128VocabularySnuffling means “sniffing or sniffling.” Underline “thedogs,” “belly down,” and “not one has even growled.”

Page 129Living CharactersSample answer: I like and trust a person who speakshonestly.

Page 130VocabularyTelemachus stopped Odysseus from moving from thecouch.

Living CharactersTelemachus’s behavior shows that he is polite andcourteous to strangers.

Page 131Living CharactersCircle “noble” and “enduring.”

Monitor Your ComprehensionSample answers: I’d probably feel weird and back away.I’d be thrilled to finally meet my father.

Page 132Living CharactersUnderline “Odysseus brought his ranging mind to bear”(line 90) and “So helplessly they cried, pouring outtears,/and might have gone on weeping so tillsundown” (lines 104–105).Sample response: Odysseus acts like a hero when hewisely answers his son and like an ordinary fatherwhen he hugs his son and cries.

Page 133Living CharactersAntinous is young, rich, unaware of danger, and havinga good time among his friends.

Page 134Monitor Your ComprehensionSample answer: The other suitors jump up and look fortheir arms, which aren’t there, and then they threatenOdysseus. Based on the words “they were already in thegrip of death,” I predict Odysseus will kill them.

Page 135VocabularyOdysseus has an angry look on his face.

Living CharactersSample response: It is cowardly to blame someone elsefor your actions, but since Antinous is already dead andEurymachus and his friends have no weapons, it maybe a wise thing to say.

Page 136Monitor Your ComprehensionUnderline “we’ll make/restitution of wine and meatconsumed/and add, each one, a tithe of twenty oxen/with gifts of bronze and gold.” Sample answers:Odysseus is too angry to take the offer. He thinks theirfaults are too great to be forgiven.

Monitor Your ComprehensionSample answers: I’d be scared. I’d be excited.

Page 137Monitor Your ComprehensionSample answers:Lines 70–73: The comparison of the suitors to cattlestampeding because of gadflies makes the scene feelvery chaotic, crazy, and maybe a bit silly.Lines 74–79: The comparison of the attackers to falconsdiving down on flights of birds makes the scene feelviolent and scary, yet majestic.

Page 138Living CharactersUnderline “she, for a long time, sat deathly still inwonderment.” Sample answer: Penelope’s reactionshows that she hasn’t seen her husband in so long thatshe is not sure she recognizes him. It also shows thatshe is careful and takes her time in making up hermind.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ANSWER KEY 9

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