From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.
-
Upload
allan-owen -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.
![Page 1: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From the Early Physiology to the Birth
of PsychologyPSYC540
History and Systems of Psychology
![Page 2: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Oops!• 1795 Astronomer Neville
Maskelyne saw that his assistant’s observations were different from his by 0.5s– Yelled at assistant– Only got worse– Fired him 5 months later,
when differences got up to 0.8s
• 1815 Friederich Wilhelm Bessel, another astonomer– Interested in measurement
errors– Found that they were
common, even in the most experienced astronomers
– “The personal equation”• Touched off a fascination with
individual differences that eventually led to modern physiology
![Page 3: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Electric nerves
• Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) – suggests that neural
impulses are electrical.
• His nephew, Giovanni Aldini (1762-1834)– continues his work – animating the severed
heads of executed criminals
![Page 4: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Something to Gall You
• Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828)• Organology
– The idea that distinct “Organs” comprise the mind
– Identified 27, got 2 of them right
• Language and word memory
• Cranioscopy (later Phrenology)– Personality theory
• All mental life can be traced to physiology– Emperor Francis I removed
him from Vienna for these anti-Christian ideas
– Separation of Church and Pate
![Page 5: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Father of Modern Physiology
• Johnannes Muller• Professor of A & P at U
of Berlin• Wrote the Handbook of
the Physiology of Mankind
• Published a paper every 7 weeks for 38 years
• Specific energies of nerves– Impetus to seek out loci
within CNS and find sensory receptors
• Suicide during a bout of depression
![Page 6: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Marshall Hall(1790-1857)
• Extirpation– Caveman with a color TV
• Decapitated animals still move when nerve endings are stimulated
• Voluntary movements depend on the cerebrum
• Reflexive movement depends on spinal cord
• Respiration depends on the medulla
![Page 7: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pierre Flourens(1774-1867)
• Systematically destroyed bits of brain and spin in a variety of animals– Lots of pigeons
• Cerebrum controls higher brain functions
• Midbrain controls visual and auditory reflexes
• Medulla does heartbeat and respiration
![Page 8: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Paul Broca(1824-1880)
• The “Clinical Method”
• Found individuals with difficulty speaking
• Posthumous examination indicated lesions in the third frontal convolution– Broca’s area
![Page 9: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gustav Fritsch (1837 or 1838-1927)
Eduard Hitzig (1838-1907)
• Stimulated areas of the cerebral cortex with weak currents
• Rabbits and dogs, mostly
• Recorded motor responses
• Opened door for more advanced methods
![Page 10: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hermann von Helmholtz
(1821-1894)• Many, many discoveries• Calculated the speed of
neural impulses– Varying legnths of frog
neurons– Blasted the mystical,
“instantaneous” idea of neurotransmission
• Developed trichromatic theory of color vision
• Developed theories of audition– Resonance– Harmony– Discord
![Page 11: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
(1852-1934)• Determiend direction of
travel for neural impulses
• No Spanish journals– Only German, English,
French
• His work was overlooked for a very long time– Had to go through others
• Frequently, others got the credit for his work
• Nobel prize in 1906
![Page 12: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Why Germany?• Experimental physiology
– Not availabe in F or E• Description and
Classification in G– Mathematical deductive
approach in F and E• Science in F and E:
Chemistry and Physics– Germany: Everything from
History to Literary criticism• G had lots of schools
– F had 1– E had 2
• Cambridge president:– “[Psychology] would be an
insult to religion.”• Academic freedom in G
![Page 13: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ernst Weber(1795-1878)
• 2 pt threshold• JND ratio
– Weights: 1:40
• Demonstrated that there is no direct correspondence between physical stimulus and our perception of it
• Also revealed a way to research the relationship between body and mind
• ΔR/R = K
![Page 20: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Gustav Fechner(1801-1887)
• Scientific training at med school
• Son of a minister– Day view vs. night view
• Dr. Mises is born• Depression
– Shock– Raw ham in spiced wine– Blindfolded– 777
• Chosen by god to solve all fo the world’s problems
![Page 21: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Psychophysics:Psychology’s “First
Conquest”• The study of relations between mental
and physical processes (usually perception)
• S = KlogR• Absolute threshold
– Intensity at which the sensation first occurs• Differential threshold
– Least amount of change in a stimulus that will give rise to a change in sensation
– JND?
![Page 22: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Techniques of Psychophysics
• Average Error– Subject adjusts a variable stimulus until it matches a
constant– Over a number of trials, an average of the difference
between constant and variable is taken• Constant Stimuli
– Give 2 constant stimuli and have S judge whether one is more, less, or equal than the other
• Limits– A stimulus is varied while an S observes it– How much change is required to give a correct judgment?
• It was thought that there could be no measurement of the mind (i.e., no “psychology”)– Such things could not be measured– Fechner is credited for doing just that
![Page 23: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)
• Wundt takes hold of Fechner’s ideas and runs wild
• Wundt calls Fechner the “Father of Psychology”
• Why isn’t he credited for it, then?
![Page 24: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Wundterkind• Actually, a pretty bad
student• Eventually caught on when
he moved to Berlin and decided to becme a physician
• Wanted to be a scientist, but also wanted to eat
• Hated it• Changed his major to
physiology and studied under Muller at U of Berlin
• Hated it
![Page 25: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Lab Opens
• Went to Heidelberg to study under Helmholtz
• Hated it…and quit• In 1875 emerges
again as a professor of Philosophy (?!?) at U of Leipzig
• Establishes the first ever psychology lab in 1876– Full swing in 1879
![Page 26: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Experimental Philosophy?
• In 1881, started the Journal of Philosophical studies– Wanted Psychological
Studies, but it was taken by a parapsychological organization
– Renamed Psychological Studies in 1906
![Page 27: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What Belongs in Wundt’s Lab?
• Simple mental functions, sensations and perceptions
• Higher-order stuff like learning and memory– Conditioned b language habits and cultural
training– Anthropology, not psychology– “Cultural Psychology”
• Study of the stages of human development as evident in laws, language, myth, art, customs and morals
• Provided a division between experimental and social psychology
![Page 28: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Experiencing Wundt:Voluntarism as the
First Model of Psychology• Mediate(d)
– Information other than that is provided by the elements of the object being observed
– Interpretation of experience
• Immediate– The experience itself
• The mind actively and volitionally (with a will of its own) organizes immediate experiences into a mediate experience.– Not as a passive absorption (i.e., Titchner)– Volitional, therefore Voluntarism
![Page 29: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The First Tool of Psychology: Introspection
• A means to study experiences, thoughts, and feelings
• Think inductive definition (Socrates), but controlled experimentally
• The Rules:– Must know when the process will begin– Strained attention– Repeat observation several times– Conditions must be capable of variation
• Usually dealt with size, intensity and duration of various physical stimuli
![Page 30: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wundt’s Plans for Psychology
• Analyze conscious processes into their basic elements– Reductionism– Mendelev’s periodic table
• Discover how elements are synthesized or organized– Apperception: the volitional organization
of elements into a greater whole• Determine the laws that govern this
organizati
![Page 31: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Standard Timetable of the
Mind• Studied mostly vision and hearing• Studying the time it takes for
someone to perceive, apperceive and react
• So much individual difference, he abandoned the whole thing
![Page 32: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Wundt and Emotions
• Got started by viewing a metronome
• Found himself anticipating clicks– Tense at the silence, then
relaxed at the click• Excited at higher rates• Subdued (even depressed) at
lower rates• Feelings can be measured on
a continuum of 3 dimensions– Pleasure/Displeasure– Excitement/Depression– Tension/Relaxation
• Wundt clearly needed a hobby
![Page 33: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Psychology Taking Germany by Storm
• More like a drizzle…it didn’t catch on• Scholarly resistance against splitting
psychology from philosophy• German government didn’t see any
profit, thus no funding• No real practical application
– Especially in the US, a rather pragmatic and struggling country
![Page 34: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Wundtian Criticisms
• Introspection is subjective stuff• How were individual differences to
be settled?– Wundt: With more training, the
differences will be smoothed out
![Page 35: From the Early Physiology to the Birth of Psychology PSYC540 History and Systems of Psychology.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649de65503460f94adf93d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Questions? Thoughts?