From ship-tethered to free drifting imaging systems in the ocean; What we have observed in the past andwhat we shall observe in the future to better understand and model particle flux.

Stemmann L., Guidi, L., Boss, E., Claustre, H. `UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR7093, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France}School of Marine Sciences, 5706 Aubert Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5706

SS16: Opportunities in the Study of Ocean Particle Flux@

CO2

?

N: NutrimentP: PhytoplanctonZ: ZooplanctonD: Detritus

CO2

CO2

Advection, turbulence

CO2

CO2

Advection, turbulence

4D Observation of individuals and particlesEcosystem Realistic Simplification

4D Observation of individuals and particlesEcosystem Realistic Simplification

CO2

Strong development of imaging systems and also their miniaturization for in situ monitoringStrong development of imaging systems and also their miniaturization for in situ monitoring

1) Laboratory instrumentsFLOWCAM, ZOOSCAN, ...

2) In situ instruments used from ships UVP, VPR, SIPPER, Underwater Digital Holocamera , ...

3) In situ instruments on autonomous vehiclesSOLOPCCheckley et al., 2008

Benfield et al., 2007

Examples of PSD and vertical flux from ship tethered imaging sensors

Examples of PSD and vertical flux from ship tethered imaging sensors

Short time scales Lampitt et al., 1993, North Atl.

and thenGraham et al., 2000, Monterey BayStemmann et al., 2000, Mediterranean SeaGoldthwait et al., 2006, Monterey Bay...

Hypothesis: DVM or diel cycle in upper turbulence

Stemmann et al., 2002UVP3 in the Mediterranean Sea

Long time scales

Vertical patterns of particle size spectra at regional scalesVertical patterns of particle size spectra at regional scales

Gardner and Walsh, 1990, Gulf of Mexico,

Stemmann et al., 2008Mediterranean sea

Coast/ocean interactions

McCave et al., 2001, North Atlantic

Iversen et al., 2011, Tropical Atlantic Open sea

Vertical patterns of particle size spectra at regional scalesVertical patterns of particle size spectra at regional scales

Guidi et al., 2012, HOT

The Octopus eye

Examples of Global biogeography of mesopelagic macrozooplankton from ship tethered imaging sensor (UVP4)

Examples of Global biogeography of mesopelagic macrozooplankton from ship tethered imaging sensor (UVP4)

200 profils of the UVP4 (6 years of sampling) 50-1000m, no size measurments

Sarcodines : an important component of macrozooplankton community (<40%). Definition of 9 provinces that fits Longhurst biogeochemical regions

Stemmann et al., 2008

1500 profiles UVP5since 2008

(UVP5, see HydroptiC stand for details)

Examples of PSD and vertical flux from ship tethered imaging sensor UVP5 (Guidi et al., session 58)

Examples of PSD and vertical flux from ship tethered imaging sensor UVP5 (Guidi et al., session 58)

Global Sequestration: 0.37 Gt C year-1

Global b:

-0.75

897 estimates of bdistributed over

34 provinces

combined with Sed. trap and Th. fluxes

2868 values of b

Systems based on optics mounted on floatsSystems based on optics mounted on floatsSystems based on optics mounted on floatsSystems based on optics mounted on floats

NABE2008, Briggs et al., 2008 Monterey Bay, Petrik et al., 2013

What are the Opportunities in the Study of Ocean Particle Flux ?What are the Opportunities in the Study of Ocean Particle Flux ?

Global network of observations- ARGO-> BIOARGO+vision- fixed stations + vision- cruises of opportunity

Oceanographic data center for QC and large diffusion

Particulate Organic Carbon

(size spectra) macro and mesoplankton (Taxa

size spectra)

-Ecosystem monitoring

- Data assimilation in models for Carbone fluxes and marine ressources.

Pico and microplankton (taxa, size spectra)

CTD and geochemical dataN

P

Z

D

What could Biogeochemical models represent ?What could Biogeochemical models represent ?

Stemmann and Boss (2012)

Qp

Q

Biomass (x)

D

P1

N B1

P2

Z2

Z1

D

P

Z

P1

P2 P3

What could Biogeochemical models represent ?What could Biogeochemical models represent ?

Stemmann and Boss (2012)

Q

QdSize(x)

Dsize

NN

B1

Z2

Z1

P1

P2 P3P3

150 ARGO floats, 17-22 February 2013 150 ARGO floats, 17-22 February 2013 150 ARGO floats, 17-22 February 2013 150 ARGO floats, 17-22 February 2013

Temperature (°C) POC Vertical flux (mg C m-2 d-1)

150 ARGO floats, 17-22 February 2023 150 ARGO floats, 17-22 February 2023 150 ARGO floats, 17-22 February 2023 150 ARGO floats, 17-22 February 2023

Do we all agree ?

Then we are ready for a networkof octopus eyes.

UVP

VPR

ISIS

ISIS

UVP

LOKI

ZOOVIS SIPPERLOPC

PlanktonPlankton

ParticleParticle

o AGREED PROCEDURES (computer assisted recognition, intercalibration)

o AGREED DATA MANAGEMENT

o AGREED DATA DISTRIBUTION

o AGREED MODELING FRAMEWORKS

o SUMMER SCHOOLS FOR THE USERS

The BIOgeochemical particle/plankton community is getting to a sufficient maturity in using images.

These are propositions that we could discuss now building on the biogeochemical community experience

THE KEY OF THE SUCCESS for such a network:THE KEY OF THE SUCCESS for such a network:THE KEY OF THE SUCCESS for such a network:THE KEY OF THE SUCCESS for such a network:

BIOSOPE

Gabriel Gorsky

Pieter Vandromme, JB Romagnan, F. Roullier, Nicolas Mayot, Rizlaine IdAoud, Fabien Lombard ET tous les collègues

Marc Picheral

Thank youThank you

French programs: PROOF, PNEC, PICS

EC programs: EUROCEAN (FP6), SESAME(FP6), GROOM (FP7), JERICO (FP7)

Image in situ analysis

(Size threshold)

all particles (non validated prediction),

CTD, optic

Particle size spectra CTD

Image acquisition (0-2000 m)

Validation (Aggregates – Zooplankton)

Zooplankton size spectra

Delayed time

How will we treat the imaging data for an operational How will we treat the imaging data for an operational monitoring program ?monitoring program ?

How will we treat the imaging data for an operational How will we treat the imaging data for an operational monitoring program ?monitoring program ?

Real ti

me

International Data Bases

Laboratories

REAL TIME, for example: UVP data format for ODV REAL TIME, for example: UVP data format for ODV REAL TIME, for example: UVP data format for ODV REAL TIME, for example: UVP data format for ODV

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Cruise:METAVAR:TEXT:20;Station:METAVAR:TEXT:20;Rawfilename:METAVAR:TEXT:20;UVPtype:METAVAR:TEXT:6;CTDrosettefilename:METAVAR:TEXT:40;yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:METAVAR:TEXT:40;Latitude [degrees_north]:METAVAR:DOUBLE;Longitude [degrees_east]:METAVAR:DOUBLE;Depth [m]:PRIMARYVAR:DOUBLE;Sampled volume[L];LPM (0.06-0.53mm)[#/L];LPM (0.53-1.06mm)[#/L];LPM (1.06-2.66mm)[#/L];LPM (0.06-2.66mm)[#/L];LPM biovolume (0.06-0.53mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (0.53-1.06mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (1.06-2.66mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (0.06-2.66mm)[ppm];LPM (0.06-0.07mm)[#/L];LPM (0.07-0.09mm)[#/L];LPM (0.09-0.11mm)[#/L];LPM (0.11-0.14mm)[#/L];LPM (0.14-0.17mm)[#/L];LPM (0.17-0.21mm)[#/L];LPM (0.21-0.27mm)[#/L];........;LPM biovolume (4.22-5.32mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (5.32-6.7mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (6.7-8.44mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (8.44-10.64mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (10.64-13.4mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (13.4-16.88mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (16.88-21.27mm)[ppm];LPM biovolume (21.27-26.79mm)[ppm];Temp;Trans;Fluo;Sal;Dens;svan;N2;sigt;theta;sigthe;FreezT-;O2;pH;NO3;Par;SPar

malina2009;malina001;HDR20090718234959;uvp5;0902_001;2009-07-18 23:49:59;70.4808;-135.1083;5;79.56;405.8698;0.33937;0;406.2092;0.53393;0.054187;0;0.58812;0.000000;0.000000;255.417300;76.533434;38.800905;21.669180;7.302665;4.160382;1.458019;0.527903;0.226244;0.075415;0.037707;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.000000;0.126479;0.085347;0.076972;0.076662;0.049646;0.053766;0.038764;0.026295;0.023097;0.014930;0.016160;0.000000;0.000000;0.0

MALINA cruise: 154 UVP profils (25-1800m), one PSD every 5 m, with CTD, Rosette, 8MoCAN BE SEND BY ARGO, IRIDIUM

MALINA cruise: 154 UVP profils (25-1800m), one PSD every 5 m, with CTD, Rosette, 8MoCAN BE SEND BY ARGO, IRIDIUM

METADATA: context

METADATA: file content

DATA

DELAYED TIME: adding 44000 images 300 Mo

ARGOS, IRIDIUM TRANSMISSION ?Wait for a recovery of the instrument ?

DELAYED TIME: adding 44000 images 300 Mo

ARGOS, IRIDIUM TRANSMISSION ?Wait for a recovery of the instrument ?