From Physics Graduate Student in the '70s to Observing Supernovae Today
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Transcript of From Physics Graduate Student in the '70s to Observing Supernovae Today
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
A Festschrift and Conference onTHE GOLDEN AGE OF PARTICLE
PHYSICS AND ITS LEGACY Boston University
In honour of Lawrence Sulak
From Physics Graduate Student in the '70s to Observing Supernovae
Today
Charling TaoCentre de Physique des Particules de Marseille
IN2P3/CNRS and U. MéditerranéeITA NAOC Beijing
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
ForewordWe would particularly be interested in hearing your
thoughts on
``The life of a physics graduate student in the '70's".
OK! The title of your talk is:
From Physics Graduate Student in the '70s to Observing Supernovae Today
Aie !!Yaie!!! I am not a sociologist!!!!
wish I had Tom Wolfe’ s talent for a « I am Charlotte Simmons » speech!
Perhaps I could talk about my present work
on SN and Dark Energy. Would be easier for me…
:-*
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
My graduate years: 1975-1979
My Thesis (R. Wilson) :
The Structure and Formation of Hadrons: An Experiment with a Muon Beam of 219 GeV on a Hydrogen Target.
Harvard U.
Test of QCD:logarithmic breaking of scale invariance
Frontiers of physics at the time
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
My Harvard graduate school environment
Adviser: Richard Wilson, (+ A.L. Sessoms + T. Loomis)
Teachers: Sidney Coleman : QFT (John Lo Secco)
Shelly Glashow: Group Theory
Alvaro de Rujula: Weak Interactions
Steven Weinberg: General Relativity and Cosmology
Carlo Rubbia: Particle Physics
Howard Georgi,…Lots of other people around at the time: N. Ramsey, P. Martin, F.Pipkin, K. Strauch, Ed Witten, D. Politzer, G. t’Hooft, P. MacIntyre, W. Skocpol, Tinkham, ….
Students at the time present today ; Witold Kozanecki, Jim Strait, Michael Levi, Bruce Cortez, Ian Affleck, Dave Hannah, Wesley Smith, …
:-)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Harvard PhD 1979, 10/20 in particle physics
•AFFLECK, IAN KEITH,. Some Results on Vacuum Decay. (Coleman)
•ALVAREZ, ORLANDO, Conformal Invariance in Quantum Field Theory. (Weinberg)•DAVIS, SAMUEL, Predictions and Limitations of Perturbative QCD. (Georgi)•DE LUCCIA, FRANK JOSEPH, The Fate of the False Vacuum: Induced Decay and Gravitational Effects on Spontaneous Decay. (Coleman)•RICH, JAMES ARNOLD, Trimuon Production by High Energy Neutrinos. (Rubbia)•ROCEK, MARTIN,. Aspects of Spontaneous Symmetry Breakdown of Supersymmetry. (Wu)•SHEIMAN, JOHATHAN LEWIS, Topics in the Theory of Leptoproduction. (Georgi)•SMOLIN, LEE, Studies in Quantum Gravity. (Coleman)•SOBELMAN, GERALD EDWARD, Asymptotic Estimates and Borel Resummation for a Doubly Anharmonic Oscillator. (Coleman)•TAO, CHARLING SUN, The Structure and Formation of Hadrons: An Experiment with a Muon Beam of 219 GeV on a Hydrogen Target. (Wilson)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
1975 class: 32 graduate students
1 female and only 1 other 6 years before!
:-*
Year after : 2 female graduate students
Since then, at least 1 graduating /year
Not great! But not 0
Thank you Larry
(and Beth)
for the conscious effort to bring more women in science
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
What did I learn from Graduate school in the 70’s?
The Feynman Problem Solving Algorithm: 1) Write down the problem. 2) Think very hard. 3) Write down the solution.
:-)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
What did I learn from Graduate school in the 70’s?
- A lot of physics, and detector building, of course,- need to work hardBut more important is the Scientific Method When faced with any problem: Don’t be afraid, ask questions
And do not forget to be socially conscious and active
Example of Larry : an ever young, enthusiastic and
curious mind
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Physics is an art, the art of unveiling
the invisible
What is Physics?
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
What is Physics?
Physics is a language, a « universal » human language that
translates the « real » world into something « understandable »
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
What did I learn from Graduate school in the 70’s?
There are many ways to do physics
and understand NatureReductionnist / Emergent
Theoretical / experimental/ phenomenology
Different fieldsChoose one path in graduate
school and learn the techniques
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Why did I do a thesis on tests of QCD in Deep Inelastic Muon Scattering in 1975 ?
And why SNIa search today?
The Larry Sulak/Harvard Spirit
Frontiers of Physics
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
(
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
1970’s frontiers of physics?
e
u
d
e
c
s
t
b
leptons
quarks
3 fermion families
‘H0’
interactions
Z0 , W,W
g
‘G’
Vector bosons of interactions
electromagnetic
strong
weak
gravitation
Fundamental particles
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
1970’s frontiers of physics?
Completing our knowledge of Fundamental Particle constituents of matter
and Fundamental interactions
e
u
d
e
c
s
t
b
leptons
quarks
3 fermion families
‘H0’
interactions
Z0 , W,W
g
‘G’
Vector bosons of interactions
electromagnetic
strong
weak
gravitation
Fundamental particles
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
The Golden Age of particle physics
In 1950-s : advent of particle accelerators
beams of electrons or protons with high kinetic energy.
the 4.5-inch model cyclotron built by Lawrence and Livingston.
Oct. 20, 1955: discovery of the antiproton
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
High energy physics
many new particles
new classification: leptons, mesons, baryons
« the eightfold way » Gell-man & Neeman
Nobel Prize in Physics 1969
Leptons and quarks
Can plan the experiments and repeat them! Particle physics second name
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
1970’s frontiers of physics?
Towards the Standard Model of the Fundamental interactions SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1)
- Asymptotic freedom: Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
1973
- Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions (discovery of Neutral currents)
Steven Weinberg Abdus SalamSheldon Glashow
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
1970’s frontiers of physics?
Completing the particle constituent table
- J/Psi discovered (S.Ting et al., Richter et al.)
evidence for charm, postulated in 1973 (GIM)
- tau lepton (M. Perl et al.): Indication for a third family
~1975
Completing the third family
1977: beauty (Lederman et al.)
1995: top quark discovery
Nobel for v beams and v
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
1980’s: Triumph of the Standard Model
• Unification electromagnetism and weak interaction
Prediction of W, Z observed at CERN UA1/2 experiments (C. Rubbia et al….)
First W
First Z
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Where was ?
IMB
Proton decay
+ Neutrino
Osc.
+ SN1987A
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Next frontiers ? Beyond the SM of particle physics
First hint with neutrino masses ?
First hint of neutrino masses:
L. Wolfenstein
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Solar neutrino problem
1970
600 tons of C2Cl4e + 37Cl 37Ar + e-
Homestake
A pioneering experiment…
R. Davis
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Probing the Universe with neutrinos
SuperKamiokande neutrino image of the Sun
Pioneering Involvement in neutrino telescopesDUMAND started in 1976
IMB/ SuperK in 1978/1979
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
70 m
12 lines (900 PMTs) 25 storeys / line 3 PMTs/storey
350 m
100 m
14.5 m
Junctionbox
Readout cables
40 km toshore
2500 m
storey
Horizontal layout
The ANTARES underwater detector in the Mediterranean sea
P.Coyle
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Next frontiers
Quantum theory• SUSY• Superstrings• Quantum Gravity
Cosmology
• Dark Matter
• Dark Energy
Accelerator physics is fundamental
but new physics hints could be coming
from « astro » and « cosmo » data
(Back to Cosmic Ray physics!)
New particles?
Extra dimensions?
Negative energies?
Space topologies?
Violation of Lorentz invariance?
Is the cosmological constant, constant?
What is its relationship with quantum vacuum fluctuations?
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
A mysterious Universe
Ordinary Matter: 4%
2/3
Dark Energy
1/3 Dark Matter
Position 1st peak =1.02 +/- 0.02
Ratio (2/1) peaksB =0.046 +/- 0.006
Definition: c (c=10-29 g/cm3)
CMB, + SN, clusters, galaxies redshift surveys, Weak Lensing, …
Concordant CDM model with
Cold Dark Matter and Cosmological constant
WMAP
Flat universe
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Why SNIa search today?
Mystery of the Dark Universe ! (Michael Levi)• What expertise do we bring to the field?
Handling of large sample of data• Control of systematics: from a 2 measurement to a
credible result• SNLS is one step• Nearby supernovae program VERY important!• SNAP/JDEM 1% measurement
Today’s Frontiers of physics
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Different standardisation methods
Before: mB After, eg, stretch correction: mBcor = mB – (s-1)
Different standardisation methods : stretch (SCP), MLC2k2 (HiZ), m15, ...
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
SN Ia in 2004: A selection by Riess et al, astro-ph 0402512
+ Low z : 0.01 < z < 0.15• Calan-Tololo (Hamuy et al., 1996) : 29 • CfA I (Riess et al. 1999): 22• CfA II (Jha et al, 2004b): 44
16 new SN Ia with HST (GOOD ACS Treasury program)
6 / 7 existing with z >1.25 + Compilation (Tonry et al. 2003): 172 with changes from…
* Knop et al, 2003, SCP : 11 new 0.4 < z < 0.85
reanalysis of 1999, Perlmutter et al.
* 15 / original 42 excluded/inaccurate colour measurements and uncertain classification
* 6 /42 and 5/11: fail « strict SNIA » sample cut
* Barris et al, 2003, HZT: 22 new: varying degrees of completeness on photometry and spectroscopy records
* Blakesly et al, 2003 : 2 with ACS on HST
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
A m=0.27 shift of low z data
Shift z <0.15 data by m= 0.27
m= 0.43 +/-0.2 and = 0 +/-0.34
Use Kosmoshow by A. Tilquin!
No need for
But Universe is not flat!
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
The CFHT Legacy Survey
Supernovæ Program
SNLS
http://snls.in2p3.fr/people/snls-members.html
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
The CFHT Legacy Survey Supernovæ Program
Extra collaborators :
VLT: ESO, Portugal, Sweden, UK.
Keck: US.
Gemini: UK, US.
Canada and France
(CPPM)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
SNLS First year results with 71 SNIa
with CFHTLS and VLT, Gemini, Keck for spectroscopy
At the end 700 SNIa!
astroph/0510447 to appear in A&A
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
First results: Cosmological parameter fits
• SNLS first year contours, combined with Baryon oscillation results (Eisenstein et al 2005)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
First results: numbers
• For a flat CDM cosmology
• For a flat M,w cosmology,– Combined with Baryonic acoutic oscillation (Eisenstein
2005)
No surprise result! But better control of systematics
M=0.263 +- 0.042 (stat) +- 0.032 (syst)
M= 0.271 +- 0.021 (stat) +- 0.007 (syst)w = -1.023 +- 0.090 (stat) +- 0.054 (syst)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Need for multiprobes to constraint w
Ch. Yèche, A.Ealet, A. Réfrégier, C. Tao, A. Tilquin, J.-M. Virey, and D. Yvon.
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Stronger constraints thanks to correlations
40
For m-w0 and for w0-wa, we observe orthogonal correlations between (CMB-WL) and SNIa It allows to break the degeneracies.
Actually we have 9-dim correlations, we gain more than the simple 2-dim overlap! We use the full correlation matrix.
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Gravitationnal arcs
Indication of Dark Matter in the
Universe
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Weak Lensing effects
Distorsion of background images by foreground matter
Without lensing Lensing effect
A. Réfrégier
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“Weak Lensing”
jij
iij zgdz
2
)(Deformation matrix:
Direct measure of mass distribution in the Universe
Other methods measure light distribution
A. Réfrégier
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Principles of “Weak Lensing”
Deformation matrix:
Convergence:
Shear
Critical surface density
221
crit
212221121
1 ;)(
lsol
oscrit DD
D
G
c
4
2
22
21
1
1
j
iij
Weak lensing: << 1 (linear approximation)Measure shear and solve for projected mass
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“Shear” measurement
Quadrupole Moments : )()(2 xIxwxxxdQ jiij
Ellipticity:2211
122
2211
22111
2,
Q
12 Shear:
12
21
1
1
ij
ii P Relation:
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Baryon acoustic oscillations from SDSS LRGs 0.2 < z < 0.5
Acoustic series in P(k) becomes a single peak in (r)!
Pure CDM model has no peak.
Warning: Correlated Error Bars
CDM with baryons is a good fit: 2 = 16.1 with 17 dof.Pure CDM rejected at 2 = 11.7
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
The Golden age of Cosmology
The Elementary block:
a Galaxy
From COBE to WMAP to Planck Surveyor
HST
map of the sky
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Cosmology today … and tomorrow
SNLS, ESSENCE, SNIFS, CSP, … Weak Lensing, CFHTLS, DUNE
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Is particle physics useful outside the lab?
• Tune Kamae: Turning the Cosmos into a Particle Physics Lab
OR/AND: using particle physics to understand the X-Cosmos
YES!
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
2500m2500m
300m300m
50m50m
Electro-opticalElectro-opticalunderwater cableunderwater cable ~40km ~40km
Junction boxJunction box
Readout Cables Readout Cables
Shore stationShore station
anchoranchor
floatfloat
Electronics Containers Electronics Containers
~60m~60mCompass,Compass,tilt metertilt meter
hydrophonehydrophone
Optical M Optical M odulesodules
acoustic detector acoustic detector
Cerenkov Light
track
BioluminescenceK40
Light Sources
p, e+
-
The Golden age of « astro particles » experiments
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Neutrino mass from Cosmology?
Data Authors
Mmi
2dFGRS Elgaroy et al. 02 < 1.8 eV
WMAP+2dF+… Spergel et al. 03 < 0.7 eV
WMAP+2dF Hannestad 03 < 1.0 eV
SDSS+WMAP Tegmark et al. 04 < 1.7 eV
WMAP+2dF+SDSS
Crotty et al. 04 < 1.0 eV
Clusters +WMAP Allen et al. 04 0.56+0.30-0.26 eV
All upper limits 95% CL, but different assumed priors !All upper limits 95% CL, but different assumed priors ! Slide from Ofer Lahav
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Neutrinos and DE
Cosmology measurementsDark energy, ~ (10-2.5eV)4
Could neutrino energy density scale like dark energy?
Requires neutrino ‘mass’ to increase with scale factor
1998
Atmospheric neutrinos neutrinos oscillate and have mass
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Rob Fardon, A.E.Nelson., Neal Weiner; astro-ph/0309800
David B. Kaplan, A.E.Nelson., Neal Weiner; hep-ph/0401099
Kathryn Zurek, hep-ph/0405141
M
llQ
RcRNNQ
m
• Derivative couplings:
CPT violation
Connexions Neutrino mass /DE
-M. Li, X. Wang, B. Feng, X. Zhang, Phys.Rev. D65 (2002) 103511Quintessential Leptogenesis
Xinmin Zhang etal. PRD68, 087301 (2003)
• Direct couplings
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Speculations or reality?Future experiments to show
Experimental To Do list (A. Nelson)
Document and consider environment of neutrino path in neutrino oscillation experiments
Consider 13 measurements in reactor experiments with pathlength in air and in rock
Consider environment of neutrinos in direct mass search and 0 measurements
Short baseline experiments to search for heavier sterile neutrinos with small mixing angles; consider varying density of material in neutrino path
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
The Golden age of Neutrino Physics!
CP Violation in the lepton Sector
Dark Energy
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
The life of a graduate student in the 70’s?
• Harvard sigma 7 computer – 1966: Scientific Data Systems (SDS)– Computing with cards– One night for a 800 bpi tape and risk of crash VERY high! More thinking before using computers
• Beginning of internet : arpanet use limited• Talks: No Powerpoint• Papers : no archiv, Phys. Rev.
Not flooded with papers sending reprints to requests and libraries
• Largest experiment : CHIO DIS muon ~35 physicistsYou could understand and control all aspects of experimentsMore scientists and less full time managers
• No FPGA (screwdriver and soldering iron electronics)
• Very few women in graduate school: still very few women
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
How is the life of an experimental particle graduate student in 2005?
• Difficulty in carrying « independent » research in large experimental particle physics groups– Graduate school in particle physics teaches how to be a
good team player
• Long delays between experimental designs and results
• Strong specialization in big teams and pixellisation of responsibility
threat of extinction
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
And … Physics is exciting!
BUT most graduate students are happy!
So what do we worry about?
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Evolving UniverseEvolving PhysicsEvolving People
How to Anticipate Next Golden age ?
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Hypothesis: Frontiers of physics evolves
Look at people evolution?
Look at PhD.Thesis topics?
How can that be tested?
Data Not conclusive !
• Low statistics
• Large bias!
• Hidden variables???
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Sorry for the bias!
Source: Harvard U. http://www.physics.harvard.edu/academics/phds.html
Did not find online WEB data from BUor any other University
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Harvard PhD 1979, 10/20 in particle physics
•AFFLECK, IAN KEITH,. Some Results on Vacuum Decay. (Coleman)
•ALVAREZ, ORLANDO, Conformal Invariance in Quantum Field Theory. (Weinberg)•DAVIS, SAMUEL, Predictions and Limitations of Perturbative QCD. (Georgi)•DE LUCCIA, FRANK JOSEPH, The Fate of the False Vacuum: Induced Decay and Gravitational Effects on Spontaneous Decay. (Coleman)•RICH, JAMES ARNOLD, Trimuon Production by High Energy Neutrinos. (Rubbia)•ROCEK, MARTIN,. Aspects of Spontaneous Symmetry Breakdown of Supersymmetry. (Wu)•SHEIMAN, JOHATHAN LEWIS, Topics in the Theory of Leptoproduction. (Georgi)•SMOLIN, LEE, Studies in Quantum Gravity. (Coleman)•SOBELMAN, GERALD EDWARD, Asymptotic Estimates and Borel Resummation for a Doubly Anharmonic Oscillator. (Coleman)•TAO, CHARLING SUN, The Structure and Formation of Hadrons: An Experiment with a Muon Beam of 219 GeV on a Hydrogen Target. (Wilson)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Harvard PhD 2004 7/21 related particle physics and cosmology
• ABRAHAM, MATHEW CHEERAN, Hot Electron Transpoort and Current Sensing. (Westervelt)
• BOWDEN, NATHANIEL SEAN, Production of Cold Antihydrogen During the Positron Cooling of Antiprotons. (Gabrielse)
• CHANG, SPENCER, Topics in Little Higgs Physics (Georgi)• MOODY, AREEZ MINOO, Thermodynamics of ultracold
singly charged particles. (Heller)• ODOM, BRIAN CARL, Measurement of the Electron g-
Factor in a Sub-Kelvin Cylindrical Cavity. (Gabrielse)• OXLEY, PAUL KEVIN, Production of Slow Antihydrogen
from Cold Antimatter Plasmas. (Gabrielse)• SON, JOHN SANG WON,. Superstring Theory in AdS_3 and
Plane Waves (Minwalla)
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Agreement with A. Rosowsky’s proposal!
For graduate students:
better small experiments – atomic physics?
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Conclusions
• It was great to be a graduate student in the ’70s– Hope it is still true for today’s students– Certainly is different
• Small experiments are better training grounds to learn independence and experience a full experimental cycle
Is there a future for particle physics?
Pioneering frontiers physics exist and is part of the future
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Thank you !
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Charling Tao, Sulak Festschrift, Oct 21-22,2005
Harvard University PhD 2005 3/11 related to particle physics and
cosmology
NEITZKE, ANDREW M., Toward a Nonperturbative Topological String. (Vafa)SPECK, ANDREW J., Two Techniques Produce Slow Antihydrogen (Gabrielse) THOMPSON, DAVID MATTOON, Holography and Related Topics in String Theory (Strominger)