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From Lamentation to Affirmative Police: A Proven Alternative to …€¦ · Lamentations in the...
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República de Moçambique
Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia, Ensino Superior e Técnico Profissional
From Lamentation to Affirmative Police: A Proven Alternative to Solving African
Prisional/Correctional/Penitentiary Budgetary Dilemma
4th ACSA BIENNIAL CONFERENCE
17 May 2017
Presentation Structure
I. From lamentations
II. From lamentations to changes; possible ways
III. Conclusions
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Lamentations in the Penitentiary Systems
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Definition:
The lamentation is the act or
effect of whining, crying,
complaining, funeral song.
(in online Portuguese Dictionary viewed on 26th April 2017).
Main Lamentations (problems) of the Prisons /
Corrections / Penitentiary System
•Reduced Budget;
•Degraded infrastructures;
•Overcrowding;
•Health and contagious diseases;
•Insufficiency of human resources;
•Lack of work equipment.
Cont.
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Degraded infrastructures
The maintenance of Prison / Correctional / Penitentiary
buildings is quite costly. For example, in 2003 in Lesotho,
the Commissioner of Prisons identified at least (4) four
prisons which in his view were to be demolished under
penalty of causing leakage due to the high degree of
structural degradation.
(Nabetse Sekhonye CSPRI Newsletter Nr. 10 of April 2005 http://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/10%20-
%20April%202005.pdf last accessed April 26, 2017).
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Overcrowding
For Sarkin (2008), along with other problems that African
Prison Services face today, overcrowding is one of the
most urgent concerns, since it has its roots in the
continent's colonial past. This is associated with lack of
resources at various levels of the judicial system.
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Nampula Provincial Penitentiary Facility.photo 2009.
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Cont.
In general, the health services in prison systems in Africa are often poorly qualified, equipped and budgeted. An assessment conducted in 12 prisons in five areas in Tanzania in 2012 found that about 75% of the facilities surveyed did not have sufficiently trained medical personnel and that most of these facilities were poorly equipped. (https://www.unodc.org/easternafrica/en/Stories/zanzibar-prison.html visited on 27 April 2017).
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Cont.
This, combined with budgetary constraints and
the absence of qualified human resources,
prevents the implementation of reformist policies
in the health system and promotes an unavoidable
prioritization of safety to the detriment of health,
resulting from a clearly legal-oriented paradigm of
action.
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Difficulties of rehabilitation and social
reintegration of the convicts
The domain of rehabilitation and social
reintegration, and the lack of financial and
qualified human resources at various levels
precludes the implementation of effective
rehabilitation projects in African
Prison/Correctional and Penitentiary Systems
(ibid.). (Nabetse Sekhonye Boletim informativo do CSPRI Nr 10 Abril de 2005 in http://acjr.org.za/resource-
centre/10%20-%20April%202005.pdf ultimo acesso a 26 de Abril. de 2017).
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From lamentation – Possible ways
• Change of attitude
• Self-esteem promotion
• Increase in productive activities at industrial scale
• Establishment of workshops production
• Provision of services to the community
• Establishment of Public-Private Partnership
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The Rwanda Experience
The Correctional Services of Rwanda save millions of dollars in the use of
biogas as a source of clean energy as an example.
Rwanda has 13 Facilities with about 60,000 convicts, who consumed about 10
toneladas of firewood a day, equivalent to an annual cost of about 1 billion
Rwandans ($ 1.7 million), all of that money spent on buying firewood.
The Rwandan Government has restructured prison management and the new
administration has come with this initiative as a long-term solution
After realizing the success of biogas in prisons, the Rwandan Government
introduced the National Domestic Biogas Program (NDBP) focusing on rural
areas helping them to cook using clean energy.
http://cleanleap.com/rwanda-biogas-prisons-saves-millions-dollars
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The Rwanda Experience
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República de Moçambique
Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia, Ensino Superior e Técnico Profissional
The South African experience (RSA)
Establishment of production workshops
• The Department has ten (10) wood and steel workshops, nineteen (19) textile workshops, eight bakeries (8), twenty one (21) farms and one hundred and six (106) small farms that are managed by qualified artisans (production workshops) and agriculture technicians (farms), respectively. These entities contribute towards self-sufficiency and offender training as well as development.
• Value of products manufactured :
• Economic efficiency: 2015/2016
Wood/Steel - R 69 451 716
Textiles - R71 698 021
• Eight (8) bakeries have been established across different regions
• Two new bakeries were establish in the Western Cape during the 2015/2016 financial year.
• These bakeries created work and training opportunities to ± 30 offenders.
• The two bakeries baked ± 320 624 loaves of bread at a average cost of R4.51.
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The South African experience (RSA)
The production aims to meet the internal needs,
namely:
• National Correctional Centers, (production of
offenders' clothes, office and correctional facility cell
furniture and recreational equipment).
• Correctional Service farms,
• Correctional Service kitchens, schools, hospitals
and dog units.
• Correctional Service Training Centers and Colleges.
• Construction and maintenance service, ex.
Manufacture of cell doors, grills, locks and keys.
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Furniture produced in South African Correctional Institutions
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The South African experience (RSA)
Agro-livestock activities in South African correctional facilities
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The South African experience (RSA)
The Zimbabwe Experience
Maize production Central pivot irrigation in Mashonaland West province
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ZIM꞉ Cotton Production Chiredzi Masvingo Province
Production - 30.000kg.
ZIM꞉ Building Brigades at Work
The Mozambique Experience - Salt
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The Mozambique Experience - Salt
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Provide services to the community and society
For example, Zimbabwe Community Service was
implemented in 1994.
In November 1997, in Kadoma, was held an International
Conference on the raw of Community Service in Africa.
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Provide services to the community and society
The Conference produced the Kadoma Declaration and the
Community Service Action Plan.
The success of the project in Zimbabwe led to the
implementation of community service projects in 1999 in
Kenya, Malawi, Burkina Faso, Congo-Brazzaville,
Central African Republic and Mozambique.
In 2002, Senegal, Tanzania and Namibia also adopted
community service legislation.
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Public-Private Partnerships
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Public partnerships
Data provided in May 2017 indicate that the Department of
Correctional Services of South Africa has signed memorandum
with various institutions within the framework of public partnerships,
namely:
Memorandum of Understanding - MoU with the Teaching
Department whose purpose is the provision of Portfolios and chairs,
furniture frames, office furniture, school furniture Rehabilitation.
Memorandum of Understanding - MoU with the Department of
Health, whose purpose is the provision of office furniture, beds,
wardrobes, security gate and locks for Psychiatric Facilities..
cont.
Public-private partnership
Data from 2015, collected during the visit to the State of Israel, indicate
that the Economic Activities, although there is a service dependent
on the prison service, it is autonomous.
Thus, there are 66 industries in which about 3000 convicts work.
The industrial product is supplied to the different institutions of the
State and obligatorily the Defense and Security Forces.
They also provide the international market. There is a partnership
between the private industry and the prisons, where they give up
the places, water, electricity, and the inmates and the Private
partnership provides the equipment and signs an Economic
Contract.
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cont.
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Prisons have the mission of occupying
convicted people so that they do not
occupy the system, based on the following
philosophical principle: Find money, get
money to make money.
Backup Supervision
An effective supervision at the
national level is crucial to facilitate
a reform. Encouraging openness
and transparency in an
environment of constructive and
critical debate are key elements for
prison/penitenciari/correcional
reform.
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Conclusion
Most African economies can not sustain large prison populations or large
prison-building programs to house hundreds of thousands of convicted
prisoners. There are much more urgent needs in most African societies.
Prison reform can be achieved if it happens according to a plan that is clear in
terms of policy and budget. Resources are too limited to pursue quick fixes and
policy changes are also another factor. We must recognize that sustainable
solutions take time to be developed and implemented - that is the nature
of true transformation.
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BET ON A MAN AS A CENTRAL ELEMENT
Building a Correctional and Professional System in
Africa: A Strategic Objective
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Kigali, 17 May 2017
32 Profesor Doctor Luís Cezerilo