From Inspiration to Aspiration: Turkey in the New Middle East
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Transcript of From Inspiration to Aspiration: Turkey in the New Middle East
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8/3/2019 From Inspiration to Aspiration: Turkey in the New Middle East
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MGHGOJGZ :400
IZEO CKXTCZ@]CEK]E @XTCZ@]CEK]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
Xck`k lagk
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MGHGOJGZ :400
IZEO CKXTCZ@]CEK]E @XTCZ@]CEK]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
Xck`k lagk
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:400 H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt ier Cktgrk`tcek`l Tg`hg. @ll rcants rgsgrvgm.
]g H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt megs ket t`fg ckstctutcek`l pesctceks ek pujlch pelchycssugs6 tng vcgws rgprgsgktgm ngrg `rg tng `utners ewk `km me ket kghgss`rclyrgght tng vcgws ei tng Gkmewogkt, cts st`ffl, er cts trustggs.
Ke p`rt ei tncs pujlch`tcek o`y jg rgpremuhgm er tr`ksocttgm ck `ky iero er jy`ky og`ks wctneut pgrocsscek ck wrctcka ireo tng H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt. Tlg`sgmcrght ckqucrcgs te2
H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt ier Cktgrk`tcek`l Tg`hgTujlch`tceks Mgp`rtogkt
0113 O`ss`hnusgtts @vgkug, KQQ`snckatek, M.H. :4489gl. +0 :4:-=>8-1944I`x2 +0 :4:-=>8-0>=4www.H`rkgacgGkmewogkt.era
]cs pujlch`tcek h`k jg mewkle`mgm `t ke hest`t www.H`rkgacgGkmewogkt.era/pujs.
HT 084
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Hektgkts
Xuoo`ry 0
Cktremuhtcek 8
Mghekstruhtcka tng ]urfcsn Oemgl =
Xghul`rcso, Mgoehr`hy, `km Telctch`l Csl`o 7Hcvcl-Oclct`ry Zgl`tceks 1O`rfgt-Xt`tg Zgl`tceks 3Lckfs te tng Qgst 04]ng Xt`tg ]r`mctcek 0:
]ng Zglgv`khg ei tng ]urfcsn Oemgl 08
Epgr`tcek`lczcka tng ]urfcsn Oemgl 09
Telctch`l T`rty Zgiero 09Xghurcty Xghter Zgiero 0>@ I`stgr, Jgttgr Zeutg te Ghekeoch Cktgar`tcek ier OGK@ 03Ick`khc l Zgiero ::Neuscka Telchy Zgiero :=Trcv`tg Xghter Mgvglepogkt :7Zgaul`tery H`p`hcty Juclmcka :1
@ Y`lu`jlg Oemgl :1
Fggpcka tng Oemgl Ckt`ht :>
Ketgs 80
@jeut tng @utner 87
H`rkgacg Gurepg 89
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0
Xuoo`ry
Qctn mgoehr`tch hn`kag struaalcka te t`fg reet ck tng @r`j werlm gvgk `itgr
tng i`ll ei sgvgr`l `utehr`tch rgacogs, tng qugstcek k`tur`lly `rcsgs wngtngr
]urfgy h`k sgrvg `s ` oemgl ier tnesg wne nepg te usngr tng rgacek tnreuan
tng mciffhult tr`ksctcek te ` oerg mgoehr`tch ermgr.
@t ffrst jlusn, tngrg sggo te jg scakcffh`kt j`rrcgrs te `pplycka tng ]urfcsn
oemgl te tng @r`j hektgxt. Ier ckst`khg, tng sghul`rcso se hngrcsngm jy ]urfs
w`s ercack`lly copesgm ek tngo uscka mghcmgmly ukmgoehr`tch og`ks. @r`j
lg`mgrs wne `spcrg te ckstcll sghul`rcso ck tngcr heuktrcgs ukmgr hekmctceksei mgoehr`tch eppesctcek weulm i`hg ` ouhn mciigrgkt hn`llgkag. Xcocl`rly,
]urfgys Qgstgrk hrgmgktc`lscts GW h`kmcm`hy `km cts ogojgrsncp ck
K@]E `km tng Heukhcl ei Gurepgme ket ejvceusly `pply ck tncs sctu`tcek.
@km tng mciffhultcgs tn`t tng Gurepg`k Wkcek n`s i`hgm ck mgvglepcka k giigh-
tcvg kgcanjerneem pelchy ier tng seutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k rgacek o`fg hlg`r
tn`t tngsg tcgs `rg heoplch`tgm.
]ngrg cs ke str`cant-lckg p`tn te epgr`tcek`lczcka tng ]urfcsn oemgl ck tng
@r`j hektgxt. ]ngrg `rg kekgtnglgss sgvgr`l rg`seks te t`fg tng cmg` sgrceusly.
]e st`rt wctn, X`ougl Nuktckatek pecktgm eut tng gxcstgkhg ei ` mgoek-
str`tcvg giight, wngrgjy tng gx`oplg ei g`rlcgr tr`ksctceks prevcmgm oemgls ier
sujsgqugkt giierts `t mgoehr`tcz`tcek tn`t ck turk prevcmgm oemgls ier etngr
giierts, `km se iertn. Ck tncs sgksg, tng ]urfcsn oemgl weulm `pply te tng
@r`j werlm ket se ouhn jgh`usg ei wn`t ]urfgy megs jut jgh`usg ei wn`t ct
cs. ]ng sghekm peckt cs tng hultur`l `iffkcty jgtwggk ]urfgy `km tng heuktrcgs
ck tng rgacek. Ck gssgkhg, tng heuktrcgs ei tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch`
ffkm ]urfgys ewk gxpgrcgkhg oerg og`kckaiul `km sgg ct `s oerg rglgv`kt `km
tr`kspes`jlg tn`k tng scocl`r gxpgrcgkhgs ei kek-Ouslco k`tceks. ]ng meogs-
tch tr`ksiero`tcek ei ]urfgy, jreuant `jeut evgr tng p`st mgh`mg jy ` rulcka
p`rty wctn reets ck pelctch`l Csl`o, h`k ekly gkn`khg tng giightcvgkgss ei suhn
hultur`l `iffkcty.
]ng ]urfcsn oemgl, tngrgierg, h`k n`vg ` scakcffh`kt cop`ht ck tng @r`j
werlm ci ct cs prgsgktgm ck ku`khgm, h`rgiul w`ysghter jy sghter `km cssug jy
cssug r`tngr tn`k ck `ky wnelgs`lg i`sncek. ]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg h`k jg jreuant
te jg`r ek ` kuojgr ei scakcffh`kt pelchy `rg`s hevgrcka pelctch`l rgiero, ghe-
keoch rgiero, `km ckstctutcek juclmcka. Ck `ll tngsg `rg`s, ]urfgy n`s ` v`lu-
`jlg relg te pl`y ck suppertcka, sust`ckcka, `km hekselcm`tcka mgoehr`hy `km
st`tg-juclmcka ck tng @r`j werlm.
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: | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
]ng eksgt ei tng @r`j @w`fgkcka prgsgkts tng werlm wctn ` ncsterch epper-
tukcty te l`ukhn tng tncrm arg`t w`vg ei tr`ks`tl`ktch hell`jer`tcek (iellew-
cka tng rghekstruhtcek ei Gurepg `itgr 03=7 `km tng rg-cktgar`tcek ei G`stgrk
Gurepg `itgr 03>3). ]ng mcstckaucsncka ig`turg ei tncs tncrm w`vg wcll lcfgly jg
]urfgys `htcvg ckvelvgogkt, `itgr pl`ycka ekly ocker suppertcka relgs ck tng
ffrst twe w`vgs.
]urfgys relg `s ` oemgl ier jummcka mgoehr`hcgs `lse eiigrs tng heuktry
`k eppertukcty te rgvct`lczg cts p`rtkgrsncp wctn tng Qgst. Qn`t jgttgr w`y
te `ll`y hekhgrks evgr ]urfgys ckhrg`scka iergcak pelchy ukcl`tgr`lcso tn`k
te ckmuhg ]urfgy te usg gxcstcka oultcl`tgr`l pl`tieros ck ` ar`km prear`o ei
tr`ksiero`tcek tnreuaneut tng @r`j werlm5 @ ]urfgy `htcka ck ukcsek wctn
tng Qgst te iestgr mgoehr`hy `km tng rulg ei l`w ck tng @r`j werlm weulm hgr-
t`ckly prevcmg tng ultco`tg preei tn`t tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs ket ekly rglgv`kt te
pelchy ck tng rgacek jut ` l`stcka suhhgss stery.
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8
Cktremuhtcek
]urfcsn Trgscmgkt @jmull`n Als O`rhn :400 trcp te Gaypt o`rfgm k coper-
t`kt ffrst2 Al w`s tng ffrst iergcak ng`m ei st`tg te vcsct Gaypt `itgr tng ]`nrcr
Xqu`rg rgvelt `km eustgr ei tng Neskc Ouj`r`f rgacog. ]ng copert`khg ei
Als tnrgg-m`y trcp lcgs ck oerg tn`k bust tncs cktgrgstcka jct ei trcvc`, newgvgr.
]ng trcp ncanlcantgm ` arewcka hnerus ei pelchyo`fgrs wne `rg mgj`tcka tng
ogrcts ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl. Ckmggm, `itgr ncs oggtcka wctn Al, Oen`ogm
Nussgck ]`kt`wc, `htcka prgscmgkt `km hn`cro`k ei Gaypts Xuprgog Heukhcl
ei tng @rogm Ierhgs, mmgm ncs ewk vechg te tn`t hnerus. ]ng ]urfcsn gxpgrc-gkhg cs tng hlesgst gxpgrcgkhg te tng Gayptc`k pgeplg. ]urfgy cs tng oemgl te
ckspcrg ireo, ng s`cm.
]`kt`wcs cs ket tng ekly scakcffh`kt vechg te scka tng pr`csgs ei ]urfgy `s
` oemgl ier tng tr`ksiero`tcek ei tng Ocmmlg G`st. Z`sncm `l-An`kkusnc,
tng ncsterch`l lg`mgr ei tng ]ukcsc`k Csl`ocst oevgogkt `l-K`nm`, `km ]`rcq
Z`o`m`k, `k ckugktc`l tnckfgr `km tng ar`kmsek ei Ouslco Jretngrneem
ieukmgr N`ss`k l-J`kk`, n`vg eiigrgm suppert te tng cmg` s wgll. @l-An`kkusnc
n`s st`tgm tn`t ncs oevgogkt t`fgs ]urfgy s oemgl jgh`usg ei tng irggmeo ct
ar`kts ier tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei pelctch`l p`rtcgs, cts jgkgvelgkt gvelutcek ck tng
rg`lo ei hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks, `km cts iehus ek mgvglepogkt. Z`o`m`k, t`f-
cka ` oerg ku`khgm `ppre`hn te tng cmg`, n`s ketgm tn`t yeukagr ogojgrs ei
tng Ouslco Jretngrneem rg i`shck`tgm jy tng ]urfcsn gx`oplg jgh`usg ct pre-
vcmgs ` suhhgssiul h`sg ei gvelutcek jy `k Csl`o-ercgktgm aevgrkogkt.0Ker `rg
pre-]urfcsn oemgl sgktcogkts hekffkgm te tng rgacek. W.X. Xghrgt`ry ei Xt`tg
Ncll`ry Hlcktek rghgktly epckgm tn`t tng @r`j werlm sneulm leef te ]urfgy ier
mgoehr`tch `km ghekeoch ckspcr`tcek2 C tnckf `hress tng rgacek, pgeplg ireo
tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch`, p`rtchul`rly, `rg sggfcka te mr`w lgsseks
ireo ]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg. Ct cs vct`l tn`t tngy lg`rk tng lgsseks tn`t ]urfgy n`s
lg`rkgm `km cs puttcka ckte pr`htchg gvgry m`y.:
]ng mgj`tg evgr ]urfgy-`s-oemgl n`s lse cktgkscffgm ck ]urfgy ctsgli, iuglgm
jy tng heuktrys kgwieukm `htcvcso ck tng Ocmmlg G`st `km cts mgscrg te pl`y `preockgkt relg ck rgacek`l hekchts. @ltneuan ]urfcsn Trcog Ockcstgr Zghgp
]`yycp Grmea`k n`s ygt te epgkly `hfkewlgmag tng cmg` ei ncs heuktry jgcka
` oemgl ier etngr st`tgs ck tng rgacek, ng n`s prgvceusly s`cm tn`t ng hekscm-
grs ]urfgy te jg ` seurhg ei ckspcr`tcek ier tnesg wne jglcgvg tn`t Csl`o `km
mgoehr`hy h`k hegxcst.8
]ng ketcek ei ]urfgy-`s-oemgl cs ket kgw. Ck i`ht, ct n`s pgrcemch`lly rcsgk
ck pujlch mcsheursg ck ekg iero er ketngr ier kg`rly hgktury. Ck cts g`rly yg`rs
`s ` rgpujlch, ]urfgy prgsgktgm ctsgli `s tng pestgr hnclm ier Qgstgrkcz`tcek.
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= | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
]ng ]urfcsn oemgl hlg`rly sggos te
rgprgsgkt mciigrgkt tnckas te mciigrgkt
pgeplg, `km te lgkm ctsgli te r`tngrgxcjlg `km sglghtcvg rg`mckas.
]ng @t`trf-gr` rgieros hrg`tgm ` yeuka k`tcek-st`tg heoocttgm te Qgstgrk
v`lugs `km tng `meptcek ei ` Qgstgrk cmgktcty. ]ncs gxpgrcogkt ck tr`ksctcek-
cka ireo `k gopcrg mgffkgm jy i`ctn ckte ` rgpujlch mgffkgm jy oemgrk, sghu-
l`r prckhcplgs ukmgrpckkgm cts v`lug `s ` oemgl ier etngr st`tgs ck tng rgacek.
Zulgrs ireo @ian`kcst`k `km Cr`k weulm rgaul`rly vcsct ]urfgy, `km rgagkts
ireo Gaypt `km Cr`q `lrg`my n`m p`l`hgs ck Cst`kjul. @ll h`og te sgg ffrst n`km
new ]urfgy ukmgrteef tng prehgss ei Qgstgrkcz`tcek, wctn `k gopn`scs ek
st`tg juclmcka.
]ng ]urfcsn oemgl a`ckgm pepul`rcty ekhg `a`ck `itgr tng Helm Q`r. Cts
`mveh`tgs nepgm tn`t ct weulm jg h`p`jlg ei ckugkhcka tng tr`ksctcek te
mgoehr`hy ck tng kgwly ckmgpgkmgkt rgpujlchs ei tng H`uh`sus `km Hgktr`l
@sc`. ]ncs tcog, tng gopn`scs w`s ek sghul`rcso.
Ck cts tncrm out`tcek, tng ]urfcsn oemgl w`s og`kt te mgoekstr`tg tng
heop`tcjclcty ei Csl`o wctn mgoehr`hy. ]ng Jusn-gr` Q`r ek ]grrer kggmgm
` vcvcm mgoekstr`tcek tn`t prgmeock`ktly Ouslco sehcgtcgs heulm sust`ckmgoehr`hy. @hhermckaly, tng gopn`scs w`s ek Csl`o.
]em`y, ck tng hektgxt ei tng mgvglepogkt ei tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn
@irch` (OGK@), tng ]urfcsn oemgl n`s rgo`ckgm bust `s pretg`k `s ct prevgm
evgr cts p`st tnrgg ckh`rk`tceks. Ier ckst`khg, ct cs mciffhult te i`tneo new `k
Gayptc`k `roy hncgi lcfg ]`kt`wc `km ` rgkewkgm ]ukcsc`k Csl`ocst lcfg `l-
An`kkusnc h`k scoult`kgeusly teut ]urfgy `s `k gxgo-
pl`r, er new `k ckugktc`l Csl`och tnckfgr lcfg Z`o`m`k
heulm put ]urfgy ek ` pgmgst`l `t tng s`og tcog `s megs `
W.X. sghrgt`ry ei st`tg. ]ng ]urfcsn oemgl hlg`rly sggos te
rgprgsgkt mciigrgkt tnckas te mciigrgkt pgeplg, `km te lgkmctsgli te r`tngr gxcjlg `km sglghtcvg rg`mckas.
New `rg wg te mcssght tng `ojcauctcgs ei tng ]urfcsn
oemgl5 Qnchn `spghts ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl `rg, s`y,
]`kt`wc `km `l-An`kkusnc sggcka5 ]ncs hekhgptu`l o`ppcka wcll nglp us mcs-
hevgr wn`t utclcty, ci `ky, tng ]urfcsn oemgl n`s ier i`hclct`tcka mgoehr`tch
tr`ksctceks ck tng @r`j werlm`km ck p`rtchul`r, wngtngr ct n`s `ky rglgv`khg
ier pelchy. Ick`lly, ct wcll `llew us te mgtgrockg wngtngr, `km te wn`t gxtgkt,
@kf`r` h`k t`fg ek k epgr`tcek`l rgspekscjclcty, ck heepgr`tcek wctn cts tr`ks-
`tl`ktch p`rtkgrs, ier tng kgxt w`vg ei mgoehr`tcz`tcek ck tng OGK@ rgacek.
Mghekstruhtcka tng ]urfcsn Oemgl
]ng oest irgqugkt bustcffh`tceks ier prgsgktcka ]urfgy `s ` oemgl `rg cts mgo-
ehr`tch systgo `km cts suhhgssiul gxpgrcogkt`tcek wctn tng heop`tcjclcty ei
Csl`o km pepul`r mgoehr`hy. ]ngsg bustcffh`tceks, newgvgr, i`cl te hekvgy sgv-
gr`l suppertcka pcll`rs tn`t n`vg jggk gqu`lly ckstruogkt`l ck sn`pcka oemgrk
m`y ]urfgy2
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Xck`k lagk | 7
]ng ukcqug hen`jct`tcek jgtwggk
sghul`rcso `km pelctch`l Csl`o cs
wngrg tng @r`j werlm sggs ]urfgys
petgktc`l v`lug `s ` oemgl.
sghul`rcso, mgoehr`hy, `km pelctch`l Csl`o
hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks
o`rfgt-st`tg rgl`tceks
lckfs te tng Qgst
st`tg tr`mctceks
Xghul`rcso, Mgoehr`hy, `km Telctch`l Csl`o
]urfgy cs ` sghul`r st`tg. ]ng hurrgkt ]urfcsn hekstctutcek (r`tcffgm ck 03>:),
ck ekg ei cts tnrgg uk`ogkm`jlg `rtchlgs, gst`jlcsngs tncs prckhcplg. Ct n`s jggk
` ig`turg ei ]urfgys hekstctutcek`l ermgr gvgr sckhg ct w`s `mmgm te `k g`r-
lcgr hekstctutcek ck 0381, ukmgr tng aucm`khg ei tng heuktrys ieukmcka i`tngr
Fgo`l @t`trf. @s suhn, ]urfgy cs ekg ei tng igw st`tgs ck tng Ouslco werlm
tn`t n`s epgkly gojr`hgm `km strchtly gkierhgm tng prckhcplg ei sghul`rcso. Sgtsghul`rcso `lekg weulm ket n`vg jggk gkeuan te gk`jlg
tng ]urfcsn oemgl te a`ck tr`htcek tnreuaneut tng @r`j
werlm6 ek tng hektr`ry, o`ky hctg ]urfgys sghul`rcso `s
`k copgmcogkt te tng `hhgpt`khg ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl
ck tng Ocmmlg G`st. Z`tngr, tng ig`turg tn`t o`fgs
]urfgy `ttr`htcvg tnreuaneut tng rgacek cs tng i`ht tn`t
ct cs ` prgmeock`tgly Csl`och ygt sghul`r heuktry tn`t n`s
suhhgssiully `hheooem`tgm tng rcsg ei pelctch`l Csl`o. Ck
etngr werms, tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs rg`lly `jeut tng `hhuoul`tcek ei Csl`ocst
pelctch`l pewgr ck ` iero`lly sghul`r `km mgoehr`tch sgttcka. ]ng ukcqughen`jct`tcek jgtwggk sghul`rcso `km pelctch`l Csl`o cs wngrg tng @r`j werlm
sggs ]urfgys petgktc`l v`lug `s ` oemgl.
]ng pest-Etteo`k ieukmgrs ei tng ]urfcsn Zgpujlch `cogm te mgstrey tng
leh`l p`rtchul`rcsos ei tng elm rgacog `km seuant ` kgw lgactco`hy j`sgm ek
preargsscvg cmg`ls `km shcgkhg. Ck tng `utnerct`rc`k rgacog ei tng g`rly rgpuj-
lch, rgl`tceks jgtwggk tng st`tg `km rglcacek wgrg hn`r`htgrczgm jy tng vcrtu`l
gxhluscek ei pgrcpngr`l Csl`o ireo tng sghul`rcst pelctch`l hgktgr. Gvgk tneuan
tng rgacog ierj`mg pgrcpngr`l Csl`o ireo p`rtchcp`tcka ck k`tcek`l pelctchs, ct
kgvgrtnglgss hektckugm te pl`y `k copert`kt relg ck sehcgty. ]ng sghul`r st`tg
mgoelcsngm tng pujlch st`tus `km ghekeoch pewgr ei Csl`ocst areups, jut tngyhektckugm te gxcst ukmgrareukm.
]ng tr`ksctcek te oultcp`rty mgoehr`hy `km tng gksucka glghtceks ei 0374
o`rfgm ` w`tgrsngm ck tng cktgrpl`y jgtwggk mgoehr`hy, rglcacek, `km sghul`r-
cso ck ]urfgy. ]ngsg glghtceks jreuant te pewgr tng hgktgr-rcant Mgoehr`t
T`rty (MT) `itgr ` qu`rtgr hgktury ei sckalg-p`rty rulg jy tng Zgpujlch`k T`rty
(HNT). ]ng MT yg`rs wctkgssgm tng rgcksgrtcek ei rglcacek ckte tng pelctch`l
meo`ck. Ekg ei tng kgw rulgrs ffrst `hts w`s te lcit tng prencjctcek ek @r`jch
ier tng h`ll te pr`ygrs. ]ng ckstca`ters ei tng 0394 oclct`ry heup `a`ckst tng
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9 | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
MT usgm tng p`rtys `ktcsghul`r `htcvctcgs `s ` bustcffh`tcek. Newgvgr, tng oerg
lcjgr`l hekstctutcek mr`itgm ck tng w`fg ei tng heup `llewgm tng gogragkhg
ei ]urfgys ffrst epgkly Csl`ocst p`rty, tng K`tcek`l X`lv`tcek T`rty (KXT).
Telctch`l Csl`o n`m kew `hqucrgm ` hlg`r pelctch`l `mmrgss, `km tng KXT sgrvgm
`s p`rtkgr ck kuojgr ei ]urfgys he`lctcek aevgrkogkts ck tng 0314s. @itgr
tng 03>4 oclct`ry heup lgm te tng mcsj`kmcka ei tng KXT, ierogr Csl`ocst lg`m-
grs wgrg llewgm te sgt up kgw p`rty l`tgr tn`t mgh`mg. ]ng Zgi`n T`rtcsc (ZT)
ar`mu`lly o`mg ckre`ms ck ]urfcsn pelctchs, ffk`lly gogracka `s tng wckkgr ei
tng 0337 glghtceks. Cts lg`mgr, Kghogttck Grj`f`k, jgh`og prcog ockcstgr ck `
he`lctcek wctn tng hgktgr-rcant ]rug T`tn T`rty.
]ncs he`lctcek w`s jreuant mewk `itgr ` Igjru`ry 0331 oclct`ry ultco`-
tuo tn`t `hhusgm tng aevgrkogkt ei ukmgrockcka sghul`r rulg lgkt strgkatn
te eppesctcek ierhgs jetn ckscmg `km eutscmg p`rlc`ogkt. ]ng eustcka ei tng
Csl`ocsts ireo gxghutcvg pewgr `km tng sujsgqugkt mghcscek jy tng ]urfcsn
Hekstctutcek`l Heurt te hlesg mewk ZT ek `hheukt ei cts `ktc-sghul`r `htcvc-tcgs trcaagrgm ` splct `oeka Grj`f`ks p`rty, lg`mcka te tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei
tng Bustchg `km Mgvglepogkt T`rty (@FT). Ireo cts jgackkckas, tng @FT n`s
strcvgk te jr`km ctsgli `s ` heksgrv`tcvg r`tngr tn`k Csl`ocst p`rty.
]ng ]urfcsn pr`htchg ei heojckcka sghul`rcso, mgoehr`hy, `km pelctch`l
Csl`o ycglms tnrgg iukm`ogkt`l ejsgrv`tceks. ]ng ffrst cs tn`t, mgspctg `ll cts
snertheockas, tng ]urfcsn systgo n`s `llewgm p`rtcgs `ssehc`tgm wctn pelctc-
h`l Csl`o te a`ck gxghutcvg pewgr. ]ncs w`s jy ke og`ks `k g`sy prehgss6 tng
gksucka pelctch`l, gvgk sehcgt`l, pel`rcz`tcek rgo`cks te tncs m`y. Jut tncs pewgr
sncit w`s pesscjlg jgh`usg ]urfs jglcgvg tn`t st`tg ckstctutceks lcfg tng bumchc`ry
`km tng ]urfcsn oclct`ry rgt`ck tng `jclcty te `ht te prgvgkt tng pesscjlg gre-scek ei sghul`rcso. Ck etngr werms, tng systgo w`s `jlg te `hheooem`tg tng
rcsg ei pelctch`l Csl`o jgh`usg gkeuan pgeplg jglcgvgm tn`t ]urfcsn ckstctu-
tceks wgrg streka gkeuan te hekstr`ck tn`t rcsg wctnck `hhgpt`jlg jeukm`rcgs.
Iurtngroerg, ekg heulm `raug tn`t v`rceus cktgrvgktceks ck pelctch`l lcig, jetn
mgoehr`tch `km kekmgoehr`tch, nglpgm stggr pelctch`l Csl`o tew`rm oemgr`-
tcek. ]ng oerg pr`ao`tch `km oemgr`tg @FT `resg `s ` heksgqugkhg ei tng
hlesurg ei tng oerg Csl`ocst ZT.
]ng sghekm iukm`ogkt`l ejsgrv`tcek cs tng copert`khg ei tng rg`l-werlm
pelctch`l gxpgrcgkhg a`ckgm jy pelctch`l Csl`o ck leh`l aevgrkogkt. ]ng gxpgrc-
gkhg ei rukkcka oukchcp`lctcgs prevgm ckv`lu`jlg `s prgp`r`tcek ier aevgrk-ogkt `t tng k`tcek`l lgvgl. Oergevgr, leh`l aevgrkogkt jgh`og tng sggmjgm
acvcka rcsg te ` kgw agkgr`tcek ei Csl`ocst pelctchc`ks. Ct cs ke heckhcmgkhg tn`t
Grmea`k w`s tng ierogr o`yer ei Cst`kjul, er tn`t o`ky ei Grmea`ks hlesg
`ssehc`tgs `km hurrgkt h`jckgt ockcstgrs sn`rg ` scocl`r j`hfareukm.
]ng tncrm iukm`ogkt`l ejsgrv`tcek cs tn`t ]urfcsn mgoehr`hy n`s o`turgm
gkeuan `km a`ckgm gkeuan lgactco`hy evgr tng yg`rs te tng peckt tn`t gvgk
pepul`r Csl`ocst p`rtcgs me ket gspeusg kekmgoehr`tch hn`kkgls ei struaalg
`a`ckst tng ckhuojgkt rgacog. Wklcfg seog @r`j heuktrcgs, ]urfgy n`s kgvgr
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Xck`k lagk | 1
gxpgrcgkhgm vcelgkhg rgl`tgm te pelctch`l Csl`o. ]urfcsn mgoehr`hy gvgktu`lly
o`k`agm te ocmwcig heksgrv`tcvg `km Csl`ocst p`rtcgs wgmmgm te tng prckhcplgs
ei sghul`rcso, mgoehr`hy, `km mgoehr`tch`lly mrcvgk `ltgrk`tceks ei pelctch`l
pewgr. Ct cs ck tncs tn`t wg sgg tng oest iukm`ogkt`l ig`turg ei tng ]urfcsn
oemgl. ]ng glghter`l suhhgss `km lekagvcty ei tng rulcka @FT prevcmgs ` m`cly
rgockmgr ei tng copert`khg ei tncs ig`turg. Ct cs ke heckhcmgkhg tn`t murcka
ncs rghgkt trcp te Kertn @irch`, Trcog Ockcstgr Grmea`k h`llgm ier tng @r`j
heuktrcgs te `mept sghul`rcso ck tngcr ewk aevgrkogkts, pecktcka eut te tngo
ireo ncs ewk gx`oplg tn`t tngrg cs ketncka steppcka Ouslco ireo aevgrkcka
` sghul`r st`tg.
Hcvcl-Oclct`ry Zgl`tceks
Hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks `rg `ketngr fgy ig`turg ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl. ]ng
oclct`ry pl`ygm ` lg`mcka relg ck gst`jlcsncka tng kgw ]urfcsn st`tg. Xckhg tng
0384s, tng oclct`ry n`s `ppecktgm ctsgli `s tng au`rmc`k ei tng j`sch prckhcplgs
ei tng rgacog. @s ` rgsult, tng oclct`rys ckugkhg evgr ]urfgys pelctchs n`s
gxtgkmgm jgyekm k`tcek`l mgigksg km sghurcty cssugs6 ct n`s jggk sn`pgm jy tng
gtnchs ei au`rmc`ksncp. Ck etngr werms, ` fgy ejbghtcvg ei tng ]urfcsn oclct`ry
n`s jggk te ckugkhg pelctch`l mgvglepogkts se `s te gr`mch`tg `ll tnrg`ts te
tng ]urfcsn Zgpujlch, rg`l er pgrhgcvgm. ]ng oclct`ry n`s giightcvgly usgm tng
Csl`ocst tnrg`t er sghgsscekcst tgrrercso te gxgrhcsg cts hektrel evgr tng hcvclc`k
rulg. (Murcka tng Helm Q`r gr`, heooukcso prevcmgm `ketngr r`tcek`lg ier
oclct`ry ckugkhg.) ]ng oclct`ry n`s cktgrvgkgm mcrghtly ck tng werfckas ei
]urfcsn mgoehr`hy ekly wngk pelctch`l ckstctutceks wgrg mg`mlehfgm, er wngk
tng tnrg`t te tnesg ckstctutceks sggogm sgvgrg. Evgr tng p`st scxty yg`rs, tng
]urfcsn oclct`ry ukmgrteef ieur heups km rgoevgm ieur hcvclc`k aevgrkogkts.
@itgr g`hn suhn cktgrvgktcek, newgvgr, tng oclct`ry strcvgm te quchfly rgturk
]urfgy te hcvclc`k rulg `km tng agkgr`ls te tngcr j`rr`hfs. @s tng Jreefckas
Ckstctutceks ogr ]`pk`r `raugs,= ]ng ]urfcsn oclct`ry, uklcfg tng
Gayptc`k ekg, n`s kgvgr premuhgm `k eiffhgr wne st`ygm ck pewgr ier mgh`mgs.
]ngrg n`s jggk ke ]urfcsn @uauste Tckehngt, Ir`khcshe Ir`khe, @ktekce mg
Elcvgcr` X`l`z`r, A`o`l @jm`l K`ss`r er Ouj`r`f. Gshngwcka mcrght rulg, tng
]urfcsn oclct`ry n`s ckstg`m seuant te selcmciy `km ckstctutcek`lczg hn`kkgls
ei ckugkhg, uscka hekstctutcek`l prevcsceks ier tn`t purpesg. Ier ckst`khg,
tng pest-oclct`ry cktgrvgktcek Hekstctutcek ei 03>: upar`mgm tng relg ei tngK`tcek`l Xghurcty Heukhcl, `k ckstctutcek ck turk gst`jlcsngm jy tng pest-
oclct`ry cktgrvgktcek Hekstctutcek ei 0394. Xcocl`rly, tng `roy n`s `ppecktgm
rgprgsgkt`tcvgs ireo cts r`kfs te tng je`rm ei sgvgr`l rgaul`tery ckstctutceks,
suhn `s tng Z`mce `km ]glgvcscek Je`rm er tng Ncan Gmuh`tcek Heukhcl.
]ng Fgo`lcst vcscek ei ]urfgys Qgstgrkcz`tcek `lse hekmctceks tng pelctc-
h`l jgn`vcer ei tng ]urfcsn oclct`ry. @t`turfs lga`hy w`s tng tr`ksiero`tcek
ei ]urfgy ckte ` wgll-rgspghtgm ogojgr ei tng Qgstgrk hluj ei k`tceks. @s `
rgsult, tng oclct`ry n`s `lse gspeusgm tncs ejbghtcvg. Murcka tng Helm Q`r, tng
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> | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
p`tn tew`rm tncs ae`l w`s g`scgr te mcshgrk2 ogojgrsncp ck K@]E, ` selcm
oclct`ry `llc`khg wctn tng Wkctgm Xt`tgs, `km `k `ssehc`tcek wctn tng Gurepg`k
Ghekeoch Heooukcty. ]ng mrcvg te Qgstgrkczg prghlumgm `ky prehlcvcty ier
leka-tgro, mcrght oclct`ry rulg. ]ng oclct`ry `lse ukmgrsteem tn`t mcrght rulg
w`s ultco`tgly ckheop`tcjlg wctn tng o`cktgk`khg ei pelctch`l ckugkhg evgr
tng leka tgro` bumaogkt sn`rgm jy jetn tng ]urfcsn pgeplg `km ]urfgys
Qgstgrk p`rtkgrs.
Cktgrgstckaly, gvgk `itgr tng oclct`ry heup ei 03>4 @kf`r` w`s `jlg te
rgt`ck cts ogojgrsncp ck tng Heukhcl ei Gurepg. Ct w`s ekly `itgr tng i`ll ei
tng Jgrlck Q`ll `km tng gogragkhg ei mggp prckhcplgs ei mgoehr`tch aevgr-
k`khg `s prghekmctceks ier ogojgrsncp ck tng Qgst`km ck p`rtchul`r ier
GW `hhgsscektn`t tng oclct`rys str`tgay st`rtgm te eukmgr. ]ng kgw w`vg
ei mgoehr`tcz`tceks ck G`stgrk `km Hgktr`l Gurepg n`m cllustr`tgm tng iukm`-
ogkt`l ckheop`tcjclcty ei ` sn`llew mgoehr`hy ukmgr oclct`ry tutgl`ag `km
iull ogojgrsncp ck tng Gurepg`k Wkcek. ]ng ]urfcsn oclct`ry tnus i`hgm `kukp`l`t`jlg hnechg2 ]e o`ckt`ck cts pr`gterc`k ermgr og`kt tng oclct`ry weulm
n`vg te jlehf rgieros. Jut jlehfcka rgieros weulm n`vg jggk t`kt`oeukt te
rgkgacka ek tng Fgo`lcst vcscek ei ` ]urfgy gojgmmgm ck Qgstgrk hcvclcz`-
tcek. ]ng oclct`ry s`w ke etngr eptcek, ukp`l`t`jlg `s ct o`y n`vg jggk, tn`k
te `llew coplgogkt`tcek ei ` heoprgngkscvg mgoehr`tch rgiero `agkm`. ]ncs
rgiero `agkm` weulm, wctnck ` mgh`mg, lg`m te tng rgmuhtcek ei tng oclct`rys
pelctch`l ckugkhg.
Ck ` reukm`jeut w`y, ekg heulm `raug tn`t tng oclct`rys `tt`hnogkt te tng
Fgo`lcst vcscek ier ]urfgys Qgstgrkcz`tcek gvgktu`lly lgm te tng kero`lcz`-
tcek ei hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks. Ei heursg, tng prgsgkhg ei ` streka, ekg-p`rtyaevgrkogkt wctn tng wcll te mmrgss tncs o`kcigst mgffhcgkhy ei ]urfcsn mgoeh-
r`hy `lse pl`ygm ` fgy relg ck tncs, jut tng oclct`ry heulm n`vg oevgm te jlehf
tncs ci ct n`m s`hrcffhgm @t`turfs cmg`ls km eptgm te fggp ]urfgy gstr`kagm km
petgktc`lly estr`hczgm ireo tng Qgstgrk werlm. ]nus tng Fgo`lcst lga`hy, `km
tng w`y tn`t lga`hy n`s jggk cktgrprgtgm jy tng oclct`ry tep jr`ss, n`s giigh-
tcvgly mgffkgm tng jeukm`rcgs ei tng oclct`ry spngrg ei pelctch`l `htcek.
Ck tng ]urfcsn sgttcka, hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks n`vg `lse jggk ckstruogk-
t`l ck sn`pcka tng cktgr`htcek jgtwggk mgoehr`hy `km pelctch`l Csl`o. ]ng
oclct`rys relg s au`rmc`k ei rgpujlch`k prckhcplgs a`vg ]urfcsn sehcgty gkeuan
hekffmgkhg te `llew pelctch`l Csl`o te gograg `km gvgktu`lly te `hqucrg gxghu-tcvg pewgr. ]ng oclct`ry prevcmgm tng (ukmgoehr`tch) hnghfs `km j`l`khgs
ek pelctch`l pewgr ck ` heuktry tn`t l`hfgm ` streka sgp`r`tcek ei pewgrs. Ct
w`s ekly `itgr ]urfcsn sehcgty mgvglepgm hekffmgkhg ck tng h`p`hcty ei mgoe-
hr`tch ckstctutceks te pretght mgoehr`hy ireo cts mgtr`hters (ckhlumcka pelctch`l
Csl`ocsts) tn`t ]urfgy ffk`lly sngm ctsgli ei tng ckugkhg ei tng oclct`ry. ]ng
]urfcsn gxpgrcgkhg tnus mgoekstr`tgs hlg`rly tn`t tng sust`ck`jclcty ei mgoeh-
r`hy mgpgkms ek tng qu`lcty ei mgoehr`tch ckstctutceks. ]ng tr`ksctcek `w`y
ireo pr`gterc`k ermgr ck ]urfgy n`s rgqucrgm tng hekselcm`tcek ei ckstctutceks
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Xck`k lagk | 3
suhn `s giightcvg pelctch`l p`rtcgs, ckmgpgkmgkt bumchc`rcgs, jcp`rtcs`k glghtcek
je`rms, ukckncjctgm ogmc`, `km iukhtcekcka p`rlc`ogkts. ]urfgys hn`llgkag
tem`y cs te rgpl`hg tng hnghfs-`km-j`l`khgs iukhtcek ei tng oclct`ry wctn iully
mgoehr`tch ckstctutceks tn`t `rg kgvgrtnglgss `jlg te heuktgrj`l`khg gxghutcvg
pewgr. ]ncs cs wny evgrheocka tng hurrgkt prejlgos `iightcka prgss irggmeo
`km tng ckmgpgkmgkhg ei tng bumchc`ry rg se hrctch`l ier tng
iuturg ei lcjgr`l mgoehr`hy ck ]urfgy.
O`rfgt-Xt`tg Zgl`tceks
]ng ]urfcsn oemgl cs `lse hn`r`htgrczgm jy cts lcjgr`l ghe-
keoch ukmgrpckkckas. ]ngsg n`vg lgm te tng gogragkhg ei
` jusckgss heooukcty wnesg ghekeoch iertukgs me ket
mgpgkm ek o`ckt`ckcka aeem tcgs wctn tng aevgrkogkt.
Wktcl 03>4, ]urfgy n`m meptgm copert sujstctutcek s
cts ghekeoch arewtn oemgl. ]ng meogstch o`rfgt w`s pretghtgm jgnckm ncan
t`rcii w`lls tn`t `htgm `s ` mcsckhgktcvg ek coperts `s wgll `s gxperts. ]ng
]urfcsn ghekeoy rgo`ckgm hlesgm, km l`rag meogstch areups km hekaleogr-
`tgs sgrvcka tng pretghtgm meogstch o`rfgt iuglgm ghekeoch `htcvcty. ]ng st`tg
w`s `lse `k `htcvg pl`ygr, n`vcka ` sczg`jlg prgsgkhg ck ` kuojgr ei premuhtcvg
sghters ei tng ghekeoy. ]ng ghekeoch pelchy ir`ogwerf i`vergm pretghtcek-
cso `km rgkt mcstrcjutcek. Jusckgss l`ragly mgpgkmgm ek tng aevgrkogkt te
sust`ck prefft`jclcty.
]ncs oemgl r`k ckte treujlg itgr tng ecl snehfs ei tng 0314s. ]urfgy st`rtgm
te suiigr ireo hnrekch j`l`khg ei p`yogkts mciffhultcgs. ]ngk tng lcjgr`lcz`-
tcek rgieros ei 03>4 iukm`ogkt`lly evgrn`ulgm ]urfgys ghekeoch oemgl. @
iehus ek gxperts rgpl`hgm copert sujstctutcek. ]ng rgieros lcjgr`lczgm h`pct`l
ews, rgmuhgm ckmustrc`l t`rciis `km cktremuhgm gxpert ckhgktcvgs. @s ` rgsult,
]urfcsn gktrgprgkgurs aet ckte tng a`og ei cktgrk`tcek`l tr`mg `km ar`mu-
`lly rgmuhgm tngcr mgpgkmgkhg ek tng meogstch o`rfgt. ]ng heoplgtcek ei `
Husteos Wkcek wctn tng Gurepg`k Wkcek t tng gkm ei 0337 teef tr`mg lcjgr-
`lcz`tcek ` stgp iurtngr. @t tng s`og tcog, tng aevgrkogkt jga`k ck g`rkgst tng
prehgss ei prcv`tcz`tcek `km tng s`lg ei st`tg `ssgts. @ll telm, tngsg tnrgg mgh`mgs
ei ghekeoch lcjgr`lcz`tcek `hheoplcsngm ` sujst`ktc`l tr`ksiero`tcek ei tng
]urfcsn ghekeoy. ]urfgy cs kew tng werlms scxtggktn-l`ragst ghekeoy. Ct n`s
` pewgriul ckmustrc`l j`sg ag`rgm tew`rm gxperts `km ` l`rag meogstch o`rfgtwctn ckhrg`scka lgvgls ei purhn`scka pewgr.
]ncs tr`ksiero`tcek `lse `iightgm tng o`rfgt-st`tg rgl`tceksncp. Ek tng ekg
n`km, tng ar`mu`l glcock`tcek ei rgkt-mcstrcjutcek oghn`kcsos suhn `s pre-
muhtcek lchgksgs, ckvgstogkt lchgksgs, `km t`rciis heopgllgm tng jusckgss heo-
oukcty te iehus ek premuhtcvg `htcvctcgs r`tngr tn`k lejjycka `km rgaul`tery
h`pturg. ]ncs `llewgm jusckgsspgeplg te mcst`khg tngosglvgs ireo tng st`tg `km
jgheog oerg hrctch`l ei tng aevgrkogkt. Epgkkgss te cktgrk`tcek`l tr`mg `lse
rgckierhgm tncs trgkm. @s ]urfcsn gktrgprgkgurs suhhgssiully seuant ghekeoch
]urfgys hn`llgkag tem`y cs te rgpl`hg
tng hnghfs-`km-j`l`khgs iukhtcek ei
tng oclct`ry wctn iully mgoehr`tch
ckstctutceks tn`t `rg kgvgrtnglgss `jlg
te heuktgrj`l`khg gxghutcvg pewgr.
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04 | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
eppertukctcgs eutscmg ei ]urfgys jermgrs, tngy jgh`og lgss rglc`kt ek tng
jgkgvelgkhg ei st`tg utnerctcgs ier ghekeoch suhhgss. Ek tng etngr n`km, new-
gvgr, pelchyo`fgrs hn`kagm tngcr pnclesepny `jeut tng relg ei tng st`tg. ]ng
st`tg ar`mu`lly hgmgm cts relg `s `k `htcvg pl`ygr ck ghekeoch premuhtcek `km
jgh`og ckstg`m tng `rjctgr `km rgaul`ter ei ghekeoch `htcvcty. ]em`y, tng st`tg
ewks igw ckmustrc`l `ssgts. ]ng GW prehgss n`s `lse `llewgm st`tg `utnerctcgs te
rgscst h`lls te rgturk te ` oerg `htcvcst `km cktgrvgktcekcst ckmustrc`l pelchy tn`t
weulm n`vg rghrg`tgm tng ckstruogkts ei rgkt mcstrcjutcek.
]ng hruhc`l mghcscek te cktgar`tg tng alej`l ghekeoy `lse n`m ` mcshcplckcka
giight ek pelctch`l aevgrk`khg. @s ` h`pct`l-sh`rhg heuktry, ]urfgys arewtn
mgpgkms ng`vcly ek tng `v`cl`jclcty ei iergcak h`pct`l. ]ngrgierg, tng hest ei
pepulcst pelchcgs tn`t mcvgrt h`pct`l ews ckhrg`sgm hekscmgr`jly. ]ncs w`s
gspghc`lly trug `itgr tng :440 hrcscs, wngk ]urfgy jga`k te `ttr`ht gvgr-l`ragr
ews ei cktgrk`tcek`l ffk`khg. Tepulcst pelchcgs weulm n`vg o`mg ]urfgy lgss
`ttr`htcvg `s ` mgstck`tcek ier pertielce `km mcrght ckvgstogkts, ukmgrockckaghekeoch arewtn. Ck snert, wngk ]urfgy iully gojr`hgm alej`lcz`tcek, ct `lse
gojr`hgm alej`lcz`tceks ckngrgkt mcshcplckg, tnus hekselcm`tcka aevgrk`khg
rgieros `km strgkantngkcka tng sgp`r`tcek ei pelctch`l `km ghekeoch pewgrs.
]ng ncstery ei ]X@M, ]urfgys oest ckugktc`l jusckgss `ssehc`tcek,
prevcmgs ` aeem cllustr`tcek ei tng relg ei tng ]urfcsn jusckgss heooukcty
`s `k ckmgpgkmgkt hcvcl sehcgty `hter. Gst`jlcsngm ck 0310 `s `k cktgrgst areup
jrckacka teagtngr tng h`pt`cks ei ]urfcsn ckmustry, tncs jusckgss era`kcz`tcek
quchfly jgh`og ouhn oerg tn`k tn`t. Ct jga`k te ht s w`thnmea evgr pujlch
pelchcgs `km irgqugktly hrctchczgm tng aevgrkogkt. @t tng pg`f ei `k ghekeoch
hrcscs ck ]urfgy ck 0313, ]X@M r`k iull-p`ag `mvgrtcsgogkts ck k`tcek`lkgwsp`pgrs h`llcka ier tng rgscak`tcek ei tng aevgrkogkt. ]ncs ckmgpgkmgkt
strg`f pgrscstgm evgr tng yg`rs. ]X@M pujlcsngm ` netly mgj`tgm mgoehr`tc-
z`tcek rgpert ck 0331 tn`t prepesgm `k `ojctceus jlugprckt ier juclmcka ` jgt-
tgr mgoehr`hy ck ]urfgy. Murcka tng @FT yg`rs s wgll, ]X@Ms lg`mgrs mcm
ket sny `w`y ireo hrctchczcka tng aevgrkogkt ek ` wcmg r`kag ei cssugs, ireo
Grmea`ks pesctcek ek tng hrcock`lcz`tcek ei `multgry te `aacka oeogktuo
ier GW rgieros te tng l`hf ei zg`l ier sgttlcka tng Furmcsn qugstcek.
]ng sgp`r`tcek ei pelctch`l `km ghekeoch pewgrs cs `k gssgktc`l heopekgkt
ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl. Ket ekly mcm ct llew tng ]urfcsn jusckgss heooukcty te
gograg `s `k ckmgpgkmgkt hcvcl sehcgty `hter, tnus hektrcjutcka te tng strgkatnei ]urfgys mgoehr`hy6 ct `lse `l lewgm tng mgvglepogkt ei ` kekaevgrkogkt`l
seurhg ei meogstch iukmcka te kurturg tng arewtn ei ]urfgys hcvcl sehcgty.
Lckfs te tng Qgst
@k gqu`lly copert`kt ig`turg ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs ]urfgys Qgstgrk
`khnercka. Xckhg tng ieukmcka ei tng rgpujlch, ]urfcsn lg`mgrs n`vg seuant
te gojgm ]urfgy ck tng Qgst. ]ncs rgprgsgktgm ` iukm`ogkt`l sncit ck eut-
leef ireo gopcrg te rgpujlch. @ltneuan ]urfgy ieuant cts k`tcek`l w`r ier
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Xck`k lagk | 00
]urfgys K@]E ogojgrsncp pl`ygm `
iukm`ogkt`l relg ck fggpcka ]urfgy
ffroly `tt`hngm te tng Qgst.
ckmgpgkmgkhg `a`ckst tng copgrc`l pewgrs ei tng Qgst, ]urfcsn k`tcek`lcso
mcm ket heog ckte jgcka `s `k `ktc-Qgstgrk cmgeleay. Ck tncs rgspght, ]urfcsn
k`tcek`lcso cs ouhn mciigrgkt tn`k tng jr`km ei @r`j k`tcek`lcso cmgktcffgm
wctn A`o`l @jmgl K`ssgr, wnchn w`s hlg`rly `km oerg vcrulgktly `ktc-copgrc-
`lcst `km ktc-Qgstgrk.
Ek tng hektr`ry, Oust`i` Fgo`l @t`trfs w`y ierw`rm ier ]urfgy w`s
te juclm ` selcm rgl`tceksncp wctn tng Qgst. Ng spefg ei tng kggm te jeest
]urfgy ckte tng lg`aug ei tng oest hcvclczgm k`tceks. Ncs og`ks ier oggt-
cka tncs hn`llgkag w`s oemgrkcz`tcek jy w`y ei Qgstgrkcz`tcek. ]ng mrcvg te
Qgstgrkczg n`m ` k`tcek`l cmgktcty heopekgkt. ]ng `co w`s te hrg`tg ` sehc-
gty j`sgm ek wn`t wgrg tngk stcll pgrhgcvgm te jg Qgstgrk v`lugs2 sghul`rcso,
mgoehr`hy, km agkmgr gqu`lcty.
]ngrg w`s `lse, newgvgr, ` iergcak pelchy heopekgkt te tncs prebght. ]ng
jgst w`y te jeest ]urfgys oemgrkcz`tcek giierts w`s te a`ck ogojgrsncp ck
tng Qgst. @kf`r` tnus strcvgm te jgheog ` ogojgr ei `ll hektckgkt`l pelctc-h`l ckstctutceks, p`rtchul`rly `s tng Gurepg`k ermgr w`s jgcka rgsn`pgm ck tng
pestw`r gr`. ]ncs w`s jy ke og`ks `k g`sy t`sf. @kf`r` n`m te sgkm selmcgrs te
Ferg` te agt tng arggk lcant ier K@]E ogojgrsncp ck 037:, `km tng mciffhul-
tcgs ei ]urfgys GW `hhgsscek pgrscst te tncs m`y.
Mciffhultcgs ketwctnst`kmcka, tng heksgqugkhgs ei suhn `k cktgrk`l `km
pgrscstgkt mrcvg ier Qgstgrk `khnercka n`vg jggk sujst`ktc`l ier tng ]urfcsn
oemgl. ]ng Qgstgrk ercgkt`tcek `meptgm jy @kf`r` n`m iukm`ogkt`l r`oc-
ffh`tceks ier ]urfgys meogstch ermgr. O`ky ei tng `hheoplcsnogkts tn`t `rg
ncanlcantgm tem`y `s tng fgy ig`turgs ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl wgrg i`hclct`tgm `km
hekselcm`tgm jy tncs leka-tgro `spcr`tcek ier ogojgrsncp ck tng Qgstgrk hluj.Ck tncs rgspght, tng relg ei ]urfgys rgl`tceksncp wctn Q`snckatek `km
Jrussgls mgsgrvgs te jg ncanlcantgm. ]ng sghurcty tcgs
gst`jlcsngm wctn tng Wkctgm Xt`tgs ukmgr tng K@]E
uojrgll` ukmgrpckkgm tng ]urfcsn-W.X. rgl`tceksncp ier
` leka tcog. Murcka tng Helm Q`r yg`rs, Q`snckatek w`s
oerg cktgrgstgm ck prgsgrvcka tng ckugkhg ei pre-W.X.
hekstctugkhcgs lcfg tng ]urfcsn oclct`ry, seogtcogs te tng
mgtrcogkt ei mgoehr`hy `km nuo`k rcants. Xtcll, tng `llc-
`khg wctn tng Wkctgm Xt`tgs nglpgm ]urfgy evgr tng yg`rs te hekselcm`tg sgvgr`l
herg ig`turgs ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl, suhn `s tng pretghtcek ei sghul`rcso, tngpreoetcek ei ` irgg o`rfgt ghekeoy, `km tng prgsgrv`tcek ei ` Qgstgrk ercgk-
t`tcek te ]urfcsn iergcak pelchy. Ck p`rtchul`r, ]urfgys K@]E ogojgrsncp
pl`ygm ` iukm`ogkt`l relg ck fggpcka ]urfgy ffroly `tt`hngm te tng Qgst. Ct
`llewgm @kf`r` te gkbey tng prcvclgag ei jgcka ` wgll-rgspghtgm p`rtkgr ei tng
tr`ks`tl`ktch heooukcty `km strgkatngkgm meogstch hekstctugkhcgs heooct-
tgm te o`ckt`ckcka ]urfgys Qgstgrk ercgkt`tcek.
Gvgk oerg ckugktc`l tn`k tng Wkctgm Xt`tgs wctn rga`rm te tng preoe-
tcek ei mgoehr`hy wgrg Gurepg `km Gurepg`k ckstctutceks. Ck 0398, ]urfgy
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0: | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
jgh`og tng sghekm heuktry, `itgr Argghg, te hekhlumg `k `ssehc`tcek `argg-
ogkt wctn tng kgwly gst`jlcsngm Gurepg`k Ghekeoch Heooukcty. Treargss
ck rgl`tceks wctn Jrussgls h`og slewly ier @kf`r`, newgvgr. @km mgspctg cts
iero`lly `pplycka ier iull ogojgrsncp ck 03>1, ct w`s ket uktcl 0333 tn`t
]urfgy w`s ar`ktgm h`kmcm`tg st`tus ier GW ogojgrsncp. ]ncs st`tus upar`mg
usngrgm ck ` pgrcem ei rgieros. Bumacka tn`t @kf`r` n`m suiffhcgktly iulffllgm
tng Hepgkn`agk pelctch`l hrctgrc`, tng GW ogojgr st`tgs uk`kcoeusly mghcmgm
te ckctc`tg ogojgrsncp kgaetc`tceks wctn ]urfgy ck Mghgojgr :44=. ]ng GW
ae`l tngk jgh`og `k evgr`rhncka ejbghtcvg ier ]urfcsn sehcgty, gk`jlcka tng
gogragkhg ei jcp`rtcs`k pl`tieros ckvelvcka mciigrgkt pelctch`l p`rtcgs, hcvcl
sehcgty era`kcz`tceks, `km sehcgt`l st`fgnelmgrs. Ck i`ht, tngsg pre-GW pl`t-
ieros wgrg hrctch`l te tng suhhgss ei ]urfgys `ojctceus rgiero `agkm`. ]ng
suppert ei tngsg l`rag `km hrctch`l cktgrk`l he`lctceks `llewgm ]urfgy te evgr-
heog tng `ktc-rgiero prehlcvcty ei glghter`l hyhlgs. ]ng GW myk`och n`s tnus
jggk ckstruogkt`l ck evgrheocka cktgrk`l ejst`hlgs te fgy rgieros suhn `s tnglcitcka ei tng mg`tn pgk`lty, tng kero`lcz`tcek ei hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks, `km
coprevgogkts ck iukm`ogkt`l rcants `km irggmeos.
Ck tng `rg` ei mgoehr`tch keros, tng relg ei tng Heukhcl ei Gurepg `km tng
Gurepg`k Heurt ei Nuo`k Zcants `lse mgsgrvgs ogktcek. @ltneuan ` ogo-
jgr ei tng Heukhcl ei Gurepg sckhg 037:, ]urfgy mghcmgm te rgheakczg tng
ckmcvcmu`l rcant te pgtctcek te tng Gurepg`k Heurt ei Nuo`k Zcants ck 03>1.
]ncs oevg heckhcmgm wctn tng iero`l `pplch`tcek ier Gurepg`k Heoocsscek
ogojgrsncp. ]ncs mghcscek o`rfgm ` w`tgrsngm ck ]urfgys mgoehr`tch ncs-
tery. Ct `llewgm ]urfcsn hctczgks te sggf rgmrgss ier arcgv`khgs `t tng Gurepg`k
Heurt. Ygry r`pcmly, ]urfgy resg te tep r`kfs ck tng lcst ei heuktrcgs wctnh`sgs eutst`kmcka `t tng heurt. ]ncs ck turk ckhrg`sgm prgssurg te rgiero tng
]urfcsn lga`l `km bumchc`l systgo. Ar`ktcka tng rcant te ckmcvcmu`ls te pgtctcek
tng Gurepg`k Heurt w`s t`kt`oeukt te ierhcka tng ]urfcsn lga`l `km bumchc`l
systgo te epgr`tg ck lckg wctn Gurepg`k pr`htchg `km te iully `lcak ctsgli wctn
Gurepg`k keros ei nuo`k rcants pretghtcek.
Ct cs tncs ncanly `mv`khgm mgargg ei cktgar`tcek, `hncgvgm `t mciigrgkt lgv-
gls `km jgtwggk mciigrgkt meogstch `km Gurepg`k/tr`ks`tl`ktch ckstctutceks,
tn`t hn`r`htgrczgs oemgrk-m`y ]urfgy km, jy gxtgkscek, tng ]urfcsn oemgl.
]ng mciffhultcgs surreukmcka ]urfgys GW hhgsscek rgo`ck sgrceus, jut bumagm
`a`ckst tncs j`hfmrep, tngy rg hlg`rly ket lcfgly te iukm`ogkt`lly ltgr ]urfgysQgstgrk ercgkt`tcek.
]ng Xt`tg ]r`mctcek
]ng ffk`l ig`turg ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl rgl`tgs te ]urfgys copgrc`l lga`hy
`km cts mggply reetgm st`tg tr`mctcek. ]ng relg ei tng jurg`uhr`hy ck sn`pcka
]urfgys pelctch`l `km ghekeoch mgvglepogkt n`s ket rghgcvgm tng `ttgktcek
ct mgsgrvgs. ]ng Etteo`k Gopcrgs jurg`uhr`tch tr`mctceks h`rrcgm evgr te tng
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Xck`k lagk | 08
kgw ]urfcsn Zgpujlch, `km tng ieukmgrs ei tng rgpujlch strcvgm te rghrg`tg `
preigsscek`l jurg`uhr`hy te upnelm tng kgw rgacog.
Mgoehr`hy cs `htu`lly `jeut `hhgpt`khg ei mcssgkt. Xtreka st`tg ckstctutceks
hrg`tg tng hekffmgkhg kghgss`ry te `llew tng gogragkhg ei tncs telgr`khg ei
mcssgkt. ]ng strgkatn ei st`tg ckstctutceks cs hrctch`l te tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei tng
hnghfs `km j`l`khgs kghgss`ry ier tng hektrel ei pelctch`l pewgr. Ier ckst`khg,
`s rga`rms pelctch`l Csl`o, L`rry Mc`oekm s`ys tn`t
tng hn`llgkag ier @r`j sehcgtcgs wcll jg te hekstr`ck ` meogstch`lly glghtgmCsl`ocst lgm aevgrkogkt wctn giightcvg hekstctutcek`l hnghfs `km j`l`khgs setn`t Csl`ocsts ekhg glghtgm h`kket j`rrch`mg tngosglvgs ck pewgr. Ci ckstctutceksei nerczekt`l `hheukt`jclcty `rg wgll gst`jlcsngm (bumchc`ry, glghter`l heoocs-scek, hgktr`l j`kf) rcsfs ei mgoehr`tcz`tcek h`k jg hekscmgr`jly rgmuhgm. Ck tn`tgvgkt wn`t Csl`ocst p`rtcgs weulm jg heopgtcka ier cs ket `jselutg hektrel ei
@r`j aevgrkogkts jut prepgrly hekstr`ckgm mgoehr`tch pewgr.7
Ier `ll tngsg rg`seks, ct cs i`cr te hl`co tn`t tng strgkatn ei st`tg ckstctutceks
i`hclct`tgm tng gogragkhg `km hekselcm`tcek ei mgoehr`tch rulg ck ]urfgy.
Newgvgr, ` hekselcm`tgm mgoehr`hy rgqucrgs ` st`tg h`p`jlg ei h`rrycka eut
cts o`ck iukhtceks (pretghtcka hctczgks, hellghtcka t`xgs, km mglcvgrcka sgrvchgs)
ck `k ermgrly, prgmcht`jlg, `km lga`l o`kkgr. Ck tncs rga`rm, ` preigsscek`l `km
cop`rtc`l jurg`uhr`hy cs ckmcspgks`jlg te mgoehr`tch hekselcm`tcek. @s Gzr`
Xulgco`k s`ys, @ hrctch`l glgogkt ck mgoehr`tch hekselcm`tcek cs jurg`uhr`hy
tn`t jgacks te epgr`tg ck `k copgrsek`l o`kkgr, `hhermcka te fkewk rulgs `km
rgaul`tceks `km ck wnchn tng eiffhc`ls `rg `jlg (er ejlcagm) te sgp`r`tg tngcr
ewk pelctch`l `km pgrsek`l cktgrgsts ireo tng eiffhg tngy ehhupy.9Mgspctg cts
o`ky snertheockas, ]urfcsn pujlch `mockcstr`tcek w`s `jlg te iulffll tncs relg.]ng relg ei tng jurg`uhr`hy `s tng st`tgs eutrg`hn oghn`kcso w`s ` ll tng oerg
copert`kt `t ` tcog wngk pelctch`l ckst`jclcty `km snert-lcvgm aevgrkogkts lgm
te sgvgrg mysiukhtcek ck ncan-lgvgl mghcsceko`fcka.
]ng Zglgv`khg ei tng ]urfcsn Oemgl
Acvgk tngsg herg glgogkts, megs tng ]urfcsn oemgl n`vg `kytncka te eiigr tng
@r`j werlm tn`t heulm nglp cts heuktrcgs g`sg tng tr`ksctcek te oerg mgoehr`tch
ermgr5 @km `rg tngrg `ky lgsseks ier tnesg ck tng cktgrk`tcek`l heooukcty tn`t
wcsn te `cm tnesg mgoehr`tch tr`ksctceks5
@t ffrst jlusn, tngrg `rg scakcffh`kt ejst`hlgs ier rgplch`tcka tng suhhgssgs ei
tng ]urfcsn oemgl ck @r`j hektgxts. Ier ckst`khg, tng sghul`rcso tn`t cs kew
se hngrcsngm jy ]urfs ckctc`lly n`m te jg copesgm ek tng pepul`tcek ukmgr
hekmctceks tn`t n`rmly qu`lciy `s mgoehr`tch. Ct weulm jg `k `lteagtngr mciigr-
gkt hn`llgkag ier @r`j lg`mgrs te `mept sghul`rcso ukmgr hekmctceks ei mgoe-
hr`tch eppesctcek. Xcocl`rly, ]urfgys Qgstgrk hrgmgktc`ls (cts h`kmcm`hy ier GW
ogojgrsncp `km cts ogojgrsncp ck K@]E `km tng Heukhcl ei Gurepg) `rg
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0= | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
]urfgys agear`pnch`l prexcocty te tng
OGK@ rgacek weulm acvg tng ]urfcsn
oemgl ` heop`r`tcvg `mv`kt`ag
wngk heop`rgm te pgrn`ps oerg
suhhgssiul oemgls ireo etngr rgacekser ireo ouhn mciigrgkt hektgxts.
ket mcrghtly `pplch`jlg ck tng @r`j hektgxt. Ckmggm, tng Gurepg`k Wkcek n`s
`lrg`my gxpgrcgkhgm mciffhulty gkeuan bust ck mgvglepcka `k giightcvg kgcanjer-
neem pelchy ier Xeutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k heuktrcgs tn`t n`vg ke GW ogo-
jgrsncp prespghts. ]ng myk`ocso ei tng ]urfcsn ghekeoy cs tng jy-premuht
ei ` leka prehgss ei ghekeoch lcjgr`lcz`tcek tn`t `lse hrg`tgm `k ckmgpgkmgkt
jusckgss heooukcty cktgkt ek o`ckt`ckcka tng lcjgr`l ermgr. Ct cs mciffhult te
sgg new @r`j sehcgtcgs heulm rgplch`tg tngsg hekmctceks, acvgk tng cktgrtwckgm
k`turg ei jusckgss cktgrgsts `km pelctchs.
]ngrg cs hlg`rly ke scoplg er mcrght w`y te `pply tng ]urfcsn oemgl ck `k
@r`j hektgxt. Newgvgr, tngrg `rg sgvgr`l i`hters tn`t `raug `a`ckst acvcka up
trycka. ]e st`rt wctn, tng ]urfcsn oemgl h`k me aeem bust jy sgttcka gx`o-
plgs ier etngrs te iellew `km juclm upek. Ck ncs werf ek tng tncrm w`vg ei
mgoehr`tcz`tcek, X`ougl T. Nuktckatek cktremuhgs tng hekhgpt ei mgoekstr`-
tcek giight `s ` skewj`llcka giight ei g`rlcgr tr`ksctceks tn`t prevcmg oemgls ei
sujsgqugkt giierts `t mgoehr`tcz`tcek.1 Ck etngr werms, Nuktckatek `raugm,mgoehr`tch tr`ksctceks `km gxpgrcgkhgs sgt `k gx`oplg ier tng tr`ksctceks tn`t
iellew, wnchn sgt `k gx`oplg ier l`tgr tr`ksctceks, `km se ek. Ng `lse ketgm
tn`t tng oest pewgriul mgoekstr`tcek giights `rg rgacek`l
ekgs. Ck tncs sgksg, tng ]urfcsn oemgl weulm werf ier
tng @r`j werlm ket se ouhn jgh`usg ei wn`t ]urfgy megs
jut jgh`usg ei wn`t ]urfgy cs. ]urfgys agear`pnch`l prex-
cocty te tng OGK@ rgacek weulm acvg tng ]urfcsn oemgl
` heop`r`tcvg `mv`kt`ag wngk heop`rgm te pgrn`ps oerg
suhhgssiul oemgls ireo etngr rgaceks er ireo ouhn mciigr-
gkt hektgxts.@ sghekm glgogkt o`fcka tng ]urfcsn oemgl oerg
`ttr`htcvg cs tng hultur`l `iffkcty jgtwggk ]urfgy `km tng
heuktrcgs ck tng rgacek. (Xn`rgm rglcacek mgsgrvgs spghc`l
gopn`scs ck tncs rga`rm.) ]ng hultur`l `iffkcty `rauogkt s`ys, ck gssgkhg, tn`t
tng OGK@ heuktrcgs weulm ffkm ]urfgys ewk gxpgrcgkhg oerg og`kckaiul
`km usgiul tn`k tng scocl`r gxpgrcgkhgs ei kek-Ouslco k`tceks. ]ng meogs-
tch tr`ksiero`tcek ei ]urfgy ck tng p`st mgh`mg, jreuant `jeut jy ` rulcka
p`rty tn`t tr`hgs cts reets te pelctch`l Csl`o, h`k ekly gkn`khg tng rglgv`khg
ei hultur`l `iffkctcgs. Lcfgwcsg, ]urfcsn iergcak pelchys ckhrg`sgm iehus ek tng
Ocmmlg G`st `km cts arewcka vcscjclcty `s ` suppertgr ei tng T`lgstckc`k h`usg`km hrctch ei tng Bgwcsn st`tg `lse werf ck tng s`og mcrghtcek.
@ tncrm glgogkt gkn`khcka tng `ppg`l ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs ]urfgys
lgvgl ei mgvglepogkt. ]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg weulm sggo te jg oerg rglgv`kt
te OGK@ heuktrcgs tn`k tng gxpgrcgkhg ei o`ky Gurepg`k st`tgs ck tn`t
]urfgy cs st`rtcka `t ` ouhn hlesgr lgvgl ei pelctch`l `km ghekeoch mgvglep-
ogkt. Pu`lciycka ]urfgys mgoehr`hy `s ` werf ck preargss, Fgo`l Fcrcshc
hektgkms tn`t tng vgry i`ht tn`t ]urfcsn mgoehr`hy n`s cts ewk mgffhcgkhcgs cs
`k `mv`kt`ag ier tng ]urfcsn oemgl.>]ng prevcscek`l qu`lcty ei ]urfgys
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Xck`k lagk | 07
mgoehr`hy mciiusgs tng tgkscek tn`t ocant etngrwcsg gxcst jgtwggk meker `km
rghcpcgkt `km nglps te juclm ` sgksg ei selcm`rcty `reukm tng werf ei mgoehr`hy
preoetcek. Ier Fcrcshc, tng v`lug ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs prghcsgly ck cts ckheo-
plgtgkgss. Ng `lse s`ys tn`t tn`t tng mgoekstr`tcvg giight cs ogmc`tgm tnreuan
]urfgys zgre prejlgos wctn kgcanjers iergcak pelchy, cts ghekeoch pgrier-
o`khg, `km cts lcjgr`l vcs` pelchy, wnchn pgrocts rgl`tcvg irggmeo ei oevgogkt
ei pgeplg ckte ]urfgy.
Ick`lly, ct sneulm `loest ae wctneut s`ycka tn`t tng utclcty ei tng ]urfcsn
oemgl mgpgkms ck l`rag p`rt ek wngtngr tng rghcpcgkt k`tceks tngosglvgs ffkm
ct rglgv`kt. Ck etngr werms, cs tngrg ky mgo`km ier ct wctnck tng rgacek5 Xgvgr`l
rghgkt pujlch epckcek pells gx`ockcka ]urfgys co`ag `km ckugkhg ck tng
Ocmmlg G`st suaagst tn`t tngrg cs.
@k @uaustXgptgojgr :404 survgy ei sgvgk Ocmmlg G`stgrk heuktrcgs jy
tng ]urfcsn Ghekeoch `km Xehc`l Xtumcgs Ieukm`tcek (]GXGY) ieukm tn`t
99 pgrhgkt tneuant ei ]urfgy `s ` oemgl ier Ocmmlg G`stgrk heuktrcgs.3Ei
tnesg wne gkmersgm ]urfgys oemglcka relg, 07 pgrhgkt hctgm ]urfgys Ouslco
j`hfareukm `s ` fgy rg`sek ier tngcr suppert. Etngrs `lse ogktcekgm ]urfgys
ghekeoy (0: pgrhgkt) `km cts mgoehr`tch rgacog (00 pgrhgkt). Ier 04 pgrhgkt,
@kf`r`s `ppg`l stgos ireo cts wcllckakgss te st`km up ier T`lgstckc`ks `km
Ouslcos. Ei tnesg wne mcm ket wglheog tng ]urfcsn oemgl, 0: pgrhgkt hctgm
]urfgys sghul`r rgacog `s tng rg`sek ier tngcr hnechg `km 00 pgrhgkt s`cm tn`t
tngy mekt hekscmgr ]urfgy `s jgcka Ouslco gkeuan. Evgr`ll, ekly > pgrhgkt
s`cm tn`t tng Ocmmlg G`st megs ket kggm `ky oemgl.
Heoogktcka ek tng ]GXGY pell ffkmckas, Argkvcllg Jyierm gopn`sczgs
tng hultur`l `iffkcty `rauogkt `km tng relg ei rglcacek ck tng oemgl mgj`tg2]ng cssug ei wngtngr ]urfgy h`k jg ` oemgl ier tng rgacek cs meock`tgm jy
tng qugstcek ei wngtngr ct cs er ket Ouslco gkeuan. ]wgkty-kckg pgrhgkt ei
`ll rgspekmgkts hctg tng cssug ck ekg iero er `ketngr, ouhn ncangr tn`k `ky
etngr i`hter.04Ier Jyierm, tng upsnet ier Qgstgrk aevgrkogkts cs tn`t tngy
h`k gxtel tng vcrtugs ei lcjgr`l h`pct`lcso `km mgoehr`hy/nuo`k rcants `ll tngy
w`kt, jut tngcr gxpgrcgkhg wcll kgvgr jg sggk `s rglgv`kt.
@ketngr survgy, ]ng Tgrhgptcek ei ]urfgy `km tng ]urfs ck Gaypt, hek-
muhtgm jy tng @kf`r`-j`sgm JCLAGX@O `t sgvgr`l Gayptc`k ukcvgrsctcgs mur-
cka :404:400, rgvg`ls scocl`r ffkmckas.00]ng survgy ieukm tn`t 98 pgrhgkt
ei Gayptc`ks hekscmgrgm ]urfgy te jg ` aeem relg oemgl ier Ocmmlg G`stgrkheuktrcgs `km 17 pgrhgkt w`kt ]urfgy te t`fg ` jcaagr relg ck tng Ocmmlg
G`st. ]ng survgy `lse rgvg`ls ]urfgys pesctcvg co`ag `oeka Gayptc`k pgeplg
wctn rgspght te nuo`k rcants, irggmeo ei gxprgsscek, irggmeo ei tneuant, `km
rgspght ier mciigrgkt rglcaceks, hulturgs, `km cmgktctcgs ck ]urfgy. @mmctcek`lly,
19 pgrhgkt ei Gayptc`ks n`vg ` i`ver`jlg epckcek `jeut nuo`k rcants hek-
mctceks ck ]urfgy, `km 10 pgrhgkt jglcgvg tn`t ]urfgys mgoehr`hy cs quctg
hekselcm`tgm. Evgr`ll, >0 pgrhgkt ei Gayptc`ks syop`tnczg wctn tng ]urfcsn
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09 | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
pgeplg, `km 74 pgrhgkt k`ogm ]urfgy wngk `sfgm te hneesg ` sghekm heuktry
ck wnchn tngy weulm lcvg.
]ng :400 @r`j @ttctumgs survgy, `k `kku`l pell hekmuhtgm jy CJETG
Reajy Cktgrk`tcek`l ier tng @r`j @ogrch`k Ckstctutg Ieukm`tcek, prevcmgs
iurtngr hekffro`tcek ei ]urfgys pepul`rcty ck tng @r`j werlm. @hhermcka
te tng survgy, wnchn w`s hekmuhtgm snertly `itgr Trgscmgkt Ej`o`s O`y 03,
:400, spgghn ek tng Ocmmlg G`st, ]urfgys pelchcgs rghgcvg
wcmg suppert ck tng @r`j werlm, r`kacka ireo =7 pgrhgkt
`pprev`l ck Berm`k te >4 pgrhgkt `pprev`l ck Oerehhe
`km gvgk 3> pgrhgkt `pprev`l ck X`umc @r`jc`. @s M`vcm
A`rmkgr ireo tng Ick`khc`l ]cogs rgo`rfgm, gvgk ck
Lgj`kek, ` strekanelm ei Nczjell`n, 38 pgrhgkt n`vg `
i`ver`jlg vcgw ei ]urfgy.0:
Wkmgr tngsg hekmctceks, cts s`ig te s`y tn`t ]urfgys
v`stly coprevgm co`ag ck tng @r`j werlm lgkms hrgmcjcl-
cty te tng ]urfcsn oemgl `s ` seurhg ei ckspcr`tcek. @r`j
rgierogrs cktgrgstgm ck coprevcka tng pelctch`l `km ghe-
keoch gkvcrekogkt ei tngcr ewk heuktrcgs `rg ckhrg`sckaly leefcka te ]urfgy
`km gx`ockcka ]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg te mr`w tng rcant lgsseks ier tngcr ewk
tr`ksctcek.
Epgr`tcek`lczcka tng ]urfcsn Oemgl
Jgyekm ` p`sscvg (`ljgct usgiul) relg `s ` oemgl, ]urfgy h`k `lse t`fg sgvgr`l
oerg sujst`ktcvg stgps te nglp s`tcsiy mgoehr`tch yg`rkckas ck tng @r`j werlm.
@kf`r` `lse n`s scakcffh`kt seit pewgr rgsgrvgs `km ckstctutcek`l h`p`jclctcgs
tn`t ct h`k mgpley `s p`rt ei ` oerg hekhgrtgm, `km ultco`tgly oerg giightcvg,
prear`o te `cm tng prehgss ei tr`ksiero`tcek.
Ketwctnst`kmcka tng ukmgrlycka mciigrgkhgs ck struhturg `km hektgxt
jgtwggk ]urfgy `km tng @r`j werlm, ]urfgy `km tng ]urfcsn oemgl h`k n`vg
` scakcffh`kt cop`ht ck tng rgacek ci ct `ppre`hngs cts t`sf ck ` ku`khgm `km
h`rgiul w`ysghter jy sghter km cssug jy cssug r`tngr tn`k wnelgs`lg. ]urfgys
gxpgrcgkhg h`k jg jreuant te jg`r ek ` kuojgr ei scakcffh`kt pelchy `rg`s hev-
grcka pelctch`l rgiero, ghekeoch rgiero, `km ckstctutcek juclmcka.
Telctch`l T`rty Zgiero
]ng k`turg ei pelctch`l hn`kag ck tng @r`j werlm wcll mgpgkm arg`tly ek tng
h`p`hcty ei pelctch`l `km hcvcl sehcgty ierhgs te gst`jlcsn ` plur`lcstch pelctc-
h`l systgo. Ier o`ky mgh`mgs ck tng rgacek, `utnerct`rc`k pelctch`l systgos
n`vg nckmgrgm era`kczgm pelctch`l eppesctcek areups. Gxpgrts eitgk hctgm tng
wg`fkgss ei pelctch`l p`rtcgs `s ekg ei tng o`ck rg`seks ier tng pgrscstgkhg ei
`utnerct`rc`k rgacogs. Qngk tngsg rgacogs sn`ttgrgm, tng `jsgkhg ei era`kczgm
@r`j rgierogrs cktgrgstgm ck coprevcka
tng pelctch`l `km ghekeoch gkvcrekogkt
ei tngcr ewk heuktrcgs `rg ckhrg`sckaly
leefcka te ]urfgy `km gx`ockcka
]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg te mr`w tng rcant
lgsseks ier tngcr ewk tr`ksctcek.
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Xck`k lagk | 01
pelctch`l p`rtcgs `km iero`l pl`tieros ier pelctch`l gxprgsscek n`kmch`ppgm
pelctch`l hn`kag ck tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch`. Mgspctg tng hengscek
`hncgvgm `oeka tng pretgstgrs murcka tng uprcsckas, tng snggr l`hf ei era`kczgm
`km giightcvg plur`lcso ck v`rceus pelctch`l areupckas o`fgs tng tr`ksctcek pre-
hgss ouhn oerg mciffhult.
Csl`och oevgogkts er p`rtcgs suhn `s tng Ouslco
Jretngrneem ck Gaypt km Berm`k km l-K`nm` ck ]ukcsc`
n`vg gogragm `s tng oest era`kczgm pelctch`l eppesctcek
areups. Qnclg seog sgg tngcr gogragkhg `s `k ckhcpcgkt
Csl`och t`fgevgr, etngrs t`lf `jeut tng vc`jclcty ei tng
]urfcsn @FT oemgl ier kgw rgacogs ck tng @r`j werlm.
]ng @FT n`s hlg`rly `lrg`my sgrvgm `s ` relg oemgl ei
ekg fckm er `ketngr ier o`ky ei tng kgw pelctch`l p`rtcgs ei tng @r`j werlm2
tng Bustchg `km Mgvglepogkt T`rty ck Oerehhe, N`o`s, `l-K`nm`, `km tng
Ouslco Jretngrneem `rg werfcka te gst`jlcsn mggpgr tcgs wctn ]urfgys rulcka
p`rty. Murcka Grmea`ks rghgkt vcsct te Gaypt, rgprgsgkt`tcvgs ei tng Ouslco
Jretngrneem `htu`lly `sfgm nco ci tng @FT h`k acvg tngo suppert ck tngcr
pelctchs. Ck rgply, Grmea`k s`cm tn`t ]urfcsn eiffhc`ls `rg ck hekt`ht wctn `ll tng
pelctch`l gktctcgs ck Gaypt, `km tn`t ncs heuktry cs rg`my te nglp `kyekg wne
`sfs ier nglp. Cjr`nco F`lck, Grmea`ks iergcak pelchy `mvcsgr, `iffros tn`t tng
Ouslco Jretngrneem ck Gaypt, `l-K`nm` Oevgogkt ck ]ukcsc`, `km N`o`s
ck T`lgstckg wcll `ll pl`y copert`kt `km lgactco`tg relgs ck tng pelctch`l iuturg
ei tngcr rgspghtcvg heuktrcgs, `km tn`t @ogrch`ks `km Gurepg`ks wcll kggm te
gka`ag tngsg areups pujlchly `km mcrghtly, `s ]urfgy n`s mekg.08
Xuhn ckstctutcek`lczgm p`rty-te-p`rty tcgs wctn tng @r`j werlm `rg ` kev-glty ier ]urfgy. ]ng Wkctgm Xt`tgs, ier ckst`khg, n`s n`m gxpgrcgkhg wctn
tng Cktgrk`tcek`l Zgpujlch`k Ckstctutg (CZC) `km tng K`tcek`l Mgoehr`tch
Ckstctutg (KMC), `km Agro`ky wctn cts ewk pelctch`l ieukm`tceks6 ]urfgy,
newgvgr, n`s n`m ke gxpesurg te tng a`og ei hress-jermgr pelctch`l p`rty heep-
gr`tcek. ]ng epgkcka ei tng pelctch`l sp`hg `km tng gogragkhg ei kgw pelctch`l
`hters ck tng Ocmmlg G`st rgprgsgkt `k eppertukcty ier ]urfgys rulcka p`rty
te a`ck tncs fckm ei gxpgrcgkhg. ]ng @FT n`s tng petgktc`l te jgheog ` lg`m-
cka ckstctutcek ck tng rgacek ier pelctch`l p`rty mgvglepogkt `sscst`khg. Xuhn
heepgr`tcek, ncanlcantcka tng jgkgffts ei pr`ao`tcso, oemgr`tcek, `km plur`l-
cso, weulm hgrt`ckly nglp te stggr tng pelctch`l gkvcrekogkt ck tng rgacek ck tngrcant mcrghtcek.
@ketngr cktgrgstcka heksgqugkhg ei tng strgkatngkcka ei hress-jermgr pelct-
ch`l p`rty tcgs cs wn`t ocant jg h`llgm `k `ssehc`tcek giight. ]ng pepul`rcty
ei Grmea`k `km tng @FT ck tng @r`j werlm sggos te trcaagr ` mgscrg `oeka
seog @r`j pelctchc`ks lckfgm te pelctch`l Csl`o te vcscjly `ssehc`tg tngosglvgs
wctn tng ]urfcsn lg`mgrsncp. Ier ckst`khg `l-An`kkusnc ck ]ukcsc` era`kczgm
` wglheocka heoocttgg ei tneus`kms te arggt Grmea`k, tnus jgheocka tng
ekly ]ukcsc`k eppesctcek lg`mgr te oggt nco murcka ncs m`y-leka trcp te ]ukcs.
]ng @FT n`s hlg`rly `lrg`my sgrvgm `s ` rel
oemgl ei ekg fckm er `ketngr ier o`ky ei
tng kgw pelctch`l p`rtcgs ei tng @r`j werlm
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0> | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
]nreuan ncs gojr`hg ei Grmea`k km tng ]urfcsn oemgl, l-An`kkusnc pp`r-
gktly sggfs te `ssurg ncs meogstch hekstctugkhy tn`t, ci glghtgm, ncs pelchcgs wcll
rgo`ck oemgr`tg, bust lcfg tng @FT ck ]urfgy.0=]ncs `ssehc`tcek giight ck
rgturk acvgs tng @FT lg`mgrsncp lgvgr`ag evgr tng cmgeleach`l pl`tiero ei cts
`ssehc`tg p`rtcgs ck tng @r`j werlm. @FT h`k heopgl cts `ssehc`tg p`rtcgs te
hneesg tng p`tn ei pr`ao`tcso `km oemgr`tcek. ]e wct, ci `l-An`kkusnc sggs
`ssehc`tcek wctn tng ]urfcsn oemgl `s v`lu`jlg ier strgkatngkcka `l-K`nm`s
meogstch, `km pesscjly cktgrk`tcek`l, lgactco`hy, tngk hekvgrsgly, `ky mcs`sse-
hc`tcek wctn ]urfgy, preoptgm jy ckhrg`sgm r`mch`lcso ek ncs p`rt, heulm n`ro
ncs meogstch pepul`rcty `km tn`t ei tng ]ukcsc`k Csl`ocsts.
Xghurcty Xghter Zgiero
]ng cssug ei sghurcty n`s gogragm `s ekg ei tng oest copert`kt hn`llgkags ck
tng pest-rgvelutcek`ry st`tgs ck tng Ocmmlg G`st, wngrg tng ukhgrt`cktcgs ei
kgw pelctch`l ermgrs n`vg ukg`rtngm leka-supprgssgm arcgv`khgs, `llga`tceks,
`km suspchceks. Cktr`-st`tg `km rgacek`l hekchts `rg `lse `aar`v`tcka sghurcty
hekhgrks ck tngsg heuktrcgs. Oergevgr, rgspeksgs ireo tng sghurcty ierhgstng
`roy, pelchg, prgscmgktc`l au`rms, `km cktgllcagkhg sgrvchgs`rg pl`ycka ` sca-
kcffh`kt relg ck mgtgrockcka tng heursg ei pelctch`l, ghekeoch, `km sehc`l tr`ks-
iero`tcek. Zgierocka tng sghurcty sghter cs tnus hruhc`l ier tng iuturg ei tng
rgacek. ]urfgy h`k hektrcjutg te sghurcty sghter rgieros jy jeestcka cts h`p`h-
cty ier gmuh`tcek `km tr`ckcka prear`os ier pelchg eiffhgrs `km oclct`ry st`ii.
]urfcsn l`w gkierhgogkt ierhgs n`vg a`ckgm ` scakcffh`kt gxpgrcgkhg ukmgr
tng WK pg`hgfggpcka ocssceks `km K@]E ]r`ckcka Ocssceks. ]ng ]urfcsn
K`tcek`l Telchg (]KT) n`s jggk p`rtchcp`tcka ck WK Tg`hgfggpcka Epgr`tceks
sckhg 0339 km n`s suppertgm kckg WK-o`km`tgm ocssceks ck Feseve, Lcjgrc`,
]coer-Lgstg, Hekae, @ian`kcst`k, N`ctc, Htg mCvecrg, Xum`k, `km M`riur.
Hurrgktly, :18 ]urfcsn gxpgrts tg`hn ck pelchg `h`mgocgs ck tncrty iergcak
heuktrcgs, `km oerg tn`k =44 iergcak stumgkts `ttgkm tr`ckcka ck ]urfgys
Telchg @h`mgoy `km ncangr veh`tcek`l pelchg shneels. @hhermcka te ` rgpert
jy tng K`tcek`l Telchg Mgp`rtogkt, ]urfgy n`s se i`r tr`ckgm :,=81 tg`hncka
gxpgrts ck iergcak heuktrcgs jy eiigrcka gmuh`tcek`l `sscst`khg te pelchg mgp`rt-
ogkts. Ck :404, 113 eiffhgrs ireo iergcak pelchg mgp`rtogkts `ttgkmgm spghc`l
tr`ckcka heursgs ck ]urfgy.
Xcocl`rly, tng ]urfcsn T`rtkgrsncp ier Tg`hg (TiT) Hgktgr, l`ukhngm ukmgr
tng K@]E uojrgll` ck 0333, cs `lrg`my ckvelvgm ck tr`ckcka `htcvctcgs wctn
tng heuktrcgs ei K@]Es Ogmctgrr`kg`k Mc`leaug km Cst`kjul Heepgr`tcek
Ckctc`tcvg (CHC). ]ng hgktgrs `htcvctcgs `rg h`tgaerczgm ukmgr tnrgg ng`mckas2
cktgrk`tcek`l sghurcty, oclct`ry heepgr`tcek, `km pg`hg suppert epgr`tceks.
]ng hurrchuluo ckhlumgs suhn heursgs `s jermgr pretghtcek, rgiuagg o`k`ag-
ogkt, `km heoj`tcka nuo`k tr`iffhfcka `km era`kczgm hrcog. ]ng ]urfcsn
TiT Hgktgr `lse n`s `t cts mcspes`l ` oejclg tr`ckcka ukct sgt up te hek-
muht eii-sctg tr`ckcka `jre`m. Ireo cts ckhgptcek tnreuan :400, tng oejclg
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Xck`k lagk | 03
tr`ckcka ukct n`s hekmuhtgm tr`ckcka epgr`tceks ck gcantggk heuktrcgs, sgrv-
cka :,087 p`rtchcp`kts.
@ I`stgr, Jgttgr Zeutg te Ghekeoch Cktgar`tcek ier OGK@
@k `ltgrk`tcvg `ppre`hn te tng hurrgkt ghekeoch cktgar`tcek re`mo`p ier
OGK@ heuktrcgs weulm prevcmg ` scakcffh`kt eppertukcty ier GW-]urfgy-
OGK@ heepgr`tcek wnclg sujst`ktc`lly coprevcka tng ghekeoch eutleef
ier tng seutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k heuktrcgs. ]ng ae`l ei ghekeoch cktgar`tcek
jgtwggk tng seutngrk p`rt ei tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k `km Gurepg cs hurrgktly jgcka
pursugm tnreuan tng ar`mu`l coplgogkt`tcek ei ` wgj ei jcl`tgr`l irgg tr`mg
`arggogkts (I]@s). ]ncs cs tng lga`hy ei tng Gure-Ogmctgrr`kg`k J`rhglek`
Trehgss, wnchn ckctc`lly iergs`w tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei irgg tr`mg zekg hress tng
Ogmctgrr`kg`k jy :404. ]ng w`y ierw`rm gkvcs`agm tng hekhluscek ei I]@s
jgtwggk, ffrst, tng Gurepg`k Wkcek `km ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs `km,
tngk, `oeka OGK@ heuktrcgs tngosglvgs, ck ermgr te hrg`tg ` l`rag, sg`o-
lgss irgg tr`mg `rg` `reukm tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k. ]ng ffrst p`rt ei tncs vcscek w`s
ar`mu`lly `km suhhgssiully coplgogktgm2 ]ng Gurepg`k Wkcek n`s ckctc`tgm
`km hekhlumgm I]@s wctn `ll ei cts Ogmctgrr`kg`k kgcanjers gxhgpt ier Lcjy`.
]`jlg 02 GW I]@s Qctn OGK@ Heuktrcgs
@lagrc` (:447) Gaypt (:44=) Csr`gl (:444)
Berm`k (:44:) Lgj`kek (:449) Oerehhe (:444)
T lgstckc k @utnercty (0331) Xyrc ( w`ctcka r tcffh tcek) ]ukcsc` (033>)
Xeurhg2 nttp2//gh.gurep`.gu/gktgrprcsg/pelchcgs/cktgrk`tcek l/fflgs/gxcstcka-tr`mg-kgaetc`tceksUgk.pmi
]ng sghekm p`rt ei tncs prebght, k`ogly tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei I]@s jgtwggk
OGK@ st`tgs, n`s jggk seogwn`t lgss suhhgssiul mug te tng pgrscstgkhg ei pelct-
ch`l j`rrcgrs jgtwggk ` r`kag ei OGK@ heuktrcgs. Ekly tng @a`mcr @arggogkt,
hevgrcka Gaypt, Berm`k, Oerehhe, `km ]ukcsc`, suhhgssiully gst`jlcsngm `k
cktr`rgacek`l I]@ heop`tcjlg wctn GW rulgs ei ercack.
]ng ghekeoch cop`ht ei tncs rgacek`l mgscak cs oerg treujlcka. @ltneuantr`mg jgtwggk ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs `km tng Gurepg`k Wkcek n`s
eurcsngm, tng oultcl`tgr`l I]@ oemgl n`s mekg lcttlg te coprevg tr`mg `km
ckvgstogkt `oeka OGK@ heuktrcgs. Cktr`rgacek`l tr`mg `s ` sn`rg ei tet`l
OGK@ tr`mg rgo`cks `t 04 pgrhgkt, p`lcka ck heop`rcsek te tng 14 pgrhgkt
ier cktr`rgacek`l tr`mg wctnck tng Gurepg`k Wkcek `km 74 pgrhgkt ier Kertn
@ogrch`.07]ng nuj-`km-spefg struhturg hrg`tgm jy tncs jlugprckt (wctn tng
Gurepg`k Wkcek `s ` nuj `km ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs `s spefgs) `lse `hts
`s ` mcsckhgktcvg te cktgrrgacek`l tr`mg `km ckvgstogkts. ]ngrg cs gvcmgkhg tn`t
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:4 | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
tngsg `arggogkts n`vg scakcffh`ktly ckhrg`sgm OGK@ heuktrcgs coperts ireo
tng Gurepg`k Wkcek jut n`vg n`m ke pesctcvg cop`ht ek tngcr GW gxperts.09
GW-OGK@ tr`mg rgo`cks lepscmgm6 ck etngr werms, tng hncgi cop`ht ei tngsg
`arggogkts n`s jggk te epgk @r`j o`rfgts te Gurepg`k gxperts.01@ :443
Qerlm J`kf stumyaegs i`rtngr jy suaagstcka tn`t tngsg `arggogkts n`vg `htu-
`lly n`rogm tng OGK@ heuktrcgs evgr`ll tr`mg heopgtctcvgkgss.0>]ng rgpert
st`tgstn`t
prgigrgktc`l `arggogkts wctn tng GW n`vg ket nglpgm OGK@ heuktrcgs wctn-st`km heopgtctcek ireo Hnck` `km Ckmc`. ]ngy n`vg p`rtc`lly nglpgm o`ck-t`ckcka ` o`rfgt ck Gurepg, jut tng GW rulgs ei ercack o`y hurrgktly copgmgOGK@s iurtngr gxpert arewtn. Trgigrgktc`l `arggogkts n`vg lehfgm OGK@premuhgrs ckte premuhtcek struhturgs tn`t sngltgr tngo ireo heopgtctcek `kmn`kmhuii tngcr `jclcty te seurhg ckputs ireo etngr leh`tceks.03
@ scocl`r `rauogkt weulm `lse `pply te ckvgstogkts. ]ng l`hf ei `k cktg-
ar`tgm o`rfgt ck tng seutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k, heuplgm wctn heoplch`tgm rulgs
ei ercack, sgrvgs te sncit iergcak ckvgstogkts te tng Kertn. @ iergcak ckvgster
ck Gurepg h`k g`scly sgrvg `ll tng OGK@ o`rfgts, wngrg`s ` OGK@ ckvgster
rgo`cks n`kmch`ppgm jy nelgs ck tng jcl`tgr`l tr`mg `arggogkts `oeka OGK@
heuktrcgs, `s wgll `s tng `mmgm heoplch`tcek ei rulgs ei ercack. Zcste Ygltngco,
Ickl`kms sgkcer eiffhc`l ier tng Wkcek ier tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k, ukmgrshergm tncs
peckt ck `k epckcek pcghg ier tng GW Ckstctutg ier Xghurcty Xtumcgs2
Kertn @irch`k o`rfgts `rg sggk `s so`ll, ir`aogktgm `km r`tngr heoplch`tgm tepgkgtr`tg se o`ky heop`kcgs prgigr te o`fg premuhtcvg ckvgstogkts ckstg`m ck
@sc`, tng I`r G`st er gvgk L`tck @ogrch` r`tngr tn`k tngcr kg`r-kgcanjerneem`hress tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k sg`. Xe tng o`ky cktgr-rgacek`l irgg tr`mg `arggogktstng GW n`s scakgm wctn tngsg rgaceks n`vg ekly sgrvgm te jeest tncs tgkmgkhy.:4
Acvgk tngsg hekmctceks, ` iukm`ogkt`l rgtnckf ei tng ghekeoch cktgar`tcek
jlugprckt jgtwggk tng Kertn `km Xeutn ei tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k cs ckgvct`jlg.
]ng J`rhglek` mghcscek te gst`jlcsn ` sg`olgss zekg ei irgg tr`mg `hress tng
Ogmctgrr`kg`k h`k hgrt`ckly jg o`ckt`ckgm. Qn`t kggms te jg hn`llgkagm cs tng
hektrcvgm oghn`kchs ei ierhcka ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs te ffrst kgaetc`tg
I]@s wctn tng Gurepg`k Wkcek `km ekly tngk `oeka tngosglvgs. Leacstch`lly
spg`fcka, tncs cs ` kcanto`rg. G`hn OGK@ st`tg wcsncka te beck tng GureOgm
irgg tr`mg zekg n`s te p`ckst`fckaly kgaetc`tg glgvgk sgp`r`tg I]@s2 ekg wctn
tng Gurepg`k Wkcek, ekg wctn ]urfgy, `km kckg wctn tng rgo`ckcka OGK@
heuktrcgs. @ll telm, 0:0 sgp`r`tg tr`mg `arggogkts (glgvgk `arggogkts ier g`hn
ei glgvgk heuktrcgs) wcll n`vg te jg kgaetc`tgm, scakgm, km r`tcffgm ier tng gvgk-
tu`l gst`jlcsnogkt ei tng GureOgm irgg tr`mg zekg.
@ ouhn oerg pr`htch`l `km ghekeoch`lly supgrcer `ltgrk`tcvg weulm jg te
gxtgkm tng hurrgkt tr`mg cktgar`tcek oemgl jgtwggk ]urfgy `km tng Gurepg`k
Wkcek te tng OGK@ heuktrcgs.:0@kf`r` km Jrussgls gst`jlcsngm iull-gmagm
husteos ukcek t tng gkm ei 0337. @s rgsult, tr`mg ck o`kui`hturgm aeems n`s
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Xck`k lagk | :0
jggk lcjgr`lczgm jgtwggk tng twe. Ck `mmctcek, ]urfgy `meptgm tng GW heo-
oek tr`mg pelchy, og`kcka tn`t tr`mg jgtwggk ]urfgy km tng Gurepg`k Wkcek
cs kew h`rrcgm eut ck `loest gx`htly tng s`og w`y `s cktr`-GW tr`mg. ]ngrg `rg
ke heoplch`tgm rulgs ei ercack htcka `s mcsckhgktcvg ier tr`mg er ckvgstogkts.
]ng husteos ukcek `rr`kagogkt n`s, oergevgr, nglpgm tng ]urfcsn ghekeoy
te coprevg cts heopgtctcvgkgss. ]ng `meptcek ei tng GW tr`mg pelchy lewgrgm
copert j`rrcgrs `km ierhgm ]urfcsn o`kui`hturgrs te heopgtg alej`lly.
Gxtgkmcka tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek te OGK@ heuktrcgs weulm
`hncgvg ` kuojgr ei copert`kt ae`ls. Ct weulm, ffrst, ejvc`tg tng kggm te hek-
hlumg sgp`r`tg arggogkts oeka tng OGK@ heuktrcgs ck ermgr te jrcka jeut
tng GureOgm irgg tr`mg zekg. G`hn OGK@ heuktry weulm ekly kggm te beck
tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek. ]ng husteos ukcek `rr`kagogkt weulm tngk
jgack te gxtgkm `hress tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k. @ sckalg `arggogkt weulm jg sui-
ffhcgkt ier `ky kgw heuktry te beck tncs zekg, `s eppesgm te tng glgvgk sgp`r`tg
`arggogkts kggmgm `t prgsgkt.]ng cktremuhtcek ei husteos ukcek rulgs weulm `lse mcsselvg tng `mvgrsg
nuj-`km-spefg systgo jgtwggk tng Gurepg`k Wkcek `km OGK@ heuktrcgs
`km glcock`tg tng kggm ier rulgs ei ercack. ]ngsg hn`kags weulm, ck turk, glcoc-
k`tg `ll typgs ei mcsckhgktcvgs ier `ttr`htcka iergcak mcrght ckvgstogkt. Qctn
tngsg hekmctceks ck pl`hg, tngrg weulm jg ke t`rci i-j`sgm mciigrgkhgs ier gxpert-
cka te tng Gurepg `km OGK@ rgacek ireo `kywngrg wctnck tng rgacek. @s `
rgsult, iergcak ckvgsters ocant jg oerg wcllcka te ckvgst ck OGK@ heuktrcgs ck
ermgr te t`fg `mv`kt`ag ei tngcr lewgr hests ei premuhtcek.
]ng husteos ukcek `ltgrk`tcvg weulm `lse prevcmg ` seukm selutcek te tng
prejlgo ei ckhgktcvczcka cktr`rgacek`l OGK@ tr`mg. Ekhg ` OGK@ heuktrybecks tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek, ct h`k st`rt te tr`mg irggly wctn `ll tng
etngr OGK@ heuktrcgs tn`t prgvceusly beckgm tng husteos ukcek `rg`wctn-
eut tng rgstr`ckcka cop`ht ei tng rulgs ei ercack. Wklcfg tng hurrgkt systgo,
ffk`lly, ` husteos ukcek selutcek weulm hg`sg te hekmctcek irgg tr`mg jgtwggk
ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs ek tng hekhluscek ei `k `arggogkt jgtwggk tngsg
heuktrcgs. ]ng husteos ukcek selutcek weulm tnus `lse prevcmg `k eptcek ier
evgrheocka tng pelctch`l ejst`hlgs te irgg tr`mg ck tng rgacek.
]ng o`ck hn`llgkag ei sncitcka te ` husteos ukcek `rr`kagogkt lcgs ck
gksurcka tn`t OGK@ heuktrcgs rgo`ck heopgtctcvg wctn rgspght te tng rgst ei
tng werlm. ]ngy weulm ckmggm lesg tng t`rcii pretghtcek iiermgm jy tng hurrgktsystgo ei irgg tr`mg `arggogkts wctn tng Gurepg`k Wkcek. ]ngy weulm `lse
lesg tngcr tr`mg pelchy ckmgpgkmgkhg `km tng `jclcty te irggly hekhlumg tr`mg
`arggogkts wctn tncrm heuktrcgs. Jut `s tng Qerlm J`kf stumy n`s mgoek-
str`tgm, tng hurrgkt systgo n`s ket nglpgm tngsg heuktrcgs a`ck cktgrk`tcek`l
heopgtctcvgkgss. Ek tng hektr`ry, tng ]urfcsn gx`oplg hlg`rly snews tn`t tng
husteos ukcek `rr`kagogkt `km tng prehgss ei t`rcii lcjgr`lcz`tcek, cktremuhgm
ar`mu`lly, nglpgm ]urfcsn ckmustry jgheog heopgtctcvg alej`lly. ]ng jgst ktc-
metg te l`hf ei cktgrk`tcek`l heopgtctcvgkgss n`s rg`lly jggk tng cktremuhtcek
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:: | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
Gxtgkmcka tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek
te tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch` n`s
tng petgktc`l te sujst`ktc`lly gkn`khg tng
ghekeoch cktgar tcek km, tngrgierg, tng
ghekeoch iuturg ei tng wnelg rgacek.
ei heopgtctcek ck pretghtgm o`rfgts. Ck tncs rgspght, tng eutheog ei tng Q]E
Men` Zeukm ei t`lfs wcll `lse jg ckstruogkt`l. ]ng suhhgssiul hekhluscek ei
tng Men` Zeukm weulm lg`m te tng iurtngr mcso`ktlcka ei t`rciis ck Q]E
ogojgr st`tgs. ]ncs weulm i`hclct`tg tng `meptcek ei
GW-]urfgy t`rcii lgvgls jy OGK@ heuktrcgs.
]urfcsn `km GW pelchyo`fgrs sneulm gka`ag ck ` suj-
st`ktcvg mc`leaug ek tng gxtgkscek ei tng ]urfgy-GW hus-
teos ukcek te tng OGK@ rgacek. @s p`rt ei cts rgvcgw
ei tng Gurepg`k Kgcanjerneem Telchy, tng Gurepg`k
Heoocsscek o`y hekscmgr tng prgp`r`tcek ei ` stumy ek
tng ig`scjclcty ei gxtgkmcka tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek
te tng gktcrg OGK@ rgacek. @s `raugm, gxtgkmcka tng
]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek n`s tng petgktc`l te sujst`k-
tc`lly gkn`khg tng ghekeoch cktgar`tcek `km, tngrgierg, tng ghekeoch iuturg
ei tng wnelg rgacek. ]ncs eppertukcty sneulm ket jg squ`kmgrgm mug te ocs-pl`hgm hekffmgkhg ck tng hurrgkt J`rhglek` jlugprckt ier ghekeoch cktgar`tcek
jgtwggk tng kertngrk `km seutngrk rgaceks ei tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k.
Ick`khc`l Zgiero
]ng relg ei tng ffk`khc`l sgrvchgs `km j`kfcka sghters ck suppertcka ghekeoch
mgvglepogkt n`s jggk wgll mehuogktgm. @ mggp `km mcvgrscffgm ffk`khc`l sgh-
ter `llews ier ` oerg giffhcgkt mcstrcjutcek ei sh`rhg rgseurhgs. Ct `lse `aarg-
a`tgs meogstch `km iergcak h`pct`l te ckvgst ck tng premuhtcvg h`p`hcty ei tng
ghekeoy. ]ngrg cs ` hlg`r herrgl`tcek jgtwggk tng mgptn ei tng ffk`khc`l sghter
`km ckheog lgvgls. Zchngr heuktrcgs n`vg oerg mgvglepgm ffk`khc`l sghters.
OGK@ heuktrcgs rg k eutlcgr ck tncs rgspght, newgvgr. Ek vgr`ag, tngy me
ket l`a jgnckm etngr rgaceks ck tgros ei tngcr ffk`khc`l mgptn, jut tngcr ckheog
lgvgls `rg lewgr tn`k etngr st`tgs wctn scocl`r ffk`khc`l mgptn p`r`ogtgrs. @s
ei :44>, tng prcv`tg-hrgmct-te-AMT r`tce steem `t =7 pgrhgkt ck OGK@, heo-
p`rgm te tng gogracka `km mgvglepcka heuktrcgs `vgr`ag lgvgl ei 8> pgrhgkt.
Newgvgr, `s tng Qerlm J`kf st`tgs ck cts l`tgst rgpert ek tng OGK@ gheke-
ocgs, j`kfcka systgos ck tng OGK@ rgacek n`vg ket premuhgm tng gxpghtgm
arewtn-gkn`khcka jgkgffts heoogksur`tg wctn tngcr mgptn, scak`lcka ` qu`lcty
a`p wctn rgspght te tng rgst ei tng werlm. ::]ng rgpert ckmch`tgs tn`t heo-
p`rgm te etngr rgaceks, OGK@ jusckgssgsp`rtchul`rly so`ll- `km ogmcuo-sczg gktgrprcsgsn`vg rghgcvgm sujst`ktc`lly lgss ffk`khcka ireo j`kfs le`k
hekhgktr`tcek tgkms te jg arg`tgr, `km tng pgrhgkt`ag ei tng pepul`tcek wctn
`hhgss te j`kf mgpescts tgkms te jg lewgr. ]ng rgpert tnus hekhlumgs tn`t tng
cop`ht ei j`kfcka mgptn ek arewtn ck OGK@ cs wg`fgr tn`k ck etngr rgaceks.
Ct `lse `ssgrts tn`t, ier ` acvgk lgvgl ei prcv`tg hrgmct, tng cop`ht ek ghekeoch
arewtn ck OGK@ heuktrcgs cs `jeut ` tncrm lewgr tn`k ct cs ck etngr gogracka
`km mgvglepcka heuktry rgaceks.
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Xck`k lagk | :8
]ngsg ejsgrv`tceks snew tn`t, `ltneuan OGK@ heuktrcgs j`kfcka systgos
n`vg jggk `jlg te `hhuoul`tg iukms, tngy n`vg jggk i`r lgss suhhgssiul ck ckvgst-
cka tngsg iukms ck ` w`y tn`t iugls ghekeoch arewtn. ]ng ierogr `utnerct`rc`k
rgacogs n`m usurpgm tng j`kfcka systgo `km tr`ksierogm ct ckte ` vgnchlg
ier hekkghtgm lgkmcka. Ekly rgacog-ircgkmly gktrgprgkgurs n`m g`sy `hhgss te
iukms. ]ng systgo w`s mgscakgm te sust`ck `k ghekeoy j`sgm ek p`trek`ag
`km hlcgktglcso. ]ng hn`llgkag ier tng j`kfcka systgo ei tngsg heuktrcgs cs
tngrgierg te sncit ireo pelctch`lly oetcv`tgm lgkmcka pr`htchgs te r`tcek`l `km
ghekeoch`lly oetcv`tgm lgkmcka prckhcplgs. ]ncs rgqucrgs ` iukm`ogkt`l evgr-
n`ul ei tng wnelg j`kfcka ckmustry `km cts rgaul`tery ir`ogwerf.
]n`t evgrn`ul cs gx`htly wn`t ]urfgy w`s `jlg te `hheoplcsn ck tng g`rly
p`rt ei tng p`st mgh`mg. ]ng ]urfcsn j`kfcka systgo ck tng 0334s w`s jgsgt jy
o`ky ei tng s`og clls ei tng OGK@ j`kfcka systgo. ]urfcsn j`kfs wgrg usgm
te suppert ` pelctch`lly lgm p`trek`ag kgtwerf. ]ng systgo w`s rcig wctn hek-
kghtgm lgkmcka pr`htchgs `km suiigrgm ireo ` l`hf ei prepgr rgaul`tery hektrel,
lg`mcka te ` sujst`ktc`l rcsg ck kekpgrierocka le`ks. ]ng rgsult w`s tn`t tng
j`kfcka systgo h`og te tng jrckf ei ` systgoch hell`psg, trcaagrcka ]urfgys
jcaagst ghekeoch hrcscs te m`tg. (Ck :440, tng ]urfcsn ghekeoy hektr`htgm jy
1.> pgrhgkt.) Ck rgspeksg, Ghekeoch Ockcstgr Fgo`l Mgrvc, wctn tng suppert
ei tng COI, l`ukhngm kgw ghekeoch prear`o. ]ng prear`o cogm te s`kctczg
tng j`kfcka systgo `km strgkatngk cts rgaul`tery evgrscant vc` `ogkmogkts te
tng j`kfcka l`w. J`kfs wgrg `lse rgh`pct`lczgm, `km tng J`kfcka Zgaul`tery
@utnercty evgrn`ulgm. Ck snert, tng prear`o cktremuhgm ` rejust ffk`khc`l aev-
grk`khg systgo tn`t weulm nckmgr tng `jclcty ei pelctchc`ks er pepul`r wcll te
`jusg tng j`kfcka systgo. ]em`y, ]urfgys j`kfcka ckmustry rgo`cks streka,wgll h`pct`lczgm, `km irgg ei systgoch rcsfs, gvgk ck tng i`hg
ei ekaecka alej`l ffk`khc`l ckst`jclcty.
]ncs gxpgrcgkhg cs lcfgly rglgv`kt ier tr`ksierocka j`kf-
cka systgos ck tng OGK@ heuktrcgs ier tng scoplg rg`sek
tn`t ]urfgy n`m te evgrheog, ` igw yg`rs j`hf, ouhn ei
tng s`og fckms ei prejlgos tn`t hurrgktly `icht ffk`khc`l
sghter mgvglepogkt ck OGK@ heuktrcgs. @ mgh`mg `ae, tng
]urfcsn j`kfcka sghter w`s gxpesgm te ` mciigrgkt sgt ei
prejlgos tn`k cts Qgstgrk heuktgrp`rts. ]ng cssug w`s ket `k ukhektrellgm
gxp`kscek ei hrgmct, lg`mcka te tng gsh`l`tcek ei systgo-wcmg rcsfs `km tng ckgv-ct`jlg `km hestly prehgss ei mglgvgr`acka6 ]urfgys hn`llgkag w`s te gst`jlcsn
tng rcant sert ei j`l`khg jgtwggk oekgy `km pelctchs. ]ng rgieros wgrg gssgk-
tc`lly mgscakgm te `mmrgss tng pelctch`l ghekeoy mgffhcgkhcgs ei tng j`kfcka
ckmustry. ]urfgys st`tg `km rgaul`tery ckstctutceks n`vg tnus a`ckgm ckv`lu-
`jlg gxpgrcgkhg ck tr`ksctcekcka tng k`tcek`l j`kfcka systgo ireo ` wg`f te
` streka, oemgrk aevgrk`khg ir`ogwerf. Xuhn gxpgrcgkhg weulm jg ckv`lu-
`jlg ier ]urfgys @r`j kgcanjers, wnchn `rg hekirektgm wctn scocl`r hn`llgkags
tem`y.
]em`y, ]urfgys j`kfcka ckmustry
rgo`cks streka, wgll h`pct`lczgm, `km
irgg ei systgoch rcsfs, gvgk ck tng i`hg
ei ekaecka alej`l ffk`khc`l ckst`jclcty.
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:= | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
Ct cs wertn ketcka ngrg tn`t ]urfcsn ffk`khc`l utnerctcgs rg lrg`my ckvelvgm
ck heepgr`tcek `km h`p`hcty-juclmcka prear`os ck tng rgacek. ]ng Cst`kjul
Xtehf Gxhn`kag, ier ckst`khg, nglpgm Xyrc`k `utnerctcgs gst`jlcsn tng M`o`shus
Xghurctcgs Gxhn`kag ck :443. Murcka tng Xcxtggktn Agkgr`l @ssgojly ei tng
Igmgr`tcek ei Gure-@sc`k Xtehf Gxhn`kags, nglm ck Cst`kjul ck Mghgojgr
:404, tng M`o`shus Xghurctcgs Gxhn`kag `km Cst`kjul Xtehf Gxhn`kag scakgm
` lgttgr ei ogoer`kmuo ek heepgr`tcek ck gxhn`kacka ckiero`tcek, gxpgrtcsg,
heksult`kts, `km tr`ckcka heursgs.:8
Neuscka Telchy Zgiero
]ng kgw `km pepul`rly glghtgm aevgrkogkts ck @r`j heuktrcgs wcll vgry seek
heog ukmgr prgssurg te mglcvgr bejs, preoetg ckhluscvg ghekeoch arewtn, `km
gksurg sehc`l gqucty. ]ngcr suhhgss ck prevcmcka tngsg aeems cs hruhc`l te tng
t`sf ei hekselcm`tcka mgoehr`tch rulg ck tngsg heuktrcgs. Qgll-mgscakgm `km
wgll-coplgogktgm sehc`l `km ghekeoch prear`os `rg tnus lcfgly te jg tng
lckhnpck ei tng kgw aevgrkogkts str`tgacgs.
]ng mgscak ei kgw ghekeoch `km sehc`l pelchcgs wcll jg `iightgm jy tng l`rag
`km arewcka sn`rg ei yeutn ck tng evgr`ll pepul`tcek, wnchn puts scakcffh`kt
prgssurg ek tng gopleyogkt o`rfgt. Ct cs gstco`tgm, ier ckst`khg, tn`t Gaypt
oust hrg`tg 144,444 bejs gvgry yg`r bust te `hheooem`tg tng arewtn ei tng
l`jer ierhg. ]ng yeutn julag `lse `iights sehc`l pelchcgs `km neuscka pelchy ck
p`rtchul`r. ]ng l`hf ei prepgr neuscka cs ` rg`l prejlgo ck seog ei tngsg sehcgt-
cgs. @ rghgkt H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt-Lga`tuo Ckstctutg rgpert ek tng Gayptc`k
ghekeoy:=rgheoogkms mgvglepcka pujlch-prcv`tg p`rtkgrsncps te oemgrkczg
tng neuscka sghter. ]ng rgpert s`ys,
Trcv`tgpujlch ckvgstogkts, mgscakgm te rgagkgr`tg `km mgvglep `rg`s hurrgktly
ehhupcgm jy urj`k sluos, `rg `ketngr preocscka ckctc`tcvg wctn sujst`ktc` l leka-
tgro jgkgffts ier mgvglepogkt, gspghc`lly wngrg tng sluos `rg leh`tgm ck heo-
ogrhc`lly mgscr`jlg `rg`s. Le`ks gxtgkmgm te sluo rgmgvglepogkt prebghts heulm
jg ` rgl`tcvgly s`ig `km ncan-rgturk ckvgstogkt, wctn `mmctcek`l sehc`l jgkgffts
`hhrugm te peer Gayptc`ks.
]ng ]urfcsn oemgl h`k jg rgigrgkhg ier evgrn`ulcka neuscka pelchcgs km
mgscakcka o`rfgt-ircgkmly `km giightcvg prcv`tg-pujlch p`rtkgrsncps te quchfly
oemgrkczg tng neuscka sghter `km evgrheog tng snert`ag ei mghgkt neuscka.
]urfgy n`s mgvglepgm ` rgl`tcvgly suhhgssiul oemgl ck premuhcka `iierm`jlg
o`ss neuscka prebghts j`sgm ek tng pujlch-prcv`tg p`rtkgrsncp ier lew-ckheog
areups. ]urfgy ierogm ` O`ss Neuscka @utnercty (ON@) ck 03>=. J`hfgm
wctn aevgrkogkt ffk`khg `km `hhgss te ]rg`sury-ewkgm l`kms, tng ON@ ar`m-
u`lly gxp`kmgm cts `htcvctcgs, h`rrycka eut tng hekstruhtcek ei n`li ` ocllcek
rgscmgktc`l ukcts jgtwggk :448 `km
:404 wctneut jurmgkcka tng pujlch jum-
agt.:7@hhermcka te cts jusckgss oemgl, tng ON@ mglcvgrs tng l`km, `uhtceks
tng hekstruhtcek prebght te prcv`tg mgvglepgrs, `km oekcters tng hekstruhtcek
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Xck`k lagk | :7
`km o`rfgtcka ei tng mgvglepogkt prebghts, `s wgll `s prevcmcka neuscka le`ks
te lew-ckheog g`rkgrs. ]ng suhhgss ei tng ON@ lgm ` r`kag ei cktgrk`tcek`l
p`rtkgrs te `sf ier ckiero`tcek `jeut cts jusckgss oemgl. @t l`st heukt, 88
st`tgs, ckhlumcka X`umc @r`jc`, Cr`q, Berm`k, Xyrc`, Gaypt, Fuw`ct, Sgogk, `km
@lagrc`, n`vg `sfgm tng ON@ te h`rry eut neuscka prebghts ck tngcr heuktrcgs.
Trcv`tg Xghter Mgvglepogkt
Trcv`tg sghter mgvglepogkt cs `k copert`kt ckstruogkt ier hekffmgkhg juclmcka
`km ier st`jclczcka tng agepelctch`l gkvcrekogkt. L`hf ei ckhgktcvgs ier era`kc-
z`tcek`l ckkev`tceks ck tng prcv`tg sghter cs hctgm `s ekg ei tng oest copert`kt
rg`seks ier ghekeoch ukmgrmgvglepogkt ck tng Ocmmlg G`st.:9Xcocl`rly, ck cts
ncanly hrctch`l rgpert:1ek tng jusckgss gkvcrekogkt ck @r`j heuktrcgs (`ptly
gktctlgm Ireo prcvclgag te heopgtctcek2 Wklehfcka prcv`tg lgm arewtn ck tng
Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch`), tng Qerlm J`kf ukmgrshergm tng kggm te ies-
tgr ` strekagr prcv`tg gktgrprcsg hulturg. ]ng Qerlm J`kf tg`o ncanlcantgm tng
prgv`lgkhg ei twe ejst`hlgs2 p`trek`ag kgtwerfs `km hekkghtgm lgkmcka, wnchn
lcocts `hhgss te h`pct`l te rgacog-ircgkmly gktgrprcsg ewkgrs.
Ier ` leka tcog, GW pelchy i`clgm te `mmrgss tncs cssug, hneescka ckstg`m te
rgly ek tng Kertn @irch`k st`tgs `s tng `agkts ier hn`kag. Ck ncs `ssgssogkt
ei tng ffrst tgk yg`rs ei tng J`rhglek` Trehgss, Gjgrn`rm Fcgklg, ier ckst`khg,
ukmgrshergs tncs i`clurg, hektgkmcka tn`t tng ghekeoch lcjgr`lcz`tcek suppertgm
jy tng J`rhglek` Trehgss n`s prgvgktgm prcv`tg ghekeoch `hters ireo gogra-
cka2 Kewngrg n`s Vtng J`rhglek` Trehgss_ ygt ckvelvgm tng mgvglepogkt ei
ckstctutceks wnchn heulm i`ver tng gogragkhg ei Vprcv`tg_ pewgr hgktgrs.
Ker n`s ct, ei heursg, gopewgrVgm_ wg`fgr `hters suhn `s gktrgprgkgurs
wctneut rgacog hekkghtceks .:>]ng oest rghgkt GW ckctc`tcvg, tng Wkcek
ier tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k, rgprgsgkts `k gvgk st`rfgr i`clurg tn`k tng J`rhglek`
Trehgss ck tncs rga`rm, `s ct gxhlumgs tng l`ttgrs iehus ek ghekeoch rgstruhtur-
cka km ar`ssreets ghekeoch htcvcty km cs tngrgierg gvgk oerg st`tg-iehusgm.:3
Iellewcka tng gruptcek ei tng @r`j Xprcka `km ockmiul ei tng uragkt kggm
ier ` rgh`lcjr`tcek ei cts pelchcgs, tng Gurepg`k Heoocsscek pujlcsngm ck
O`rhn :400 ` pelchy p`pgr gktctlgm, @ p`rtkgrsncp ier mgoehr`hy `km sn`rgm
prespgrcty wctn tng Xeutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k, wnchn prepesgm ` kgw ir`og-
werf ei heepgr`tcek wctn tng @r`j heuktrcgs.84@s ier ghekeoch rgieros, tng
Heoocsscek jluktly st`tgm,
]ng ukrgst ck sgvgr`l Xeutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k heuktrcgs cs hlg`rly lckfgm te ghe-
keoch wg`fkgssgs. O`ky ei tng ghekeocgs `rg hn`r`htgrczgm jy `k ukgqu`l
mcstrcjutcek ei wg`ltn, cksuiffhcgkt sehc`l `km ghekeoch rgiero, lcoctgm bej hrg-
`tcek, wg`f gmuh`tcek `km tr`ckcka systgos wnchn me ket premuhg tng sfclls
kggmgm ek tng l`jer o`rfgt, `s wgll `s lew lgvgl ei rgacek`l tr`mg cktgar`tcek.
Ct tngk wgkt ek te s`y,
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:9 | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st
]ngrg cs kggm ier tng heuktrcgs ei tng rgacek te rg-ckvcaer`tg tngcr ghekeocgs te
mglcvgr sust`ck`jlg `km ckhluscvg arewtn, mgvglepogkt ei peergr rgaceks `km bej
hrg`tcek. Xo`ll `km ogmcuo sczg gktgrprcsgs (XOGs) n`vg ` hrctch`l relg te pl`y
ck bej hrg`tcek. ]e tnrcvg, tngy kggm ` seukm rgaul`tery ir`ogwerf, hekmuhcvg
te jusckgss `km
gktrgprgkgursncp.
Ket surprcsckaly, tng Heoocsscek mghcmgm te upar`mg tng `co ei XOG preoe-
tcek km bej hrg`tcek km lcst ct s tng ffrst ae`l ukmgr tng hn`ptgr ei tng preoe-
tcek ei ckhluscvg ghekeoch mgvglepogkt.
Ck tncs hektgxt, prcv`tg sghter mgvglepogkt h`k `lse jg ` prcercty `rg` ier
@kf`r`s heepgr`tcek `agkm` ek tng j`scs ei ]urfgys v`lu`jlg, `km te ` l`rag
gxtgkt, tr`kspes`jlg gxpgrcgkhg, `s wgll `s cts tr`hf rgherm ei rgacek`l ckctc`tcvgs
ier prcv`tg sghter mgvglepogkt.
]ng ]urfcsn Wkcek ei Hn`ojgrs `km Heooemcty Gxhn`kags (]EJJ),
wnchn hekscmgrs ctsgli tng l`ragst hcvcl sehcgty era`kcz`tcek ck tng heuktry, n`s
tr`mctcek`lly jggk k `htcvg p`rtchcp`kt ck ]urfgys evgrsg`s prcv`tg sghter mgvgl-
epogkt `sscst`khg. Ct l`ukhngm, ier ckst`khg, tng Ckmustry ier Tg`hg Ckctc`tcvg
ck :447 `s ` h`t`lyst ier prcv`tg sghter mgvglepogkt ck tng Ocmmlg G`st.80]ncs
ckctc`tcvg ierogm tng @kf`r` Ieruo, wnchn jreuant teagtngr tng rgprgsgkt`-
tcvgs ei tng Igmgr`tcek ei T`lgstckc`k Hn`ojgrs, tng O`kui`hturgrs @ssehc`tcek
ei Csr`gl, `km tng ]EJJ. ]ng @kf`r` Ieruo `cogm te mgvglep hekhrgtg preb-
ghts te jelstgr tng Csr`glc-T`lgstckc`k pg`hg prehgss. ]ng rgvct`lcz`tcek km o`k-
`agogkt ei tng Grgz Ckmustrc`l Gst`tg (GCG), leh`tgm `t tng kertngrk tcp ei tng
A`z` Xtrcp, w`s tng ffrst prebght ei tng @kf`r` Ieruo. Ck :449, ]urfgy scakgm
`arggogkts wctn Csr`gl `km tng T`lgstckc`k @utnercty ier rgsurrghtcka tng Grgz
ckmustrc`l `rg`. Newgvgr, iellewcka tng N`o`s t`fgevgr ck A`z` ck :441, tngprebght w`s irezgk mug te tng wersgkcka sghurcty sctu`tcek. @itgr tng i`clurg
ei tng Grgz ckctc`tcvg `km tng hrcscs ck ]urfcsn-Csr`glc rgl`tceks, tng gkvcs`agm
trcp`rtctg struhturg ei heepgr`tcek w`s rgpl`hgm wctn ` jcl`tgr`l iero`t, `km tng
]EJJ rg`htcv`tgm ` scocl`r prebght, tncs tcog ck Bgkck ck tng kertngrk Qgst
J`kf. Ck Igjru`ry :404, tng ]EJJ-JCX (Ckmustry ier Tg`hg) scakgm kgw hek-
hgsscek `arggogkt wctn tng T`lgstckc`k @utnercty. Ck tng Bgkck ckmustrc`l zekg,
tng ]EJJ `cos ket ekly te mglcvgr ckir`struhturg `km rgaul`tery sgrvchgs ei
ckmustrc`l `htcvctcgs ck tng Qgst J`kf jut `lse hektrcjutgs te tng st`tg-juclmcka
prehgss ck T`lgstckg jy iestgrcka ckstctutcek`l mc`leaug `km h`p`hcty juclmcka.
@s ` rgsult ei cts pr`htch`l gxpgrcgkhg ck kurturcka ckmustry-lgm ckctc`tcvgs, tngCsl`och Mgvglepogkt J`kf rghgktly `sfgm tng ]EJJ te `ssgss `km gv`lu`tg
prcv`tg sghter epgr`tgm ckmustrc`l zekgs ck Csl`och heuktrcgs.8:
]ng ]EJJ w`s lse ckstruogkt`l ck tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei tng Cst`kjul-j`sgm
Lgv`kt Jusckgss Ieruo. ]ng rgprgsgkt`tcvgs ei jusckgss era`kcz`tceks ireo
]urfgy, Xyrc`, Lgj`kek, `km Berm`k a`tngrgm l`st yg`r ck Cst`kjul `km scakgm `
mghl`r`tcek te coplgogkt 17 prebghts ukmgr ieurtggk hn`ptgrs ier strgkatngk-
cka prcv`tg sghters tnreuaneut tng rgacek.88 Ct cs hlg`r tn`t tng ]EJJ n`s tng
petgktc`l te jgheog ` scakcffh`kt p`rtkgr ier Gurepg`k Wkcek `km GW ogojgr
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Xck`k lagk | :1
st`tg ckstctutceks leefcka te pl`y ` oerg vcscjlg relg ck iestgrcka prcv`tg sghter
mgvglepogkt ck tng @r`j werlm. Xuhn `k ckstctutcek weulm prevcmg ckv`lu`jlg
`sscst`khg wctn tng oghn`kchs ei jrcmacka tng leity ae`ls ei tng pelchy p`pgrs
`km tng m`cly epgr`tcek`l rgqucrgogkts ier `hncgvcka tngsg ae`ls.
Zgaul`tery H`p`hcty Juclmcka
]urfgy heulm `lse pl`y ` v`lu`jlg relg ck tr`ksigrrcka cts ewk gxpgrcgkhg ck sgt-
tcka up km hekselcm`tcka ckmgpgkmgkt rgaul`tery ckstctutceks. ]ng rg` ei heo-
pgtctcek pelchy prevcmgs ` hlg`r gx`oplg ck tncs rgspght. ]urfgy `meptgm cts ffrst
heopgtctcek l`w ck 033= `s ` rgsult ei tng rgaul`tery n`roekcz`tcek trcaagrgm
jy tng husteos ukcek wctn tng Gurepg`k Wkcek. ]ng Heopgtctcek @utnercty
w`s gst`jlcsngm ck 0331 `s `k ckmgpgkmgkt ckstctutcek, `km sckhg tngk, ]urfgy
n`s jgauk te iully coplgogkt heopgtctcek rulgs. ]ng Heopgtctcek @utnercty
seek mgvglepgm ` pr`htchg ei heopgtgkt `km cop`rtc`l gkierhgogkt. ]ng
EGHM gvgk hn`opcekgm ct `s tng rcant oemgl ier gogracka o`rfgt heuktrcgs
cktgrgstgm ck sgttcka up heopgtctcek oekctercka gktcty. N`vcka a`ckgm o`tu-
rcty ck tng pr`htchg ei heopgtctcek rulgs ck tng meogstch o`rfgt, tng ]urfcsn
Heopgtctcek @utnercty turkgm oerg `ttgktcek te ` r`kag ei cktgrk`tcek`l
heepgr`tcek ckctc`tcvgs, scakcka jcl`tgr`l heepgr`tcek `arggogkts wctn Xeutn
Ferg`, Zeo`kc`, Jula`rc`, Tertua`l, Jeskc`-Ngrzgaevck`, Oekaelc`, Zussc`,
`km Hre`tc`. ]ng Heopgtctcek Je`rm gxpgrts prevcmgm preigsscek`l tr`ckcka
te o`k`agrs `km gxpgrts werfcka `t tng T`fcst`k Heopgtctcek @utnercty ck
:443, `km te tng Gayptc`k Heopgtctcek @utnercty eiffhc`ls ck B`ku`ry :400
ck @kf`r`. Xpg`fcka `t ` prgss hekigrgkhg `t tng gkm ei tng tr`ckcka prear`o
ier tng Gayptc`k @utnercty, Kurgttck F`lmcrcohc, hn`cro`k ei tng ]urfcsn
Heopgtctcek @utnercty, gxprgssgm tng Je`rms wcllckakgss te gst`jlcsn ` pl`t-
iero ier sn`rcka gxpgrcgkhgs tnreuaneut tng Ocmmlg G`st.8=
@ pr`htch`l selutcek ier lgvgr`acka ]urfgys rgaul`tery h`p`hcty ck tng mcrgh-
tcek ei rgacek`l hell`jer`tcek weulm jg te `llew ]urfgys p`rtchcp`tcek ck tng
GW-lgm ]@CG^ (]ghnkch`l @sscst`khg km Ckiero`tcek Gxhn`kag) prear`o ier
rgaul`tery `ssc