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From Inspiration to Activation: Making Online Collaborative Communities Work
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Transcript of From Inspiration to Activation: Making Online Collaborative Communities Work
From Inspiration to Activation:Making OnlineCollaborative CommunitiesWork
Aldo de MoorCommunitySense
the Netherlands
WWW.COMMUNITYSENSE.NL
Yes we can…
but how?
The Internet is key
Wicked problems Society faces many wicked problems (Rittel & Webber,
1973) These are difficult to solve due to
requirements that are incomplete contradictory changing hard to recognize
Interlocking problems solving one often creates many others
Seeing the system for the tools?
Collaborative communities Communities
Strong, lasting interactions Bonds between members Common space
Collaborative communities Common goals Effective/efficient communication
Perform/coordinate work Community governance structures/processes Sense of community
Common space: Internet + face-to-face
Tool systems
Tool systemthe system of integrated and customized information andcommunication tools tailored to the specific information,communication, and coordination requirements of a collaborativecommunity
No standard solutions Socio-technical systems design
Collaborative communities need to evaluate the functionalities intheir unique context of use
Understand the purpose of the technologies in this context Adopt a process view
• Example: co-authoring a call for papers
Co-authoring tool system v1
Author 1
Author 2
VersionAuthor 2
VersionAuthor 1 Version
Author 3
Author 3
Co-authoring tool system v2
Author 1
Author 2
VersionAuthor 2
VersionAuthor 1 Version
Author 3
Author 3
Conference
Co-authoring tool system v3
Author 3 / EditorAuthor 1 Author 2
Conference
Agreedlines
(Modified)paragraphs
Chat
VersionAuthor 1
VersionAuthor 1
VersionAuthor 1
Version-inProgress
Towards socio-technical solutions Research problem online collaborative communities
Not lack of motivation Many self and other-oriented motives to get critical mass, e.g.
in Wikipedia Lack of activation
Fragmentation of communicative acts across tool systemfunctionalities
R&D objectives1. Frame these activation problems2. Model socio-technical design solutions
Socio-technical system view
CommunicationPurposes
Focused Sustained Evolving
CommunicationForms
Discussing Debating Questioning Consoling …
Community Context Domains Purposes Activities
CommunicationSupport ?
Social System
Technical System
Modeling pragmatic communicationprocesses
Theories Language/Action Perspective
Language as coordination mechanism, focusing oncommunicative interactions
Pragmatic Web Applying appropriate web technologies to help improve the
quality and legitimacy of collaborative, goal-orienteddiscourses in communities (Schoop et al, 2006)
Build a socio-technical infrastructure that supports thenegotiation of meaning and the coordination of action(Aakhus, 2007)
Research question How to model activation in collaborative communities using
distributed tool systems?
Collaborative community activation
Collaborative community activation supporting the initiation, execution, and evaluation of
goal-oriented (online) communication processes toincrease the effectiveness and efficiency ofcollaboration
Outline Digital class case Conceptual model of online collaborative
communities Collaboration patterns Applications
Case: a digital class community Who
19 Information Management students What
create group report on design of parliamentary researchinformation system
When 8 weeks + evaluation session
How Face-to-face lectures, parallel digital class Tool system
Blackboard (Learning Management System) Set of blogs GRASS (Group Report Authoring Support System) Scoring tool
The GRASS authoring tool
Group report authoring workflow
Wk1 Wk 2 Wk3 Wk4 Wk5 Wk6
Theory interpretation (blogs)
Case information collection (blog)
Report authoring (GRASS)
Wk7 Wk8
Results 63-page report created in 8 weeks by 18 authors Most students scored much higher than the minimum
required Survey among students
Digital study class better than face-to-face study class Overall design of tool system plus workflow adequate Blog posting/commenting plus GRASS position definition/taking
and argument creation functionalities easy to learn Problems
Blog creation easy, however, following what washappening too difficult
Fragmentation of discussion considered a major problem→ ‘blog monitor’ helped to reduce sense of fragmentation and to increase
participation
Activation lessons learnt
Incentives for individual students to participate Minimum score required to qualify for exam Overview of current scores per student visible to all Vouchers
Improving the overview of activities within individual tools Indented instead of linear comments in blog
Creating “meta-tools” to keep overview of activitiesacross tools “Blog monitor”
A conceptual model of onlinecollaborative communities (1)
Tool system the system of integrated and customized information and
communication tools tailored to the specific information,communication, and coordination requirements of acollaborative community
Tool system levels Systems: “group report writing system” Tools: “blogs”, “courseware”, “authoring support tool” Modules: “position definition/taking”, “argument creation” Functions: “add argument pro”, “add argument con”
A conceptual model of onlinecollaborative communities (2)
Usage context Goals
Activities: operationalized goals, with deliverable “writing a group report”
Aspects: abstract goals, across processes and structures “legitimacy”, “efficiency”
Actors Detailed role ontologies
“Administrator”, “Facilitator”, “Member” “WikiChampion”, “WikiZenMaster” “Position Defender”, “Argument Summarizer”, “Report Conclusion
Editor”
Domains Professional culture, work practices, …
The power of patterns
• WikiPatterns site– http://www.wikipatterns.com
• Public Sphere project– http://www.publicsphereproject.org/patterns/pattern.pl/public
Collaboration patterns Patterns
Define relatively stable solutions to recurring problems atthe right level of abstraction
Collaboration patterns Capture socio-technical lessons learnt in optimizing the
effectiveness and efficiency of collaboration processes Typology of collaboration patterns (De Moor, 2006)
Goal patterns Communication patterns Information patterns Task patterns Meta-patterns
Goal patterns Capture community and individual objectives
“finished group report within two weeks”, “produce 3arguments contra position X”
Communication patterns Communicative workflow and norm definitions
describing acceptable and desired communicativeinteractions (focus on (1) initiation, evaluation stages ofcommunicative workflows, (2) roles played bymembers)
“Each student must define positions and pro-arguments for anassigned report section. All students may comment on thesepositions, but assigned students must define arguments proor con. At the end of this stage, all students must take thedefined positions.”
The case: an enabled communicationpattern (before)
The case: an enabled communicationpattern (after)
Application: communicating acrossvirtual worlds
Application: collaboratories
R&D agenda Activation of online collaborative communities not trivial The concept of activation needs to be better understood
LAP, PragWeb Socio-technical design patterns still in their infancy
Pragmatic collaboration support patterns Norm-driven activation mechanisms Other fields need to contribute: community informatics,
coordination theory, CSCW, interoperability research,empirically grounded pattern languages, conceptualgraphs…
Numerous applications
Yes we will Many wicked problems: credit crisis, hunger,
environment, climate, war... Collaborative communities are key ICT is a crucial enabler, but not sufficient Tool systems are needed matched to collaborative
context of use Collaboration patterns help capture and apply
lessons learnt Inspiration + activation = collaboration Towards a “World 2.0”