From Idea to Execution: Spotify’s Discover Weekly

Chris Johnson :: @MrChrisJohnsonEdward Newett :: @scaladaze DataEngConf • NYC • Nov 2015

Or: 5 lessons in building recommendation products at scale

Who are We??

Chris Johnson Edward Newett

Spotify in Numbers• Started in 2006, now available in 58 markets• 75+ Million active users, 20 Million paying subscribers• 30+ Million songs, 20,000 new songs added per day• 1.5 Billion user generated playlists• 1 TB user data logged per day• 1,700 node Hadoop cluster • 10,000+ Hadoop jobs run daily

Challenge: 30M songs… how do we recommend music to users?

Discover

Radio

Related Artists

Discover Weekly

• Started in 2006, now available in 58 markets• 75+ Million active users, 20 Million paying subscribers• 30+ Million songs, 20,000 new songs added per day• 1.5 Billion user generated playlists• 1 TB user data logged per day• 1,700 node Hadoop cluster • 10,000+ Hadoop jobs run daily

The Road to Discover Weekly

2013 :: Discover Page v1.0

• Personalized News Feed of recommendations

• Artists, Album Reviews, News Articles, New Releases, Upcoming Concerts, Social Recommendations, Playlists…

• Required a lot of attention and digging to engage with recommendations

• No organization of content

2014 :: Discover Page v2.0

• Recommendations grouped into strips (a la Netflix)

• Limited to Albums and New Releases

• More organized than News-Feed but still requires active interaction

Insight: users spending more time on editorial Browse playlists than Discover.

Idea: combine the personalized experience of Discover with the lean-

back ease of Browse

Meanwhile… 2014 Year In Music

Play it forward: Same content as the Discover Page but.. a playlist

Lesson 1: Be data driven from

start to finish

Slide from Dan McKinley - Etsy

2008 2012 2015

• Reach: How many users are you reaching• Depth: For the users you reach, what is the

depth of reach.• Retention: For the users you reach, how many

do you retain?

Define success metrics BEFORE you release your test

• Reach: DW WAU / Spotify WAU• Depth: DW Time Spent / Spotify WAU• Retention: DW week-over-week retention

Discover Weekly Key Success Metrics

2008 2012 2015

Slide from Dan McKinley - Etsy

Step 1: Prototype (employee test)

Step 1: Prototype (employee test)

Results of Employee Test were very positive!

2008 2012 2015

Slide from Dan McKinley - Etsy

Step 2: Release AB Test to 1% of Users

Google Form 1% Results

Personalized image resulted in 10% lift in WAU

• Initial 0.5% user test

• 1% Spaceman image

• 1% Personalized image

Lesson 2: Reuse existing

infrastructure in creative ways

Discover Weekly Data Flow

Recommendation Models

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

•Aggregate all (user, track) streams into a large matrix•Goal: Approximate binary preference matrix by inner product of 2 smaller matrices by minimizing the

weighted RMSE (root mean squared error) using a function of plays, context, and recency as weight

X YUsers

Songs

• = bias for user• = bias for item• = regularization parameter

• = 1 if user streamed track else 0• • = user latent factor vector• = item latent factor vector

[1] Hu Y. & Koren Y. & Volinsky C. (2008) Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets 8th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining

Implicit Matrix Factorization

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

•Aggregate all (user, track) streams into a large matrix•Goal: Model probability of user playing a song as logistic, then maximize log likelihood of binary

preference matrix, weighting positive observations by a function of plays, context, and recency

X YUsers

Songs

• = bias for user• = bias for item• = regularization parameter

• = user latent factor vector• = item latent factor vector

[2] Johnson C. (2014) Logistic Matrix Factorization for Implicit Feedback Data NIPS Workshop on Distributed Matrix Computations

Can also use Logistic Loss!

NLP Models on News and Blogs

Playlist itself is a document

Songs in playlist are words

NLP Models work great on Playlists!

[3] http://benanne.github.io/2014/08/05/spotify-cnns.html

Deep Learning on Audio

•normalized item-vectors

Songs in a Latent Space representation

•user-vector in same space

Songs in a Latent Space representation

Lesson 3: Don’t scale until

you need to

Scaling to 100%: Rollout Challenges

‣Create and publish 75M playlists every week

‣Downloading and processing Facebook images

‣Language translations

Scaling to 100%: Weekly refresh

‣Time sensitive updates

‣Refresh 75M playlists every Sunday night

‣Take timezones into account

Discover Weekly publishing flow

What’s next? Iterating on content quality and interface

enhancements

Iterating on quality and adding a feedback loop.

DW feedback comes at the expense of presentation bias.

Lesson 4: Users know best. In the end, AB Test everything!

Lesson 5 (final lesson!): Empower bottom-up

innovation in your org and amazing things will happen.

Thank You!(btw, we’re hiring Machine Learning and Data Engineers, come chat with us!)